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Aravindan S, Kim YJ, Tucker NJ, Heare A, Parry JA. The Routine Use of Running Subcuticular Closures in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients Does Not Increase Wound Complications. J Orthop Trauma 2023; 37:e153-e158. [PMID: 36729908 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the routine use of running subcuticular closures (RSC) in orthopaedic trauma patients increases the rate of wound complications and reoperations. DESIGN Retrospective comparative study. SETTING Urban Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Two hundred sixty-six patients undergoing orthopaedic trauma procedures between June 2020 and March 2022. INTERVENTION Adoption of an RSC protocol where any incision/wound that could be approximated with interrupted subcuticular 2-0 monofilament sutures was closed with a running subcuticular 3-0 monofilament suture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Wound complications and subsequent reoperations. RESULTS With adoption of the RSC protocol, 91.0% of all orthopaedic trauma procedures were closed with RSC compared with 7.5% of the historical control group. There were no observed differences in the rate of wound complications (proportional difference (PD) 6.0%, confidence interval (CI) -2.3% to 14.1%; P = 0.15) or reoperations (PD 5.2%, CI -1.9% to 12.2%; P = 0.14) between the RSC and the control group. Wound complications were not associated with RSC on univariate analysis (PD 7.2%, CI -10.0% to 24.0%; P = 0.41). On multivariate analysis, an ASA>2 (odds ratio (OR) 2.4, CI 1.0 to 5.7; P = 0.03), lower extremity injuries (OR 4.9, CI 1.3 to 17.8; P = 0.01), and open reduction internal fixation procedures (OR 2.8, CI 1.1 to 7.2; P = 0.02) were found to be independently associated with wound complications. CONCLUSION RSC for orthopaedic trauma procedures was not associated with increased wound complications when compared a historical cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye Joon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - Nicholas J Tucker
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Orthopaedics, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - Austin Heare
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Orthopaedics, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - Joshua A Parry
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Orthopaedics, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
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Look N, Rodriguez Fontan F, Baldini TH, Lindeque B. Tensile strength of a novel superficial suture pattern compared to traditional suture patterns in a cadaveric human skin model. Injury 2022; 53:3613-3616. [PMID: 36163204 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suture material and pattern utilized to maintain the skin edges in proximity allows for successful primary wound healing. No prior studies have evaluated the tensile strength of different suture patterns on human cadaveric skin. This study evaluates the tensile strength of four single suture patterns: simple (S), horizontal-mattress (HM), vertical-mattress (VM), and a novel stich termed Lindeque locking (LL). METHODS Four skin closure patterns were tested on human cadaveric skin using 3-0 nylon - S, HM, VM, LL - totaling four groups with twelve samples each. A tensioning device applied 1 N of force/second in a linear fashion. The primary outcome measures were: (i) wound dehiscence force, and (ii) ultimate load to failure. Statistics included one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey tests. RESULTS The LL stitch had the greatest dehiscence force (198.60 N) and ultimate load to failure force (211.13 N) but was only significantly greater on both outcomes versus HM (104.81 N; 95% confidence interval [CI], 65.7 to 121.9; p< 0.001) and (120.79 N; 95% CI, 63.5 to 117.2; p < 0.001), respectively. There was no significant difference between LL and S for dehiscence, nor for the ultimate load to failure (186.90 N and 195.08 N, respectively). The LL pattern was significantly greater for an ultimate load to failure, but not for dehiscence when compared to VM (173.9 N and 171.1 N, respectively). Of all patterns, HM had significantly less withstanding force. CONCLUSIONS The Lindeque Locking stitch demonstrated the greatest dehiscence force and tensile strength. It may decrease the risk of wound dehiscence for high tension wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Look
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045-2581, United States
| | - Francisco Rodriguez Fontan
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045-2581, United States; Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Todd H Baldini
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045-2581, United States; Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bennie Lindeque
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045-2581, United States; Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Li E, Zhang T, Ma Q, Yan K, Zhang X, Wang W, Liao B. Effect of Modified Allgöwer-Donati Suture Technique on Wound Cosmetics in Spinal Surgery. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:678-685. [PMID: 35179312 PMCID: PMC9002073 DOI: 10.1111/os.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the efficacy of modified Allgöwer–Donati suture (MADS) technique on cosmetic outcomes compared with vertical mattress suture (VMS) technique in spinal surgery wounds. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University (Gansu, China) from September 2019 to August 2020. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, a VMS group and a MADS group, by staff not involved in the treatment using a computer‐based random number table program (no restrictions on age or sex). Both procedures were performed by the same group of physicians as well as assistants. All suture wounds were completed by the same person. The primary endpoint was the scar area, and the postoperative scar area was scored by the Patient and Observer Scar Scale Assessment (POSAS). The scar area was calculated by ImageJ software. The second outcome measure was wound complications, including poor wound healing, wound edge necrosis, and infection. The trial was recorded in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register on 18 August 2019 (ChiCTR1900024548). Results A total of 143 patients were included: 72 in the VMS group and 71 in the MADS group. There was no significant difference in their demographics in terms of age (49.71 ± 8.91 vs 50.15 ± 6.79 years, P = 0.737), sex (M/F, 30/41 vs 31/41, P = 0.923), suture time (3.39 ± 0.22 vs 3.47 ± 0.25 s/mm, P = 0.057), or body mass index (BMI, 23.88 ± 3.50 vs 24.05 ± 3.50, P = 0.765) for MADS to VMS. The postoperative scar area was compared between the two groups transversely on day 12, the MADS wound scars decreased by 58.95% (75,133.24/127,452.58). In the POSAS evaluation, after MADS treatment, surface area score decreased from 5 (4, 5) to 2 (2, 3) (P < 0.0001), observer's overall opinion from 5 (4, 5) to 3 (2, 3) (P < 0.0001), itching from 3 (3, 4) to 3 (2, 3) (P = 0.001), color from 4 (4, 5) to 3 (2–4) (P < 0.0001), stiffness 4 (3–4.75) to 3 (3, 4) (P < 0.0001), or thickness from 4 (3–5) to 4 (3, 4) (P = 0.004). In terms of overall opinion evaluation, the MADS showed a significant difference in observer's overall opinion to the VMS (5 (4, 5) vs 3 (2, 3), P < 0.0001) and in patient's overall opinion 5 (5, 6) to 3 (3, 4), (P < 0.0001). There was no significant statistical difference in poor wound healing (3 vs 0, P = 0.245), wound edge necrosis (3 vs 0, P = 0.245), and infection (1 vs 0, P = 1.000) with the MADS to the VMS. Conclusion The results of this study show that the MADS effectively reduced the surgical scar area to 58.95% with no additional adverse events compared with that of the VMS in spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, istrict, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Orthopaedic Oncology Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, istrict, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, istrict, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Sepehri A, Slobogean GP, O'Hara NN, McKegg P, Rudnicki J, Atchison J, O'Toole RV, Sciadini MF, LeBrun CT, Nascone JW, Johnson AJ, Gitajn IL, Elliott JT, Scolaro JA, Pensy RA. Assessing Soft Tissue Perfusion Using Laser-Assisted Angiography in Tibial Plateau and Pilon Fractures: A Pilot Study. J Orthop Trauma 2021; 35:626-631. [PMID: 34797781 PMCID: PMC8918020 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether skin perfusion surrounding tibial plateau and pilon fractures is associated with the Tscherne classification for severity of soft tissue injury. The secondary aim was to determine if soft tissue perfusion improves from the time of injury to the time of definitive fracture fixation in fractures treated using a staged protocol. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Academic trauma center. PATIENTS Eight pilon fracture patients and 19 tibial plateau fracture patients who underwent open reduction internal fixation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Skin perfusion (fluorescence units) as measured by LA-ICGA. RESULTS Six patients were classified as Tscherne grade 0, 9 as grade 1, 10 as grade 2, and 2 as grade 3. Perfusion decreased by 14 fluorescence units (95% confidence interval, -21 to -6; P < 0.01) with each increase in Tscherne grade. Sixteen patients underwent staged fixation with an external fixator (mean time to definitive fixation 14.1 days). The mean perfusion increased significantly at the time of definitive fixation by a mean of 13.9 fluorescence units (95% confidence interval 4.8-22.9; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS LA-ICGA perfusion measures are associated with severity of soft tissue injury surrounding orthopaedic trauma fractures and appear to improve over time when fractures are stabilized in an external fixator. Further research is warranted to investigate whether objective perfusion measures are predictive of postoperative wound healing complications and whether this tool can be used to effectively guide timing of safe surgical fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aresh Sepehri
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerard P Slobogean
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nathan N O'Hara
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Phillip McKegg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joshua Rudnicki
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jared Atchison
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert V O'Toole
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marcus F Sciadini
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher T LeBrun
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jason W Nascone
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ida Leah Gitajn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - John A Scolaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Raymond A Pensy
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Liu H, Laflamme S, Zellner EM, Aertsens A, Bentil SA, Rivero IV, Secord TW. Soft Elastomeric Capacitor for Strain and Stress Monitoring on Sutured Skin Tissues. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3706-3714. [PMID: 34582189 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sutures are ubiquitous medical devices for wound closures in human and veterinary medicine, and suture techniques are frequently evaluated by comparing tensile strengths in ex vivo studies. Direct and nondestructive measurement of tensile force present in sutured biological skin tissue is a key challenge in biomechanical fields because of the unique and complex properties of each sutured skin specimen and the lack of compliant sensors capable of monitoring large levels of strain. The authors have recently proposed a soft elastomeric capacitor (SEC) sensor that consists of a highly compliant and scalable strain gauge capable of transducing geometric variations into a measurable change in capacitance. In this study, corrugated SECs are used to experimentally characterize the inherent biomechanical properties of canine skin specimens. In particular, an SEC corrugated with a re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb pattern is studied to monitor strain and stresses for three specific suture patterns: simple interrupted, cruciate, and intradermal patterns. Stress is estimated using constitutive models based on the Fractional Zener and the Kelvin-Voigt models, parametrized using a particle swarm algorithm from experimental data and results from a validated finite element model. Results are benchmarked against findings from the literature and show that SECs are valuable for clinical evaluation of tensile force in biological skins. It was found that both the ranking of suture pattern performance and the sutured skin's Young's modulus using the proposed approach agreed with data reported in the literature and that the estimated stress at the suture level closely matched that of an approximate finite element model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Simon Laflamme
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric M. Zellner
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Adrien Aertsens
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sarah A. Bentil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Iris V. Rivero
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Thomas W. Secord
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
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