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Khan MA, Katiyar R, Verma M, Verma AK. Spectrum of vitriolage in India: A retrospective data record-based study. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:556-567. [PMID: 38605760 PMCID: PMC11006047 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_539_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitriolage or acid attack or acid throwing is a gender-based terrible violent crime. There are many everlasting sequels of vitriolage which consist of permanent scarring of the face or body, blindness as well as socioeconomic and psychological intricacy. The sufferer of acid attack is competitor, hatred, enmity or jealousy. Vitriolage are most common in the Asian countries especially in south east Asian region followed by Europe and South America. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Colombia and Cambodia are the countries having the highest incidence of acid attacks. There is a sharp rise in vitriolage cases in India in the last few years as indicated by data from the National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB). Seventy per cent victims of vitriolage are women in India as indicated by the annual reports of the Acid Survivor Foundation. Aims and Objective The aim of the study was to report incidence of acid attacks in India, Indian states and metropolitan cities. To analyse various police and court procedure and to discuss various steps to give justice to the victim of vitriolage. Materials and Methods Present study is a retrospective data record-based study. Available data for the last 5 years (from 2017 to 2021) were taken from National Crime Report Bureau (NCRB). Available as per NCRB, data were analysed as per aims and objectives. Results The trend of incidence of acid attacks in India was decreasing in the last 5 years, that is, the incidence was 244 in the year 2017 which become 176 in the year 2021. West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh were the states having the highest number of acid attack incidence during the last 5 years. Delhi city was the top most metropolitan city having the highest acid attack incidence in the last 5 years. Police investigation of cases of acid attacks against women and cases disposed of by the police decreased in the last 5 years. The chargesheeting rate was better in metropolitan cities than overall chargesheeting in India. There was an increased trial of cases of acid attacks against women and a decrease in cases disposed of by the court during the last 5 years. Conviction rate by the court was better in India than the metropolitan cities of India during the last 5 years. Case acquitted by the court in India was 24, 9, 10, 4 and 10, and in metropolitan cities it was 2, 1, 3, 0 and 2 during year 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Conclusion Vitriolage not only destroys physical health but also destroys mental health. Despite of strict action taken by the Indian government, vitriolage is still prevalent in India. Male dominancy and inadequate legal systems are responsible for this. Though there is a standard set by the Supreme Court for the sale of acid, it remains easily available as the guidelines are frequently violated by the preparator. Case investigation and chargesheeting should increase by the police. Trial of the case and conviction should increase by the court. Vitriolage victims must be sure of their scope to obtain education and job opportunity and societal fiction should be reviewed to support people to acknowledge why vitriolage is committed mainly against females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Khan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Katiyar
- Department of Community Medicine, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Verma
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop K. Verma
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Barchielli B, Lausi G, Pizzo A, Messineo M, Del Casale A, Giannini AM, Ferracuti S. A Medical-Legal and Psychological Systematic Review on Vitriolage Related to Gender-Based Violence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2953-2965. [PMID: 36062902 PMCID: PMC10594836 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Attacks perpetrated using acid are a particular form of interpersonal violence, possibly one of the most heinous manifestations of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Acid attacks are mainly motivated by extramarital cheating, marital conflicts, women's rejection of marriage proposals, and sexual advances. As these attacks are not well understood from a psychological perspective, we conducted a systematic review, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, of 284 articles identified, 13 were eligible for inclusion. Three main focuses were identified: "Risk and vulnerability factors," "Consequences and implications," and "Interventions and treatments." Acid attacks seem to be more frequent in countries where social and economic development leads to greater tensions over traditional gender roles like Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India. Identified risk factors were young age, low socioeconomic status, low educational attainment, ethnicity, unemployment status of the victim, alcohol, and drug use of the perpetrator. Among the main psychosocial consequences of acid attacks, isolation and social exclusion emerged. Additionally, the paper will discuss the role of mental health consequences and specific treatments from psychological, clinical, and medical-legal points of view.
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Vacuum and Electromagnetic Fields Treatment to Regenerate a Diffuse Mature Facial Scar Caused by Sulfuric Acid Assault. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120799. [PMID: 36551005 PMCID: PMC9774184 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acid attacks are on the rise, and they cause extensive and deep burns, especially on the face. The treatments used to improve the aesthetic, functional and social impact of non-acid scars do not always prove useful for acid scars. This article reports the case of a woman with an extended, mature, acid facial scar, caused by sulfuric acid assault, treated with a recent new procedure that combines the application of vacuum and electromagnetic fields. Before and after the treatment, the aesthetic appearance, and motor function of the face and neck were evaluated, as well as the level of hydration, the amount of sebum, the elasticity, and the pH of the skin. The improvements highlighted after the treatment of the aesthetic and functional characteristics of the face and neck, and of the physical parameters of the skin seemed to indicate that this particular treatment induces tissue regeneration, even in the nerve component. However, it is evident that the rehabilitation pathways of facial wounds and scars must be personalized, and must include continuous psychological support for the patient.
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Shehata SA, abdelrahman KM, Hagras AM, Kamar AH. Medico-legal assessment of acid attack (Vitriolage) injuries in Egypt: Fate, outcomes and permanent infirmity. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 56:102046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Introduction Deliberate corrosive substance attacks (DCSA) have traditionally been associated with low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). However, the incidence of DCSA in certain geographical locations of the UK has increased in recent years. These attacks have a relatively low mortality rate but cause extensive life-changing injuries and the management from point of wounding to definitive care is challenging for all involved. Methods A systematic review was used to identify literature about DCSA and establish how much evidence about these attacks has been published over the last decade. Victim and perpetrator characteristics, substances used, injury patterns, mortality, pre-hospital and hospital-based management and complications associated with management were areas of interest. The review included any medical literature (case reports, letters, reviews) published within the last 10 years that described DCSA against human victims. Non-English language articles were excluded. Results Eighteen articles containing 762 victims of DCSA were included; seven victims had incomplete data. Articles were mostly from LMIC (Bangladesh, Columbia, Cambodia, India, Iran, Sri Lanka and Pakistan) but there were five articles were from the UK (three ‘Letters to Editors’, one survivor letter and one retrospective review of 21 victims). UK victim and perpetrator characteristics varied from those in LMIC. Seven papers described pre-hospital management and nine described hospital/surgical management. Conclusions The evidence base surrounding DCSA is limited especially in the UK setting. More research into the epidemiology and management of DCSA in the UK is warranted.
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Abstract
Burns are devastating injuries that cause significant morbidity, emotional distress, and decreased quality of life. Advances in care have improved survival and functional outcomes; however, burns remain a major public health problem in developing countries. More than 95% of burns occur in low- and middle-income countries, where access to basic health care is limited. The upper extremity is involved in the majority of severe burn injuries. The purpose of this article is to review upper extremity burn epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment options in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Sasor
- Hand Surgery Fellow, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin C. Chung
- Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Didcott S, Taylor J. The impact of assault by vitriolage on quality of life: Integrative review. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:2461-2477. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Didcott
- Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Julie Taylor
- Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
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Jagnoor J, Lukaszyk C, Fraser S, Chamania S, Harvey L, Potokar T, Ivers R. Rehabilitation practices for burn survivors in low and middle income countries: A literature review. Burns 2018; 44:1052-1064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cleary M, Visentin DC, West S, Say R, McLean L, Kornhaber R. Acid burn attacks: Looking beneath the surface. J Adv Nurs 2018; 74:1737-1739. [PMID: 29364551 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denis C Visentin
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Say
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loyola McLean
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Psychotherapy Program, Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney West and Greater Southern Psychiatry Training Network, Cumberland Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Conceptual model of acid attacks based on survivor’s experiences: Lessons from a qualitative exploration. Burns 2017; 43:608-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The present study is a retrospective analysis of 13 cases of deaths, which resulted from throwing of corrosives over the body. The cases were autopsied at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospitals, Delhi, India, during a period of 13 years from July 1998 to June 2011. The cases represented approximately 0.1% of all autopsy cases during the same period. Data were analyzed with regard to the age, sex, place of occurrence, pattern of injury, survival period, and cause of death. Of these cases, 8 (61.54%) were male, and 5 (38.46%) were female. The most common age group of the victim was 21 to 30 years (46.15%). Six of the victims were attacked on the road side. Face and thorax were involved in all cases (100%). The average total body surface area of burn was 56.69%.The mean survival period was 28.2 days. In 53.85% of cases, the cause of death was septicemia.
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Peiris-John RJ, Attanayake S, Daskon L, Wickremasinghe AR, Ameratunga S. Disability studies in Sri Lanka: priorities for action. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 36:1742-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.864714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guerrero L. Burns due to acid assaults in Bogotá, Colombia. Burns 2013; 39:1018-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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