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Liu B, Zheng W, Dai L, Fu S, Shi E. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomal miR-455-5p protects against spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury. Tissue Cell 2021; 74:101678. [PMID: 34823099 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, much more studies have focused on the therapeutic effect of exosome-delivered microRNAs on diseases. Previous study has shown that miR-455-5p is downregulated in ischemic stroke, but little is known about the role of exosome-delivered miR-455-5p in spinal cord ischemia reperfusion (SCIR) injury. Herein, we isolated exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transfected with lentivirus vectors containing miR-455-5p. SCIR rat model was established after the intrathecal injection of exosomes containing miR-455-5p. The expression level of miR-455-5p was downregulated after SCIR, administration of exosomal miR-455-5p enhanced the level of miR-455-5p in the injured spinal cord. Hind-limb motor function scores indicated that exosomal miR-455-5p improved the recovery of hind-limb function of SCIR rats. HE staining and Nissl staining showed that miR-455-5p enriched exosomes reduced histopathological abnormalities after SCIR. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that exosomes containing miR-455-5p reduced apoptosis of neurons, and activated autophagy in neurons after SCIR. We observed that the expression of Nogo-A, a direct target of miR-455-5p, was decreased in the spinal cord of exosomal miR-455-5p administrated SCIR rats. Targeting relationship between miR-455-5p and Nogo-A was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. In summary, exosomes containing miR-455-5p had the neuroprotective effects on SCIR injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Enyi Shi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Dhani S, Zhao Y, Zhivotovsky B. A long way to go: caspase inhibitors in clinical use. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:949. [PMID: 34654807 PMCID: PMC8519909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionary conserved family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are involved in many vital cellular processes including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and inflammatory response. Dysregulation of caspase-mediated apoptosis and inflammation has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Multiple caspase inhibitors have been designed and synthesized as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cell death-related pathologies. However, only a few have progressed to clinical trials because of the consistent challenges faced amongst the different types of caspase inhibitors used for the treatment of the various pathologies, namely an inadequate efficacy, poor target specificity, or adverse side effects. Importantly, a large proportion of this failure lies in the lack of understanding various caspase functions. To overcome the current challenges, further studies on understanding caspase function in a disease model is a fundamental requirement to effectively develop their inhibitors as a treatment for the different pathologies. Therefore, the present review focuses on the descriptive properties and characteristics of caspase inhibitors known to date, and their therapeutic application in animal and clinical studies. In addition, a brief discussion on the achievements, and current challenges faced, are presented in support to providing more perspectives for further development of successful therapeutic caspase inhibitors for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Dhani
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Shahsavani N, Alizadeh A, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Availability of neuregulin-1beta1 protects neurons in spinal cord injury and against glutamate toxicity through caspase dependent and independent mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113817. [PMID: 34314724 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes sensorimotor and autonomic impairment that partly reflects extensive, permanent loss of neurons at the epicenter and penumbra of the injury. Strategies aimed at enhancing neuronal protection are critical to attenuate neurodegeneration and improve neurological recovery after SCI. In rat SCI, we previously uncovered that the tissue levels of neuregulin-1beta 1 (Nrg-1β1) are acutely and persistently downregulated in the injured spinal cord. Nrg-1β1 is well-known for its critical roles in the development, maintenance and physiology of neurons and glia in the developing and adult spinal cord. However, despite this pivotal role, Nrg-1β1 specific effects and mechanisms of action on neuronal injury remain largely unknown in SCI. In the present study, using a clinically-relevant model of compressive/contusive SCI in rats and an in vitro model of glutamate toxicity in primary neurons, we demonstrate Nrg-1β1 provides early neuroprotection through attenuation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, necrosis and apoptosis in acute and subacute stages of SCI. Mechanistically, availability of Nrg-1β1 following glutamate challenge protects neurons from caspase-dependent and independent cell death that is mediated by modulation of mitochondria associated apoptotic cascades and MAP kinase and AKT signaling pathways. Altogether, our work provides novel insights into the role and mechanisms of Nrg-1β1 in neuronal injury after SCI and introduces its potential as a new neuroprotective target for this debilitating neurological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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4
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Kwiecien JM, Zhang L, Yaron JR, Schutz LN, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Awo EA, Burgin M, Dabrowski W, Lucas AR. Local Serpin Treatment via Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogel after Spinal Cord Injury Reduces Tissue Damage and Improves Neurologic Function. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1221. [PMID: 32340262 PMCID: PMC7230793 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in massive secondary damage characterized by a prolonged inflammation with phagocytic macrophage invasion and tissue destruction. In prior work, sustained subdural infusion of anti-inflammatory compounds reduced neurological deficits and reduced pro-inflammatory cell invasion at the site of injury leading to improved outcomes. We hypothesized that implantation of a hydrogel loaded with an immune modulating biologic drug, Serp-1, for sustained delivery after crush-induced SCI would have an effective anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. Rats with dorsal column SCI crush injury, implanted with physical chitosan-collagen hydrogels (CCH) had severe granulomatous infiltration at the site of the dorsal column injury, which accumulated excess edema at 28 days post-surgery. More pronounced neuroprotective changes were observed with high dose (100 µg/50 µL) Serp-1 CCH implanted rats, but not with low dose (10 µg/50 µL) Serp-1 CCH. Rats treated with Serp-1 CCH implants also had improved motor function up to 20 days with recovery of neurological deficits attributed to inhibition of inflammation-associated tissue damage. In contrast, prolonged low dose Serp-1 infusion with chitosan did not improve recovery. Intralesional implantation of hydrogel for sustained delivery of the Serp-1 immune modulating biologic offers a neuroprotective treatment of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Enkidia A. Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
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5
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Agmatine inhibits nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation in acute spinal cord compression injury rat model. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Xu D, Zhao W, Wang C, Zhu H, He M, Zhu X, Liu W, Wang F, Fan J, Chen C, Cui D, Cui Z. Up-regulation of TNF Receptor-associated Factor 7 after spinal cord injury in rats may have implication for neuronal apoptosis. Neuropeptides 2018; 71:81-89. [PMID: 30100091 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7), is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for several proteins involved in the activation of TLR-dependent NF-kappaB signaling. TRAF7 links TNF receptor family proteins to signaling pathways, thus participates in regulating cell death and survival mediated by TNF family ligands. To date, the biological function of TRAF7 after spinal cord injury (SCI) is still with limited acquaintance. In this study, we have performed an acute SCI model in adult rats and investigated the dynamic changes of TRAF7 expression in the spinal cord. Our results showed that TRAF7 was up-regulated significantly after SCI, which was paralleled with the levels of the apoptotic protein active caspase-3. Immunofluorescent labeling showed that TRAF7 was co-localizated with active caspase-3 in neurons. To further investigate the function of TRAF7, an apoptosis model was established in primary neuronal cells. When TRAF7 was knocked down by specific short interfering RNA (siRNA), the protein levels of active caspase-3 and the number of apoptotic primary neurons were significantly decreased in our study. Taken together, our findings suggest that the change of TRAF7 protein expression plays a key role in neuronal apoptosis after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing He
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoran Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China.
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Chen YS, Green CR, Wang K, Danesh-Meyer HV, Rupenthal ID. Sustained intravitreal delivery of connexin43 mimetic peptide by poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid micro- and nanoparticles – Closing the gap in retinal ischaemia. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:378-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Chen YS, Green CR, Danesh-Meyer HV, Rupenthal ID. Neuroprotection in the treatment of glaucoma--A focus on connexin43 gap junction channel blockers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:182-93. [PMID: 25676338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a form of optic neuropathy and a common cause of blindness, affecting over 60 million people worldwide with an expected rise to 80 million by 2020. Successful treatment is challenging due to the various causes of glaucoma, undetectable symptoms at an early stage and inefficient delivery of drugs to the back of the eye. Conventional glaucoma treatments focus on the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) using topical eye drops. However, their efficacy is limited to patients who suffer from high IOP glaucoma and do not address the underlying susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to degeneration. Glaucoma is known as a neurodegenerative disease which starts with RGC death and eventually results in damage of the optic nerve. Neuroprotective strategies therefore offer a novel treatment option for glaucoma by not only preventing neuronal loss but also disease progression. This review firstly gives an overview of the pathophysiology of glaucoma as well as current treatment options including conventional and novel delivery strategies. It then summarizes the rational for neuroprotection as a novel therapy for glaucomatous neuropathies and reviews current potential neuroprotective strategies to preserve RGC, with a focus on connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Chen
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Barberan S, McNair K, Iqbal K, Smith NC, Prendergast GC, Stone TW, Cobb SR, Morris BJ. Altered apoptotic responses in neurons lacking RhoB GTPase. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1737-46. [PMID: 22098422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Caspase 3 activation has been linked to the acute neurotoxic effects of central nervous system damage, as in traumatic brain injury or cerebral ischaemia, and also to the early events leading to long-term neurodegeneration, as in Alzheimer's disease. However, the precise mechanisms activating caspase 3 in neuronal injury are unclear. RhoB is a member of the Rho GTPase family that is dramatically induced by cerebral ischaemia or neurotrauma, both in preclinical models and clinically. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that RhoB might directly modulate caspase 3 activity and apoptotic or necrotic responses in neurons. Over-expression of RhoB in the NG108-15 neuronal cell line or in cultured corticohippocampal neurons elevated caspase 3 activity without inducing overt toxicity. Cultured corticohippocampal neurons from RhoB knockout mice did not show any differences in sensitivity to a necrotic stimulus - acute calcium ionophore exposure - compared with neurons from wild-type mice. However, corticohippocampal neurons lacking RhoB exhibited a reduction in the degree of DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activation induced by the apoptotic agent staurosporine, in parallel with increased neuronal survival. Staurosporine induction of caspase 9 activity was also suppressed. RhoB knockout mice showed reduced basal levels of caspase 3 activity in the adult brain. These data directly implicate neuronal RhoB in caspase 3 activation and the initial stages of programmed cell death, and suggest that RhoB may represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in conditions involving elevated caspase 3 activity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barberan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Lv L, Sun Y, Han X, Xu CC, Tang YP, Dong Q. Valproic acid improves outcome after rodent spinal cord injury: potential roles of histone deacetylase inhibition. Brain Res 2011; 1396:60-8. [PMID: 21439269 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors including valproic acid (VPA) have emerged as a promising therapeutic intervention in neurological disorders. We investigated the levels of acetylated histone and the therapeutic potential of VPA in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). At different time points (12 h, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks) after SCI or sham surgery, the spinal cords were collected to evaluate the levels of acetylated histone H3 (Ac-H3) and H4 (Ac-H4). VPA or vehicle was injected for 1 week starting immediately after SCI and histone acetylation, apoptosis, as well as neurobehavior were observed to test the effect of VPA. The levels of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 in the injured spinal cord started to significantly decrease as early as day 1, and remained below those in uninjured controls for at least 2 weeks after SCI. Injection of VPA markedly prevented the reductions of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4, upregulated the expressions of Hsp70 and Bcl-2, reduced apoptosis and finally promoted locomotion recovery. Our data demonstrated that SCI led to marked reduction in histone acetylation; VPA was neuroprotective in the SCI model, and the mechanism may involve HDAC inhibition and protective proteins induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lv
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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11
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Ha KY, Carragee E, Cheng I, Kwon SE, Kim YH. Pregabalin as a neuroprotector after spinal cord injury in rats: biochemical analysis and effect on glial cells. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:404-11. [PMID: 21394310 PMCID: PMC3051089 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.3.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of trials on neuroprotection after spinal cord injury, we used pregabalin. After spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats using contusion model, we observed the effect of pregabalin compared to that of the control and the methylprednisolone treated rats. We observed locomotor improvement of paralyzed hindlimb and body weight changes for clinical evaluation and caspase-3, bcl-2, and p38 MAPK expressions using western blotting. On histopathological analysis, we also evaluated reactive proliferation of glial cells. We were able to observe pregabalin's effectiveness as a neuroprotector after SCI in terms of the clinical indicators and the laboratory findings. The caspase-3 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK expressions of the pregabalin group were lower than those of the control group (statistically significant with caspase-3). Bcl-2 showed no significant difference between the control group and the treated groups. On the histopathological analysis, pregabalin treatment demonstrated less proliferation of the microglia and astrocytes. With this animal study, we were able to demonstrate reproducible results of pregabalin's neuroprotection effect. Diminished production of caspase-3 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK and as well as decreased proliferation of astrocytes were seen with the administration of pregabalin. This influence on spinal cord injury might be a possible approach for achieving neuroprotection following central nervous system trauma including spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Yong Ha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eugene Carragee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soon-Eok Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Baratchi S, Kanwar RK, Kanwar JR. Survivin: A target from brain cancer to neurodegenerative disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:535-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2010.516740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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van Neerven S, Joosten EA, Brook GA, Lambert CA, Mey J, Weis J, Marcus MA, Steinbusch HW, van Kleef M, Patijn J, Deumens R. Repetitive Intrathecal VEGF165 Treatment Has Limited Therapeutic Effects after Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1781-91. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabien van Neerven
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology II, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A.J. Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary A. Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A. Lambert
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Jörg Mey
- Institute of Biology II, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. Marcus
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W. Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Kleef
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Cycling exercise affects the expression of apoptosis-associated microRNAs after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:200-6. [PMID: 20816819 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are two major aspects to a spinal cord injury (SCI): an acute, primary mechanical trauma and a progressive phase of secondary tissue damage provoked by inflammation, excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and demyelination. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, ~22 nucleotide, non-protein-coding RNAs that function at the post-transcriptional level to regulate gene expression. They have important roles in homeostatic processes such as cell proliferation and programmed cell death. In the injured rat spinal cord we performed an expression analysis of miRs and their downstream targets involved in apoptotic pathways and used post-injury cycling exercise to test for activity-dependent plasticity of miR expression. We show that SCI results in increased expression of miR Let-7a and miR16 while exercise leads to elevated levels of miR21 and decreased levels of miR15b. These changes in miR expression are correlated with changes in expression of their target genes: pro-apoptotic (decreased PTEN, PDCD4, and RAS mRNA) and anti-apoptotic (increased Bcl-2 mRNA) target genes. This is accompanied by a down-regulation of mRNA for caspase-7 and caspase-9 and reduced levels of caspase-7 protein. These results indicate possible beneficial effects of exercise through action on multiple miRs and their targets that contribute to the functional regulation of apoptosis after SCI.
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Dolgun H, Sekerci Z, Turkoglu E, Kertmen H, Yilmaz ER, Anlar M, Erguder IB, Tuna H. Neuroprotective effect of mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:486-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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