Rheumatic manifestations of endocrine diseases

Autoimmune Hypothyroidism As a Predictor of Mortality in Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Background

Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) is a fibrotic parenchymal lung disease that occurs when inhalation of environmental antigens leads to immune dysregulation. Autoimmune features have recently been identified as potentially important among patients with CHP. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism (HT) and CHP is unknown. In this study, we investigate the prevalence and impact of HT among patients with CHP.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, case–control analysis. We identified 121 patients at the University of Chicago Interstitial Lung Disease Center with a multidisciplinary diagnosis of CHP. These patients were matched 3:1 according to age, sex, and race to 363 control subjects with asthma from 2006 to 2015. We analyzed demographics, clinical characteristics, and survival between both groups and assessed the relationship of HT with CHP. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards modeling.

Results

Patients with CHP had higher prevalence of HT (25.6%, n = 31) compared to controls (10.7%, n = 39; OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.62–4.99; P < 0.0001). Compared to CHP alone, patients with CHP/HT were more likely to be female (80.6 vs 51.1%, P = 0.004), have increased incidence of autoimmune disease (19.4 vs 3.3%, P = 0.009), antinuclear antibody seropositivity (80.6 vs 57.0%, P = 0.019), and higher TSH levels (4.0 vs 1.9 mIU/L, P < 0.0001). HT was a significant independent predictor of mortality among CHP patients with seropositive ANA (HR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.31–8.80; P = 0.012).

Conclusion

HT is common in patients with CHP and may carry prognostic significance in patients with features of autoimmunity. Further research exploring common pathogenic pathways between autoimmune HT and CHP may illuminate the association of HT with survival.

The impact of thyroid autoimmunity on arterial stiffness in postmenopausal patients with fibromyalgia

OBJECTIVE

The exact mechanism of arterial stiffness in fibromyalgia (FM) remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between thyroid function and markers of arterial function in postmenopausal FM patients.

METHODS

This study included 163 postmenopausal FM patients without any known cardiovascular diseases and within a normal reference range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Clinical parameters including the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the pain visual analogical scale (VAS) and tender point counts were measured. Vascular function was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). We evaluated the associations between arterial markers and serum TSH, free thyroxin, as well as serum thyroidperoxidase autoantibody (TPO Ab).

RESULTS

Patients with a high baPWV (≥ 1490 cm/s) showed more positive TPO Ab (65% vs. 10%, P = 0.006) than those with a normal baPWV. Additionally, the baPWV values of patients with positive TPO Ab were significantly different from those with negative TPO Ab. Age, FIQ and TPO Ab were significantly correlated with baPWV and FMD (all P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the only significant predictors of baPWV were age, FIQ and the presence of TPO Ab after adjustment for traditional risk factors. A significant association was also found between FMD and positive TPO Ab.

CONCLUSION

Age, functional status and presence of TPO Ab were significantly associated with increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal FM patients. Given the combined thyroid autoimmunity in FM patients, a re-evaluation of the effects on the vasculature may be necessary.

Rheumatic manifestations of endocrine disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Musculoskeletal complaints are a feature of several endocrine diseases. This review will update clinicians on their association, presentation, and treatment.

RECENT FINDINGS

To update clinicians on the recent literature as it is related to pathophysiology, genetic, and clinical findings on the association of these diseases and musculoskeletal complaints.

SUMMARY

Rheumatologists in the clinic are faced with different presentations of various musculoskeletal complaints every day. Every new patient encounter requires the differential diagnosis of these complaints. The first task is usually to decide with what disease in internal medicine these complaints are associated. The endocrinopathies are a group of illnesses that either present initially or exhibit sometime during the course of the disease as a variety of musculoskeletal complaints. Rheumatic manifestations may often be the initial presentation of an endocrine disorder. Each endocrine disorder may also have its own arthritic complaints, which can present as a definitive rheumatic disease such as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease or as a rheumatic symptom such as diffuse arthralgia. The rheumatologist as well as the primary care physician should be knowledgeable about the ways in which muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints are affected by diseases of the endocrine system.

Musculoskeletal manifestations in diabetic patients at a tertiary center

Objectives

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. Most diabetic patients will develop functional disabilities due to multiple factors, including musculoskeletal (MSK) manifestations. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of MSK in diabetic patients and to examine the possible predictors for its development.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study from June 1, 2010, to June 30, 2011, to evaluate MSK manifestations in adult diabetic patients at an outpatient clinic of King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Baseline variables were examined to determine predictors for the development of MSK complications. Analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social sciences.

Results

We included 252 diabetic patients; 45 (17.9%) had MSK manifestations. Of these 45 patients, 41 (91.1%) had type 2 diabetes. The most common manifestations were carpal tunnel syndrome (n=17, 6.7%), shoulder adhesive capsulitis (n=17, 6.7%), and diabetic amyotrophy (n=12, 4.8%). A significant association was found between the development of MSK manifestations and manual labor, overweight, and vascular complications. On logistic regression analysis, the presence of vascular complications in general (B-coefficient=1.27, odds ratio=3.57, P<0.05, 95% confidence interval=1.31–9.78), and retinopathy in particular (B-coefficient=1.17, odds ratio=3.21, P<0.05, 95% confidence interval=1.47–7.02) can predict the development of MSK manifestations in about 82% of the cases.

Conclusion

Musculoskeletal manifestations are under recognized in adult diabetic patients, occurring in 18% of the cases. Physicians should consider examining the periarticular region of the joints in the hands and shoulders whenever a diabetic patient presents with MSK symptoms.

Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory myopathy: issues and management

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies include polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM) and inclusion body myositis (IBM). The specific etiologies of these muscle diseases are not well known and are thought to involve components of the humoral and cellular immune system as well as other nonimmune factors. Diagnosing these myopathies involves a laboratory evaluation, imaging studies, multidisciplinary consultations, histologic examination and potentially genetic studies. Despite all that we currently know about inflammatory muscle disease with these studies, we find that our current concept of muscle disease is changing. In the cases of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and inclusion body myositis, the concept of inflammation needs to be rethought. Moreover, the classification schemes for these idiopathic myopathies may need updating to include current research findings that relate to pathogenesis. With ongoing discoveries, classification and appropriate treatment is becoming increasingly challenging. This paper discusses the inflammatory myopathies, the challenges to diagnosis, classification controversies and potential treatment options.