A Predictive Model to Identify Treatment-related Risk Factors for Odontoid Fracture Nonunion Using Machine Learning

Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Spinal Injury: A Narrative Review of Algorithms in Diagnosis and Prognosis

Spinal injuries, including cervical and thoracolumbar fractures, continue to be a major public health concern. Recent advancements in machine learning and deep learning technologies offer exciting prospects for improving both diagnostic and prognostic approaches in spinal injury care. This narrative review systematically explores the practical utility of these computational methods, with a focus on their application in imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as in structured clinical data. Of the 39 studies included, 34 were focused on diagnostic applications, chiefly using deep learning to carry out tasks like vertebral fracture identification, differentiation between benign and malignant fractures, and AO fracture classification. The remaining five were prognostic, using machine learning to analyze parameters for predicting outcomes such as vertebral collapse and future fracture risk. This review highlights the potential benefit of machine learning and deep learning in spinal injury care, especially their roles in enhancing diagnostic capabilities, detailed fracture characterization, risk assessments, and individualized treatment planning.

Evidence and Controversies in Geriatric Odontoid Fracture Management

Geriatric odontoid fractures are some of the most common spine injuries in our aging population, and their prevalence is only continuing to increase. Despite several investigational studies, treatment remains controversial and there is limited conclusive evidence regarding the management of odontoid fractures. These injuries typically occur in medically complex and frail geriatric patients with poor bone quality, making their treatment particularly challenging. In this article, we review the evidence for conservative management as well as surgical intervention and discuss various treatment strategies. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with odontoid fractures in the elderly, thoughtful consideration and an emphasis on patient-centered goals of treatment are critical to maximize function in this vulnerable population.