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Shah JK, Liu F, Cevallos P, Amakiri UO, Johnstone T, Nazerali R, Sheckter CC. A national analysis of burn injuries among homeless persons presenting to emergency departments. Burns 2024; 50:1091-1100. [PMID: 38492979 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Burn injuries among the homeless are increasing as record numbers of people are unsheltered and resort to unsafe heating practices. This study characterizes burns in homeless encounters presenting to US emergency departments (EDs). METHODS Burn encounters in the 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) were queried. ICD-10 and CPT codes identified homelessness, injury regions, depths, total body surface area (TBSA %), and treatment plans. Demographics, comorbidities, and charges were analyzed. Discharge weights generated national estimates. Statistical analysis included univariate testing and multivariate modeling. RESULTS Of 316,344 weighted ED visits meeting criteria, 1919 (0.6%) were homeless. Homeless encounters were older (mean age 44.83 vs. 32.39 years), male-predominant (71% vs. 52%), and had more comorbidities, and were more often White or Black race (p < 0.001). They more commonly presented to EDs in the West and were covered by Medicaid (51% vs. 33%) (p < 0.001). 12% and 5% of homeless burn injuries were related to self-harm and assault, respectively (p < 0.001). Homeless encounters experienced more third-degree burns (13% vs. 4%; p < 0.001), though TBSA % deciles were not significantly different (34% vs. 33% had TBSA % of ten or lower; p = 0.516). Homeless encounters were more often admitted (49% vs. 7%; p < 0.001), and homelessness increased odds of admission (OR 4.779; p < 0.001). Odds of transfer were significantly lower (OR 0.405; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION Homeless burn ED encounters were more likely due to assault and self-inflicted injuries, and more severe. ED practitioners should be aware of these patients' unique presentation and triage to burn centers accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Shah
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Farrah Liu
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rahim Nazerali
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clifford C Sheckter
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Regional Burn Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, USA.
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2
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Rizk N, Crawford D, Karanas Y, Barnes C, Pham TN, Sheckter CC. Amphetamine Positivity Prior to Burn Surgery Does not Adversely Affect Intraoperative Outcomes. J Burn Care Res 2024; 45:17-24. [PMID: 37875155 PMCID: PMC11023316 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of burn patients using amphetamines is challenging due hemodynamic liabilty and altered physiology. Wide variation exists in the operative timing for this patient population. We hypothesize that burn excision in patients admitted with amphetamine positivity is safe regardless of timing. Data from two verified burn centers between 2017 and 2022 with differing practice patterns in operative timing for amphetamine-positive patients. Center A obtains toxicology only on admission and proceeds with surgery based on hemodynamic status and operative urgency, whereas Center B sends daily toxicology until a negative test results. The primary outcome was the use of vasoactive agents during the index operation, modeled using logistic regression adjusting for burn severity and hospital days to index operation. Secondary outcomes included death and inpatient complications. A total of 270 patients were included, and there were no significant differences in demographics or burn characteristics between centers. Center A screened once and Center B obtained a median of four screens prior to the surgery. The adjusted OR of requiring vasoactive support intraoperatively was not associated with negative toxicology result (P = .821). Having a body surface area burned >20% conferred a significantly higher risk of vasoactive support (adj. OR 13.42 [3.90-46.23], P < .001). Mortality, number of operations, stroke, and hospital length of stay were similar between cohorts. Comparison between two verified burn centers indicates that waiting until a negative amphetamine toxicology result does not impact intraoperative management or subsequent burn outcomes. Serial toxicology tests are unnecessary to guide operative timing of burn patients with amphetamine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Rizk
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 770 Welch Road suite 400, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Crawford
- UW Burn Center at Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Yvonne Karanas
- Regional Burn Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 751 S Bascom Ave San Jose, CA 95128, USA
| | - Christopher Barnes
- UW Burn Center at Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Tam N Pham
- UW Burn Center at Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Clifford C Sheckter
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 770 Welch Road suite 400, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Regional Burn Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 751 S Bascom Ave San Jose, CA 95128, USA
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3
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Wilson T, Wisborg T, Vindenes V, Jamt REG, Bogstrand ST. Psychoactive substances and previous hospital admissions, triage and length of stay in rural injuries: a prospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2023; 31:86. [PMID: 38012704 PMCID: PMC10680296 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-023-01156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients admitted to hospital after an injury are often found to have used psychoactive substances prior to the injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between psychoactive substances (alcohol, psychoactive medicinal drugs and illicit drugs) and previous hospital admissions, triage and length of stay in the arctic Norwegian county of Finnmark. METHODS Patients ≥ 18 years admitted due to injury to trauma hospitals in Finnmark from January 2015 to August 2016 were approached. Parameters regarding admittance and hospital stay were collected from 684 patients and blood was analysed for psychoactive substances. Using a prospective, observational design, time, triage, length of stay in hospital, use of intensive care unit (ICU), injury severity, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and number of previous admittances were investigated by bivariable testing and logistical regression analysis. RESULTS Of 943 patients approached, 81% consented and 684 were included in the study. During the weekend, 51.5% tested positive for any substance versus 27.1% Monday-Friday. No associations were identified between testing positive and either triage or injury severity for any substance group although triage level was lower in patients with AUDIT-C ≥ 5. Short length of stay was associated with alcohol use prior to injury [odds ratio (OR) 0.48 for staying > 12 h, confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.90]. The OR for staying > 24 h in the ICU when positive for an illicit substance was 6.33 (CI 1.79-22.32) while negatively associated with an AUDIT-C ≥ 5 (OR 0.30, CI 0.10-0.92). Patients testing positive for a substance had more often previously been admitted with the strongest association for illicit drugs (OR 6.43 (CI 1.47-28.08), compared to patients in whom no substances were detected. CONCLUSIONS Triage level and injury severity were not associated with psychoactive substance use. Patients using alcohol are more often discharged early, but illicit substances were associated with longer ICU stays. All psychoactive substance groups were associated with having been previously admitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section for Drug Abuse Research, Oslo University Hospital, Lovisenberggaten 6, 0456, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hammerfest Hospital, Finnmark Hospital Trust, 9601, Hammerfest, Norway.
| | - Torben Wisborg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hammerfest Hospital, Finnmark Hospital Trust, 9601, Hammerfest, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Trauma, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, 0424, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital, PO Box 300, 1714, Grålum, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Elèn Gjulem Jamt
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section for Drug Abuse Research, Oslo University Hospital, Lovisenberggaten 6, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Tore Bogstrand
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section for Drug Abuse Research, Oslo University Hospital, Lovisenberggaten 6, 0456, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1078, 0316, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Acute and Critical Illness, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Won P, Stoycos S, Johnson M, Gillenwater TJ, Yenikomshian HA. Psychiatric Illness and Substance Abuse: Unaddressed Factors in Burn Injury. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1393-1399. [PMID: 36976523 PMCID: PMC10533723 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with psychiatric illness and substance use comorbidities have high rates of burn injuries and experience prolonged hospital admissions. This retrospective chart review characterizes this marginalized population's inpatient burn care and examines post-discharge outcomes compared to burn patients without psychiatric or substance use comorbidities treated at our center. Patients admitted to a single burn center from January 1, 2018 to June 1, 2022 were included. Patient demographics, history of psychiatric disorders, treatment course, and post-discharge outcomes were collected. A total of 1660 patients were included in this study, of which 91 (6%) patients were diagnosed for psychiatric comorbidity and/or substance use comorbidity on admission for burn care. In this cohort of 91 patients with psychiatric and/or substance use comorbidities, the majority of patients were undomiciled (66%) and male (67%). In this cohort, 66 (72%) patients reported recent history or had positive urine toxicology results for illicit substances on admission. In this cohort, a total of 25 (28%) patients had psychiatric comorbidity at the time of burn injury or admission and 69 (76%) patients received inpatient psychiatric care, with 31 (46%) patients requiring psychiatric holds. After discharge, the readmission rate within 1 year of patients with psychiatric and/or substance use comorbidity was over four times greater than that of patients without psychiatric and/or substance use comorbidity. The most common causes of readmission were subsequent mental health crisis (40%) and inability to perform burn care (32%). Our study presents strategies to improve burn care for this marginalized and high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Won
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Stoycos
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T. Justin Gillenwater
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haig A. Yenikomshian
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Turner E, Robinson DM, Roaten K. Psychological Issues. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2023; 34:849-866. [PMID: 37806702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychological distress is common following a burn injury, and many burn survivors have pre-morbid psychiatric illnesses including mood and trauma-related disorders, and substance and alcohol use. This article is intended to be used by all interdisciplinary health care team members to improve the identification and treatment of common psychological concerns experienced by survivors and is organized to follow the general recovery timeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Turner
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Suite CS6.104B, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Diana M Robinson
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Suite CS6.104B, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kimberly Roaten
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Suite CS6.104B, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Rahbar Taramsari M, Mobayen M, Feizkhah A, Letafatkar N, Esmailzadeh M, Hoseinzadeh S, Yeganehdoost F, Mehdipour F, Bagheri Toolaroud P. The Effect of Drug Abuse on Clinical Outcomes of Adult Burn Patients Admitted to a Burn Center in the North of Iran. Bull Emerg Trauma 2023; 11:90-95. [PMID: 37193010 PMCID: PMC10182718 DOI: 10.30476/beat.2023.98282.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Burn trauma is a life-threatening incident that may be accompanied by several risk factors that increase morbidity and mortality. Drug abuse is one of the lifestyle dangers on the rise globally and can have an impact on the outcomes of burn injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of drug abuse on the clinical outcomes of adult burn patients who were admitted to a burn center in the North of Iran. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included adult burn patients who were referred to Velayat Hospital, between March 1, 2021, and March 20, 2022. The hospital information system (HIS) was used to select patients with a history of drug use and then were compared with burn victims who had never used drugs before. In both groups, demographic information, the cause of the burn, the comorbid diseases, total body surface area, length of stay, and outcomes were collected and recorded for both groups. Results This study included 114 inpatients, 90 of whom (78.95%) were men. The mean age of the patients was 43±15 years. The mean length of hospitalization in the drug-user group was significantly higher than in the non-drug abuse group (p=0.004). The drug abuse group had significantly higher rates of comorbid diseases (p=0.021), inhalation injury (p<0.001), mortality (p=0.002), and pneumonia (p<0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the Infection and Sir's rates (p=0.583) between the groups. Conclusion Drug abuse is a risk factor in adult burn patients, which can affect the length of stay and burn-related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Rahbar Taramsari
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mobayen
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Feizkhah
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Negin Letafatkar
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Esmailzadeh
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sara Hoseinzadeh
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farank Yeganehdoost
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehdipour
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parissa Bagheri Toolaroud
- Health Information Management Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Parissa Bagheri Toolaroud Address: Health Information Management Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Postal code: 87159-73449, Kashan, Iran. Tel: +98-9112812842; Fax: +98-31-55548883; +98-31-55589373 e-mail:
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7
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Hlela M, du Toit C, Davies B. The Role of Alcohol and Drug Intoxication in Fire-Related Incidents in Africa: A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF BURNS AND FIRE DISASTERS 2022; 35:278-299. [PMID: 38680625 PMCID: PMC11041902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Fire-related burns contribute significantly to the global burden of burn injury and mortality. Alcohol and/or drug intoxication poses a risk to burn and fire-related injury, whether intentional or unintentional, but such evidence is scarce in the African context. This review aimed to fill the knowledge gap on health determinants of fire-related morbidity and mortality regionally by investigating the role of alcohol and drug intoxication in such events. Using key concepts, an extensive search was performed on 25 databases for relevant publications. Eligible articles were critically appraised using the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS tool), adapted to the review's objectives and outcomes. A total of 42 articles were included, of which less than half were solely investigating burn/fire-related events. Others indirectly mentioned burn injuries as part of larger health burdens such as injury, trauma, violence and other diseases. The measurement of alcohol and/or drug intoxication was inconsistent between studies with varying results. Alcohol and drug impairment in burn incidents in Africa requires evidence-based epidemiological research, and this review illustrated the limited scope of this topic in current literature. Routine toxicological results from post-mortem examinations were identified as important data sources and several research recommendations were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.B.K.M. Hlela
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Gus E, Brooks S, Multani I, Zhu J, Zuccaro J, Singer Y. Burn Registries State of Affairs: A Scoping review. J Burn Care Res 2022; 43:1002-1014. [PMID: 35766390 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Registry science allows for the interpretation of disease-specific patient data from secondary databases. It can be utilized to understand disease and injury, answer research questions, and engender benchmarking of quality-of-care indicators. Numerous burn registries exist globally, however, their contributions to burn care have not been summarized. The objective of this study is to characterize the available literature on burn registries. The authors conducted a scoping review, having registered the protocol a priori. A thorough search of the English literature, including grey literature, was carried out. Publications of all study designs were eligible for inclusion provided they utilized, analyzed, and/or critiqued data from a burn registry. Three hundred twenty studies were included, encompassing 16 existing burn registries. The most frequently used registries for peer-reviewed publications were the American Burn Association Burn Registry, Burn Model System National Database, and the Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand. The main limitations of existing registries are the inclusion of patients admitted to burn centers only, deficient capture of outpatient and long-term outcome data, lack of data standardization across registries, and the paucity of studies on burn prevention and quality improvement methodology. Registries are an invaluable source of information for research, delivery of care planning, and benchmarking of processes and outcomes. Efforts should be made to stimulate other jurisdictions to build burn registries and for existing registries to be improved through data linkage with administrative databases, and by standardizing one international minimum dataset, in order to maximize the potential of registry science in burn care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gus
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie Brooks
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jane Zhu
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Zuccaro
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Hoghoughi MA, Marzban MR, Shahrbaf MA, Shahriarirad R, Kamran H, Meimandi FZ, Salimi M, Hosseinpour H. Burn Injuries in People Who Used Drug, 2009-2017: A Case-Control Study in Shiraz, Southern Iran. J Burn Care Res 2022; 43:1170-1174. [PMID: 35029683 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injury is a critical health issue, which is associated with several morbidities and mortalities. Substance abuse, which is an important public health problem in Iran, can affect burn injury outcomes and etiologies in victims. This study was aimed to evaluate different aspects of burn injuries in people who used drug (PWUD) in two referral centers in the south of Iran. METHODS This Case-Control Study was conducted on burn victims referred to Amir-al Momenin Hospital and Ghotb-al-din Hospital from 2009 to 2017. Patients with a history of drug consumption were selected from the database and compared to randomly selected burn victims with no history of drug use. Demographics, burn etiology, underlying disease, total body surface area, hospitalization duration, and also the outcomes were collected and recorded in both groups. Data analysis was done by SPSS software. RESULTS A total of 5,912 inpatients were included in this study, which 2,397 of them (40.54%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 26.12 ± 19.18. Drug history was positive in 659 patients (11.15%). Familial issues and mental disorders were significantly higher in the PWUD group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Explosion etiology was significantly higher in the PWUD group (P<0.001). Psychiatric disorders (P<0.001), total body surface area (P=0.023), and hospital stay (P<0.001) were significantly higher in PWUD; however, the mortality rate had no statistically significant differences between the groups (P=0.583). CONCLUSION Substance abuse is a risk factor in burn victims, which can affect burn etiology and burn-related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Hoghoughi
- Department of Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Marzban
- Department of Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hooman Kamran
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Zahmatkesh Meimandi
- Department of Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Department of Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hosseinpour
- Department of Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Huang S, Choi KJ, Pham CH, Collier ZJ, Dang JM, Kiwanuka H, Sheckter CC, Yenikomshian HA, Gillenwater TJ. Homeless Tent Fires: A Descriptive Analysis of Tent Fires in the Homeless Population. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:886-893. [PMID: 34058010 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Tent fires are a growing issue in regions with large homeless populations given the rise in homelessness within the US and existing data that suggest worse outcomes in this population. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of tent fire burn injuries in the homeless population. A retrospective review was conducted involving two verified regional burn centers with patients admitted for tent fire burns between January 2015 and December 2020. Variables recorded include demographics, injury characteristics, hospital course, and patient outcomes. Sixty-nine patients met the study inclusion criteria. The most common mechanisms of injury were by portable stove accident, assault, and tobacco or methamphetamine-related. Median percent total body surface area (%TBSA) burned was 6% (IQR 9%). Maximum depth of injury was partial thickness in 65% (n=45) and full thickness in 35% (n=24) of patients. Burns to the upper and lower extremities were present in 87% and 54% of patients, respectively. Median hospital Length-of-Stay (LOS) was 10 days (IQR=10.5) and median ICU LOS was 1 day (IQR=5). Inhalation injury was present in 14% (n=10) of patients. Surgical intervention was required in 43% (n=30) of patients, which included excision, debridement, skin grafting, and escharotomy. In-hospital mortality occurred in 4% (n=3) of patients. Tent fire burns are severe enough to require inpatient and ICU level of care. A high proportion of injuries involved the extremities and pose significant barriers to functional recovery in this vulnerable population. Strategies to prevent these injuries are paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Huang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Katherine J Choi
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher H Pham
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zachary J Collier
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Justin M Dang
- Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Harriet Kiwanuka
- Northern California Regional Burn Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose CA; Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Clifford C Sheckter
- Northern California Regional Burn Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose CA; Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Haig A Yenikomshian
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - T Justin Gillenwater
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Los Angeles County Regional Burn Center, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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11
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Williams FN, Chrisco L, Strassle PD, Navajas E, Laughon SL, Sljivic S, Nizamani R, Charles A, King B. Association Between Alcohol, Substance Use, and Inpatient Burn Outcomes. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:595-599. [PMID: 33886958 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of alcohol and illicit substances has been associated with impaired judgment and health, but the effect on inpatient outcomes after burn injury remains unsettled. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of alcohol and illicit substance use on our inpatient burn outcomes. Adult patients admitted with burn injury-including inhalation injury only-between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2019 were eligible for inclusion. Alcohol use and illicit drug use were identified on admission. Outcomes of interest included requiring mechanical ventilation, admission to the intensive care unit, length of stay, and inpatient mortality. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of use on inpatient outcomes. A total of 3476 patients were included in our analyses; 8% (n = 284) tested positive for alcohol, 10% (n = 364) tested positive for cocaine, and 27% (n = 930) tested positive for marijuana and at admission. Two hundred and eighty adults (18% of all positive patients) tested positive for at least two substances. Patients who tested positive for alcohol had longer lengths of stay and were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients who tested positive for cocaine had longer overall and intensive care unit lengths of stay. No differences in inpatient outcomes were seen among patients who tested positive for marijuana. Neither alcohol nor illicit substance use appears to affect inpatient mortality after burns. Alcohol and cocaine use significantly increased overall length of stay. Marijuana use had no impact on inpatient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia N Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.,North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Lori Chrisco
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.,North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Paula D Strassle
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Emma Navajas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Sarah L Laughon
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Sanja Sljivic
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.,North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rabia Nizamani
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.,North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Anthony Charles
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Booker King
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.,North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Chapel Hill, USA
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12
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Lerman SF, Sylvester S, Hultman CS, Caffrey JA. Suicidality After Burn Injuries: A Systematic Review. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:357-364. [PMID: 33482003 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Burn survivors may be at increased risk for suicide due to the nature of their injury and psychiatric comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence as to the prevalence of suicidal ideations and behaviors (attempts and completed suicides) in burn survivors as well as evaluate risk and protective factors. PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and Web Science databases were searched using search terms regarding suicide, suicidality, and burn. Fourteen full-text manuscripts and two published abstracts were included in the review. Overall, burn survivors demonstrate elevated suicidal ideations and a higher lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts compared to the general population. There is mixed evidence as to rates of completed suicide postburn injury, though rates appear to be relatively low. Risk factors include pain at discharge, perceived level of disfigurement, premorbid psychiatric comorbidities, and past suicide attempts. Results of this systematic review shed light on the scarcity of data on rates of suicidality among burn survivors, which is surprising given the multiple risk factors burn survivors possess including chronic pain, sleep disturbances, history of substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, social isolation, and depression which are linked to suicidality in the general population. Suicide risk screening should be included as an integral part of burn survivors' care, and more research is needed to better understand the magnitude of this phenomenon and offer targeted interventions to vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheera F Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Sylvester
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C Scott Hultman
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Burn Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie A Caffrey
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Burn Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Klifto KM, Yesantharao PS, Dellon AL, Hultman CS, Lifchez SD. Chronic Neuropathic Pain Following Hand Burns: Etiology, Treatment, and Long-Term Outcomes. J Hand Surg Am 2021; 46:67.e1-67.e9. [PMID: 32855013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) after burn injury to the hand/upper extremity is relatively common, but not well described in the literature. This study characterizes patients with CNP after hand/upper extremity burns to help guide risk stratification and treatment strategies. We hypothesize that multiple risk factors contribute to the development of CNP and refractory responses to treatment. METHODS Patients older than 15 years admitted to the burn center after hand/upper extremity burns, from January 1, 2014, through January 1, 2019, were included. Chronic neuropathic pain was defined as self-described pain for longer than 6 months after burn injury, not including pain due to preexisting illness/medications. Two analyses were undertaken: (1) determining risk factors for developing CNP among patients with hand/upper extremity burns, and (2) determining risk factors for developing refractory pain (ie, nonresponsive to treatment) among hand/upper extremity burn patients with CNP. RESULTS Of the 914 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 55 (6%) developed CNP after hand/upper extremity burns. Twenty-nine of these patients (53%) had refractory CNP. Significant risk factors for developing CNP after hand/upper extremity burns included history of substance abuse and tobacco use. Among CNP patients, significant risk factors for developing refractory pain included symptoms of burning sensations. In all CNP patients, gabapentin and ascorbic acid were associated with significant decreases in pain scores on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Substance abuse and tobacco use may contribute to the development of CNP after hand/upper extremity burns. Those who developed refractory CNP were more likely to use the pain descriptor, burning sensations. Pharmacological pain management with gabapentin or pregabalin and ascorbic acid may provide the most relief of CNP symptoms. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Klifto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pooja S Yesantharao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - A Lee Dellon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - C Scott Hultman
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Scott D Lifchez
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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14
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Klifto KM, Shetty PN, Slavin BR, Gurno CF, Seal SM, Asif M, Hultman CS. Impact of nicotine/smoking, alcohol, and illicit substance use on outcomes and complications of burn patients requiring hospital admission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns 2020; 46:1498-1524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Hulsebos IF, Pham CH, Collier ZJ, Fang M, Vrouwe SQ, Sugiyama A, Yenikomshian HA, Garner WL, Gillenwater J. Stimulant Abuse in Burn Patients Is Associated With an Increased Use of Hospital Resources. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41:921-925. [PMID: 32542360 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant (cocaine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine) abuse compromises the peripheral vasculature through endothelial injury. In combination with the physiologic derangements seen in burn injuries, patients abusing stimulants may have additional impairments in wound healing. A retrospective review from July 1, 2015 to July 1, 2018 was performed at an American Burn Association-verified burn center. Patients with positive urine toxicology results for stimulants (ST(+)), and those without (ST(-)), who sustained burn injuries were identified and matched by age and TBSA. The primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcomes included total length of stay (LOS), and need-for-surgery (grafting). In total, 130 patients ST(+) and 133 ST(-) patients were identified. There were no significant differences in age (40.9 ± 13.5 vs 39.2 ± 23.7 years, P = 0.46), Inhalation Injury (12.3 vs 9.0%, P = 0.39), or nutritional status (prealbumin: 17.3 ± 6.1 vs 17.1 ± 12.7 mg/dl, P = 0.66; albumin: 3.5 ± 0.6 vs 3.6 ± 0.7 g/dl, P = 0.45). There were no differences in mortality (6.1 vs 4.5%, P = 0.55), intensive care unit LOS (9.3 ± 16.5 vs 10.2 ± 20.9 days, P = 0.81), wound infections (15.4 vs 23.9%, P = 0.07), or wound conversion (6.9 vs 3.0%, P = 0.14). ST(+) patients had a significantly longer LOS (15.0 ± 16.9 vs 10.7 ± 17.3 days, P = 0.04), greater tobacco use (56.9 vs 18.0%, P = 0.00001), and greater need for grafting (54.6 vs 33.1%, P = 0.0004). ST(+) patients require more hospital resources-surgical operations and hospital days-than ST(-) patients. The increased need for surgical intervention may partially explain the increase in hospital days, in addition to the observation that ST(+) patients had more complex disposition issues than ST(-) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Hulsebos
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Christopher H Pham
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Zachary J Collier
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Mike Fang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sebastian Q Vrouwe
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Akihiro Sugiyama
- Department of Surgery, Harbor+UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Warren L Garner
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Justin Gillenwater
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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16
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Williams FN, Chrisco L, Strassle PD, Laughon SL, Sljivic S, Nurczyk K, Nizamani R, King BT, Charles A. Bias in alcohol and drug screening in adult burn patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BURNS AND TRAUMA 2020; 10:146-155. [PMID: 32934869 PMCID: PMC7486561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and illicit drug use are common among burn-injured patients. Urine toxicology and alcohol screens are a part of our admission order sets and automatically ordered for all adult patients. Our objective was to determine the impact of bias in screening compliance and compare those results to patients who test positive. All adult patients admitted between January 1st, 2014 and December 31st, 2018 were eligible for inclusion. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors for compliance in obtaining samples for screens, and patient characteristics associated with testing positive. Four thousand nine hundred ninety-eight patients were included in the study. The biggest predictors for compliance in obtaining samples for screens were inhalation injury, intensive care unit stay, length of stay, burn size, and current smoking status. No differences in compliance with screens were seen across age, race, or ethnicity. Current smokers and patients with a history of major psychiatric illness were more likely to test positive for alcohol and illicit drugs. Non-Hispanic Black patients were more likely to test positive for illicit drugs. Male sex and pre-existing psychiatric conditions were significant predictors for compliance for alcohol screens, and, positive tests. Implicit bias based on age, race, or ethnicity played no predictive role in compliance for either screen, however, non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to test positive for illicit drugs. More studies are needed to understand the effect of selection bias related to sample collection, and the significance of positive test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia N Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Lori Chrisco
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Paula D Strassle
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Sarah L Laughon
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Sanja Sljivic
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Kamil Nurczyk
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Department of General, Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology of The Alimentary Tract, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Rabia Nizamani
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Booker T King
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Anthony Charles
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine101 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
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Govender R, Hornsby N, Kimemia D, Van Niekerk A. The role of concomitant alcohol and drug use in increased risk for burn mortality outcomes. Burns 2019; 46:58-64. [PMID: 31843286 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injuries are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries, with high rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. The risks may be heightened for persons who present with concomitant use of alcohol and illicit substances, which increase the risk for injury and severely compromise prognosis following injury. METHODS This study utilised a national dataset on hospitalised burns in South Africa to explore the risk for mortality relative to morbidity. To assess the influence of alcohol and drugs in mortality outcomes, the analysis was restricted to adult cases, 18 years and older (N = 918). The primary statistical procedures used in the analysis were logistic regression models. FINDINGS The results indicate that burn victims with full thickness and partial thickness burn degree and more than 30% TBSA had a significantly increased risk of mortality. In addition, the risk for mortality was increased ten times when concomitant alcohol and drugs were indicated compared to cases where these were absent. The length of stay in hospital diminished the risk for mortality by about 10%. INTERPRETATION The findings may be explained by the role of skin as the main barrier against infections and the concurrent increase in risk of infection based on the degree and extent of any damage. The combined presence of both alcohol and drugs may predispose towards more severe burns and greatly compromise liver function with heightened risk for sepsis and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Govender
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Nancy Hornsby
- Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of South Africa, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - David Kimemia
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of South Africa, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ashley Van Niekerk
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of South Africa, Tygerberg, South Africa
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18
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Lang TC, Zhao R, Kim A, Wijewardena A, Vandervord J, McGrath R, Fitzpatrick S, Fulcher G, Jackson CJ. Plasma protein C levels are directly associated with better outcomes in patients with severe burns. Burns 2019; 45:1659-1672. [PMID: 31221425 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein C circulates in human plasma to regulate inflammation and coagulation. It has shown a crucial role in wound healing in animals, and low plasma levels predict the presence of a wound in diabetic patients. However, no detailed study has measured protein C levels in patients with severe burns over the course of a hospital admission. A severe burn is associated with dysfunction of inflammation and coagulation as well as a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. The current methods of burn assessment have shortcomings in reliability and have limited prognostic value. The discovery of a biomarker that estimates burn severity and predicts clinical events with greater accuracy than current methods may improve management, resource allocation and patient counseling. This is the first study to assess the potential role of protein C as a biomarker of burn severity. We measured the plasma protein C levels of 86 patients immediately following a severe burn, then every three days over the first three weeks of a hospital admission. We also analysed the relationships between burn characteristics, blood test results including plasma protein C levels and clinical events. We used a primary composite outcome of increased support utilisation defined as: a mean intravenous fluid administration volume of five litres or more per day over the first 72 h of admission, a length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than four days, or greater than four surgical procedures during admission. The hypothesis was that low protein C levels would be negatively associated with increased support utilisation. At presentation to hospital after a severe burn, the mean plasma protein C level was 76 ± 20% with a range of 34-130% compared to the normal range of 70-180%. The initial low can be plausibly explained by impaired synthesis, increased degradation and excessive consumption of protein C following a burn. Levels increased gradually over six days then remained at a steady-state until the end of the inpatient study period, day 21. A multivariable regression model (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.83) showed that the plasma protein C level on admission contributed the most to the ability of the model to predict increased support utilisation (OR = 0.825 (95% CI = 0.698-0.977), P = 0.025), followed by burn size (OR = 1.252 (95% CI = 1.025-1.530), P = 0.027), burn depth (partial thickness was used as the reference, full thickness OR = 80.499 (1.569-4129.248), P = 0.029), and neutrophil count on admission (OR = 1.532 (95% CI = 0.950-2.473), P = 0.08). Together, these four variables predicted increased support utilisation with 93.2% accuracy, 83.3% sensitivity and 97.6% specificity. However if protein C values were disregarded, only 49.5% of the variance was explained, with 82% accuracy, 63% sensitivity and 91.5% specificity. Thus, protein C may be a useful biomarker of burn severity and study replication will enable validation of these novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Charles Lang
- Sutton Laboratories Level 10, The Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St. Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia; Department of Anaesthesia, Prince of Wales and Sydney Children's Hospitals, Barker St, Randwick, 2031, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ruilong Zhao
- Sutton Laboratories Level 10, The Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St. Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - Albert Kim
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd St., Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - Aruna Wijewardena
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd St., Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - John Vandervord
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd St., Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel McGrath
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd St., Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Gregory Fulcher
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd St., Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher John Jackson
- Sutton Laboratories Level 10, The Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St. Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia
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19
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Smith RR, Hill DM, Hickerson WL, Velamuri SR. Analysis of factors impacting length of stay in thermal and inhalation injury. Burns 2019; 45:1593-1599. [PMID: 31130323 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies have analyzed single or combinations of variables for impact on length of stay (LOS) in thermally-injured patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate a multitude of established variables and potentially identify novel variables associated with LOS in a single study. METHODS This two-year, retrospective study included all patients admitted to the burn center between January 2015 and December 2016. Exclusions included death during admission, lack of thermal or inhalation injury, age less than 18 years, readmission(s), and if pregnant or incarcerated. Baseline demographics and pertinent data were collected using electronic medical records. Regression analysis was used to determine the most predictive variables. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-nine patients were admitted during the inclusion period and 354 patients remained for analysis after exclusion. Univariable analysis revealed 32 variables significantly associated with LOS. Using multivariable regression, the best-fit baseline demographic model included: percent total body surface area (TBSA) injured, lower/middle socioeconomic status, clotting disorders, anemia, admission serum creatinine, and percent third degree injured (r2 = 0.557). The best-fit combined model (incorporating baseline demographics and early in-hospital variables) included: acute kidney injury, infection and received vasopressor(s), percent TBSA injured, admission serum ethanol level, maximum C-reactive protein, and maximum total bilirubin (r2 = 0.828). CONCLUSIONS There are multiple factors associated with the increased LOS seen in patients with thermal and inhalation injury. This study confirmed and identified novel factors not previously discussed in the literature that were significantly associated with LOS. Expansion of the data submitted to the National Burn Repository and the Burn Quality Improvement Program may be warranted. This study confirms claims from previous studies on inadequacy of current data submitted for benchmarking and under-reimbursement for the care of such a complex population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Smith
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Regional One Health, 877 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - David M Hill
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Regional One Health, 877 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Department of Burn Research, Firefighters Regional Burn Center, Regional One Health, 877 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - William L Hickerson
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Firefighters Regional Burn Center, Regional One Health, 877 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - Sai R Velamuri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Firefighters Regional Burn Center, Regional One Health, 877 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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20
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Rockne WY, Quinn KC, James G, Cochran A. Identification of substance use disorders in burn patients using simple diagnostic screening tools (AUDIT/DAST-10). Burns 2019; 45:1182-1188. [PMID: 30948281 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Substance use is disproportionately high in burn patients and associated with adverse outcomes. Screening methods for substance use disorders may help predict or avoid adverse outcomes. The University of Utah Burn Center records self-reported Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tests (AUDIT) and Drug Abuse Screening Tests (DAST-10) for all adult burn admissions. This study assessed for association between AUDIT/DAST-10 scores and burn patient outcomes. METHODS A retrospective chart review of adult burn patients admitted to the University of Utah from 05/01/2014-06/30/2017. Patient demographics, injury data, and substance use data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS 322 patients underwent AUDIT/DAST-10 screening (n = 322). 56 (17.4%) had positive AUDIT screens (score ≥ 8). 15/50 with alcohol use at time of injury (TOI) had negative AUDIT screens. Median AUDIT score with TOI alcohol use was 12, without TOI alcohol use was 1. 30/55 patients offered alcohol counseling accepted. 14 patients (4.3%) had positive DAST-10 screens (score ≥3). 9/25 with drug use at TOI had negative DAST-10 screens. No patients without TOI drug use had DAST-10 scores >2. 9/11 patients offered drug counseling accepted. Mean standardized length of stay (LOS) per TBSA burn injury was 1.7 days for positive AUDIT, 1.6 days for negative AUDIT. Median standardized LOS was 1.4 days for positive DAST-10, 1.7 days for negative DAST-10. CONCLUSIONS AUDIT and DAST-10 screens can identify burn patients with problematic substance use, allowing early intervention. Positive screening scores do not independently predict longer hospital stays, increased wound severity, or treatment noncompliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Y Rockne
- University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States
| | - Kristen C Quinn
- University of Utah Health Burn Center, 50 N Medical Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States
| | - Gretchen James
- University of Utah Health Burn Center, 50 N Medical Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States
| | - Amalia Cochran
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States; The Ohio State University, Department of Surgery, 395 W 12th Ave #670, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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