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Pei S, Zhou Y, Li Y, Azar T, Wang W, Kim DG, Liu XS. Instrumented nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:38-51. [PMID: 35660010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle, are natural composite materials that are constructed with a hierarchical structure ranging from the cell to tissue level. The component differences and structural complexity, together, require comprehensive multiscale mechanical characterization. In this review, we focus on nanoindentation testing, which is used for nanometer to sub-micrometer length scale mechanical characterization. In the following context, we will summarize studies of nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research, examine the critical factors that affect nanoindentation testing results, and briefly summarize other commonly used techniques that can be conjoined with nanoindentation for synchronized imaging and colocalized characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Pei
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yilu Zhou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Tala Azar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Wenzheng Wang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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2
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Taylor EA, Donnelly E. Raman and Fourier transform infrared imaging for characterization of bone material properties. Bone 2020; 139:115490. [PMID: 32569874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the application of Raman spectroscopy to study bone has grown over the past decade, making it a peer technology to FTIR spectroscopy, it has become critical to understand their complimentary roles. Recent technological advancements have allowed these techniques to collect grids of spectra in a spatially resolved fashion to generate compositional images. The advantage of imaging with these techniques is that it allows the heterogenous bone tissue composition to be resolved and quantified. In this review we compare, for non-experts in the field of vibrational spectroscopy, the instrumentation and underlying physical principles of FTIR imaging (FTIRI) and Raman imaging. Additionally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, address sample preparation, and discuss outcomes to provide researchers insight into which techniques are best suited for a given research question. We then briefly discuss previous applications of FTIRI and Raman imaging to characterize bone tissue composition and relationships of compositional outcomes with mechanical performance. Finally, we discuss emerging technical developments in FTIRI and Raman imaging which provide new opportunities to identify changes in bone tissue composition with disease, age, and drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Taylor
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America; Research division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Naruse K, Uchida K, Suto M, Miyagawa K, Kawata A, Urabe K, Takaso M, Itoman M, Mikuni-Takagaki Y. Alendronate does not prevent long bone fragility in an inactive rat model. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:615-626. [PMID: 26475371 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lack of estrogen and inactivity are both important in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in elderly women, and there have been no appropriate rodent studies to examine the effects of common bisphosphonates on these two components separately. We compared the efficacy of alendronate (ALN) on the long bones of aged female rats, which were sedentary, estrogen deficient, or both. The rats were either forced to remain in a sitting position or allowed to walk in standard cages with or without ALN administration. The 8-week experimental period began 5 weeks after ovariectomy or sham surgery. Parameters of the hindlimb bones were determined by a three-point bending test, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, microfocus computed tomography, confocal laser Raman microspectroscopy, and dynamic histomorphometry. Regardless of ovariectomy, ALN was ineffective against the deterioration of breaking stress caused by sitting even though the trabecular bone mineral density was significantly higher in the sitting-ALN groups. Toughness was significantly deficient in the ovariectomy sitting-ALN group. This was in agreement with the bone geometry with a greater marrow space. Sitting also increased the mineral-to-matrix ratio and the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, both indicative of aged bone. A greater loss of proteinaceous amide intensity compared with mineral intensity resulted in an increased mineral-to-matrix ratio in the presence of ALN. Sitting resulted in deficits in the quality and the geometry of cortical bone, resulting in fragility. The use of bisphosphonates, such as ALN, may provide a therapy best suited for osteoporotic individuals whose daily activity is not limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naruse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - M Suto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
- Suto Orthopedic Clinic, Katagama, Japan
| | - K Miyagawa
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Kawata
- Department of Oral Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Mineralized Tissues, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, 82 Inaokacho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan
| | - K Urabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - M Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - M Itoman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Y Mikuni-Takagaki
- Department of Oral Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Mineralized Tissues, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, 82 Inaokacho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
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Ng AH, Omelon S, Variola F, Allo B, Willett TL, Alman BA, Grynpas MD. Adynamic Bone Decreases Bone Toughness During Aging by Affecting Mineral and Matrix. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:369-79. [PMID: 26332924 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adynamic bone is the most frequent type of bone lesion in patients with chronic kidney disease; long-term use of antiresorptive therapy may also lead to the adynamic bone condition. The hallmark of adynamic bone is a loss of bone turnover, and a major clinical concern of adynamic bone is diminished bone quality and an increase in fracture risk. Our current study aims to investigate how bone quality changes with age in our previously established mouse model of adynamic bone. Young and old mice (4 months old and 16 months old, respectively) were used in this study. Col2.3Δtk (DTK) mice were treated with ganciclovir and pamidronate to create the adynamic bone condition. Bone quality was evaluated using established techniques including bone histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, and biomechanical testing. Changes in mineral and matrix properties were examined by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Aging controls had a natural decline in bone formation and resorption with a corresponding deterioration in trabecular bone structure. Bone turnover was severely blunted at all ages in adynamic animals, which preserved trabecular bone loss normally associated with aging. However, the preservation of trabecular bone mass and structure in old adynamic mice did not rescue deterioration of bone mechanical properties. There was also a decrease in cortical bone toughness in old adynamic mice that was accompanied by a more mature collagen matrix and longer bone crystals. Little is known about the effects of metabolic bone disease on bone fracture resistance. We observed an age-related decrease in bone toughness that was worsened by the adynamic condition, and this decrease may be due to material level changes at the tissue level. Our mouse model may be useful in the investigation of the mechanisms involved in fractures occurring in elderly patients on antiresorptive therapy who have very low bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline H Ng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Omelon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bedilu Allo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Kimura-Suda H, Kajiwara M, Sakamoto N, Kobayashi S, Ijiro K, Yurimoto H, Yamato H. Studies on bone metabolism by using isotope microscopy, FTIR imaging, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. J Oral Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Burket JC, Brooks DJ, MacLeay JM, Baker SP, Boskey AL, van der Meulen MC. Variations in nanomechanical properties and tissue composition within trabeculae from an ovine model of osteoporosis and treatment. Bone 2013; 52:326-36. [PMID: 23092698 PMCID: PMC3612543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and treatment may affect both composition and nanomechanical properties and their spatial distributions within the individual trabeculae of cancellous bone at length scales that cannot be captured by bulk measurements. This study utilized 25 mature adult ewes divided into 5 treatment groups. Four treatment groups were given a dietary model for human high-turnover osteoporosis, and two of these were treated with antiresorptive drugs, either zoledronate (ZOL) or raloxifene (RAL), to examine their effects on bulk tissue properties and nanoscale tissue composition and mechanical properties within trabeculae. Treatment effects were most pronounced at the nanoscale, where RAL increased indentation modulus and hardness throughout trabeculae by 10% relative to the osteoporosis model. In comparison, ZOL increased these properties exclusively at the surfaces of trabeculae (indentation modulus +12%, hardness +16%). Nanomechanical alterations correlated with changes in tissue mineralization, carbonate substitution, crystallinity, and aligned collagen. Despite only minimal changes in bulk tissue tBMD, the nanomechanical improvements within trabeculae with both treatments greatly improved the predicted theoretical bending stiffness of individual trabeculae when idealized as cylindrical struts. Hence, small tissue-level alterations in critical locations for resisting trabecular failure could account for some of the discrepancy between the large reductions in fracture risk and the only modest changes in BMD with antiresorptive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme C. Burket
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jennifer M. MacLeay
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shefford P. Baker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Adele L. Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Marjolein C.H. van der Meulen
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Allen MR, Burr DB, Vashishth D, Tang SY, Boskey AL. Bisphosphonate treatment modifies canine bone mineral and matrix properties and their heterogeneity. Bone 2010; 46:666-72. [PMID: 19925895 PMCID: PMC2823979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss and alterations in bone quality are major causes leading to bone fragility in postmenopausal women. Although bisphosphonates are well known to reduce bone turnover and prevent bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis, their effects on other bone properties are not fully characterized. Changes in bone mineral and matrix properties may contribute to the anti-fracture efficacy observed with bisphosphonate treatments. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of a 1-year treatment with either alendronate or risedronate, at low and high doses, on spatially resolved bone material and compositional properties that could contribute to the fracture efficacy of these agents. Distal tibias from 30 normal beagles that had been treated daily for 1 year with oral doses of vehicle (Veh), alendronate (Aln) at 0.2 or 1 mg/kg, and risedronate (Ris) at 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared imaging (FTIRI) to assess the changes in both mineral and matrix properties in discrete bone areas. The widths at half maximum of the pixel histograms for each FTIRI parameter were used to assess the heterogeneity of the bone tissue. Aln and Ris increased the mineral content and the collagen maturity mainly in cancellous bone and at the endocortical surface. Significant differences were observed in the mineral content and in the hydroxyapatite crystallinity distribution in bone tissue, which can contribute to reduced ductility and micro-crack accumulation. No significant differences were observed between low and high dose nor between Aln and Ris treatments. These results show that pharmacologic suppression of bone turnover increases the mineral and matrix bone tissue maturity in normal cancellous and endocortical bone areas where bone turnover is higher. These positive effects for decreased fracture risk are also associated with a loss of bone heterogeneity that could be one factor contributing to increased bone tissue brittleness and micro-crack accumulation.
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Abstract
Metallomics is an emerging and promising research field which has attracted more and more attention. However, the term itself might be restrictive. Therefore, the term "elementomics" is suggested to encompass the study of nonmetals as well. In this paper, the application of state-of-the-art analytical techniques with the capabilities of high-throughput quantification, distribution, speciation, identification, and structural characterization for metallomics and elementomics is critically reviewed. High-throughput quantification of multielements can be achieved by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). High-throughput multielement distribution mapping can be performed by fluorescence-detecting techniques such as synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF), XRF tomography, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS, and ion-detecting-based, secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), while Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) and Raman microspectroscopy are excellent tools for molecular mapping. All the techniques for metallome and elementome structural characterization are generally low-throughput, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), NMR, and small-angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS). If automation of arraying small samples, rapid data collection of multiple low-volume and -concentration samples together with data reduction and analysis are developed, high-throughput techniques will be available and in fact have partially been achieved.
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