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Han Z, Ma C, Li B, Ren B, Liu J, Huang Y, Qiao L, Mao K. Biomechanical studies of different numbers and positions of cage implantation on minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion: A finite element analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:1011808. [PMID: 36420402 PMCID: PMC9676234 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1011808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The position and number of cages in minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) are mainly determined by surgeons based on their individual experience. Therefore, it is important to investigate the optimal number and position of cages in MIS-TLIF. METHODS The lumbar model was created based on a 24-year-old volunteer's computed tomography data and then tested using three different cage implantation methods: single transverse cage implantation (model A), single oblique 45° cage implantation (model B), and double vertical cage implantation (model C). A preload of 500 N and a moment of 10 Nm were applied to the models to simulate lumbar motion, and the models' range of motion (ROM), ROM ratio, peak stress of the internal fixation system, and cage were assessed. RESULTS The ROM ratios of models A, B, and C were significantly reduced by >71% compared with the intact model under all motions. Although there were subtle differences in the ROM ratio for models A, B, and C, the trends were similar. The peak stress of the internal fixation system appeared in model B of 136.05 MPa (right lateral bending), which was 2.07 times that of model A and 1.62 times that of model C under the same condition. Model C had the lowest cage stress, which was superior to that of the single-cage model. CONCLUSION In MIS-TLIF, single long-cage transversal implantation is a promising standard implantation method, and double short-cage implantation is recommended for patients with severe osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Weihai Municipal Third Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Bowen Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Keya Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Finite Element Analysis of a Novel Fusion Strategy in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4266564. [PMID: 35601152 PMCID: PMC9117058 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4266564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the biomechanics of a novel fusion strategy (hybrid internal fixation+horizontal cage position) in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). Methods MIS-TLIF finite element models for three fusion strategies were created based on computed tomography images, namely, Model-A, hybrid internal fixation (ipsilateral pedicle screw and contralateral translaminar facet screw fixation)+horizontal cage position; Model-B, bilateral pedicle screw (BPS) fixation+horizontal cage position; and Model-C, BPS fixation+oblique 45° cage position. A preload of 500 N and a moment of 10 Nm were applied to the models to simulate lumbar motion, and the models' range of motion (ROM), peak stress of the internal fixation system, and cage were assessed. Results The ROM for Models A, B, and C were not different (P > 0.05) but were significantly lower than the ROM of Model-INT (P < 0.0001). Although there were subtle differences in the ROM ratio for Models A, B, and C, the trend was similar. The peak stress of the internal fixation system was significantly higher in Model-A than that of Models B and C, but only the difference between Models A and B was significant (P < 0.05). The peak stress of the cage in Model-A was significantly lower than that of Models B and C (P < 0.01). Conclusion Hybrid internal fixation with horizontal single cage implantation can provide the same biomechanical stability as traditional fixation while reducing peak stress on the cage and vertebral endplate.
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Bae IS, Bak KH, Chun HJ, Ryu JI, Park SJ, Lee SJ. Biomechanical analysis of a newly developed interspinous process device conjunction with interbody cage based on a finite element model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243771. [PMID: 33306706 PMCID: PMC7732105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical effects of a newly developed interspinous process device (IPD), called TAU. This device was compared with another IPD (SPIRE) and the pedicle screw fixation (PSF) technique at the surgical and adjacent levels of the lumbar spine. Materials and methods A three-dimensional finite element model analysis of the L1-S1 segments was performed to assess the biomechanical effects of the proposed IPD combined with an interbody cage. Three surgical models—two IPD models (TAU and SPIRE) and one PSF model—were developed. The biomechanical effects, such as range of motion (ROM), intradiscal pressure (IDP), disc stress, and facet loads during extension were analyzed at surgical (L3-L4) and adjacent levels (L2-L3 and L4-L5). The study analyzed biomechanical parameters assuming that the implants were perfectly fused with the lumbar spine. Results The TAU model resulted in a 45%, 49%, 65%, and 51% decrease in the ROM at the surgical level in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, respectively, when compared to the intact model. Compared to the SPIRE model, TAU demonstrated advantages in stabilizing the surgical level, in all directions. In addition, the TAU model increased IDP at the L2-L3 and L4-L5 levels by 118.0% and 78.5% in flexion, 92.6% and 65.5% in extension, 84.4% and 82.3% in lateral bending, and 125.8% and 218.8% in axial rotation, respectively. Further, the TAU model exhibited less compensation at adjacent levels than the PSF model in terms of ROM, IDP, disc stress, and facet loads, which may lower the incidence of the adjacent segment disease (ASD). Conclusion The TAU model demonstrated more stabilization at the surgical level than SPIRE but less stabilization than the PSF model. Further, the TAU model demonstrated less compensation at adjacent levels than the PSF model, which may lower the incidence of ASD in the long term. The TAU device can be used as an alternative system for treating degenerative lumbar disease while maintaining the physiological properties of the lumbar spine and minimizing the degeneration of adjacent segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Suk Bae
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eulji University Eulji Hospital, Nowon-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Koang-Hum Bak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Hyoung-Joon Chun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Il Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jae Park
- R&D Center, GS medical Co, Ltd, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science& Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Bohn T, Lang SAJ, Roll S, Schrader H, Pumberger M, Büttner-Janz K. Meta-analyses comparing spine simulators with cadavers and finite element models by analysing range-of-motion data before and after lumbar total disc replacement. J Adv Res 2020; 26:29-41. [PMID: 33133681 PMCID: PMC7584673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from two different in vitro test methods for the same evaluation subjects were compared. It was investigated whether spine simulators with real human cadavers (SSCs) and finite element models (FEMs) provide the same data exemplarily for range of motion (ROM) before and after insertion of motion-retaining devices. Only fifty-nine percent of SSC meta-analyses show restored ROM after insertion of the device compared to the intact spinal segment. In FEM meta-analyses, ROM is restored in ninety percent. Ten percent of ROM analyses show significantly different data between SSCs and FEMs. With regard to the included studies, data generated by SSCs and FEMs cannot be used unrestricted as alternative and complementary data. Our analysis provides a new approach to compare data from associated test methods.
Background Range-of-motion (ROM) data generated by the in vitro test methods of spine simulators with cadavers (SSCs) and finite element models (FEMs) are used alternatively and complementarily for in vitro evaluations. Aim of Review Our purpose is to compare exemplary segmental ROM data from SSCs and FEMs before and after ball-and-socket total disc replacement (bsTDR) to determine whether the two test methods provide the same data for the same evaluation subjects. Key Scientific Concepts of Review We performed 70 meta-analyses (MAs) and 20 additional comparative analyses based on data from 21 SSC studies used for 39 MAs and 16 FEM studies used for 31 MAs. Only fifty-nine percent (n = 23/39) of SSC MAs show a restored ROM after bsTDR, whereas in FEM MAs, the ROM is restored in ninety percent (n = 28/31). Among the analyses comparing data from the same spinal segments, motion directions and bsTDR, SSC and FEM data are significantly different in ten percent (n = 2/20). According to our results, data generated by SSCs and FEMs cannot be used as alternative and complementary data without restriction. The quality of the evaluation methods itself as well as potential technical reasons for the discrepant results were not our evaluation target. Further SSC and FEM data should be compared using the same approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bohn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Radiology, Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg-Kehl, Ebertplatz 12, 77654 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Susanne A J Lang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roll
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helene Schrader
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Büttner-Janz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Büttner-Janz Spinefoundation, Meinekestraße 6, 10719 Berlin, Germany
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Design and Biomechanical Verification of Additive Manufactured Composite Spinal Cage Composed of Porous Titanium Cover and PEEK Body. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9204258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incidents of lumbar degenerative diseases, such as spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis, are increasing due to the aging population, and as a result, posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is widely used. However, the interbody fusion cage used in the fusion surgery has been reported to cause subsidence in the fusion cage of the titanium material and bone nonunion in the case of the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material cage. Therefore, we aim to reduce the possibility of subsidence of the spinal fusion cage through its elastic modulus difference with the cortical bone of the vertebral body. For the vertebral end plate, which is related to the fusion rate, we also aim to design a new composite vertebral cage, which integrates a cover of porous structure using the additive manufacturing method of titanium alloy to fabricate a prototype, and to biomechanically verify the prototype. The method was as follows. In order to find a similar pore size of human cancellous bone, the pore size was adjusted and the results were measured with SEM. The pore size of each surface was measured individually and the mean value was calculated. Next, an animal experiment was conducted to confirm the degree of fusion of each structural type, and prototypes of various structures were fabricated. The degree of fusion was confirmed by a push down test. A prototype of the fusion cage composed of titanium and PEEK material was fabricated, and the possibility of subsidence by existence of porous structure was confirmed by using the lumbar spine finite element model. Then, the prototype was compared with the composite fusion cage developed by ASTM F2077 and ASTM F2267 methods, and with the commercial PEEK and titanium cages. As a result, the correlation between bone fusion and the porous structure, as well as size of the spine fusion cage composing the composite for porous structure and elasticity, was confirmed. Type 3 structures showed the best performance in bone fusion and the pore size of 1.2 mm was most suitable. In addition, the likelihood of subsidence of a cage with a porous structure was considered to be lower than that of a cage with a solid structure. When the new composite cage combined with two composites was compared with commercial products to verify, the performance was better than that of the existing PEEK material. The subsidence result was superior to the titanium product and showed similar results to PEEK products. In conclusion, the performance value was superior to the existing PEEK material, and the subsidence result was superior to the titanium product and was similar to the PEEK product, and thus, performance-wise, it is concluded that the PEEK product can be completely replaced with the new product.
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Chen WM, Jin J, Park T, Ryu KS, Lee SJ. Strain behavior of malaligned cervical spine implanted with metal-on-polyethylene, metal-on-metal, and elastomeric artificial disc prostheses - A finite element analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2018; 59:19-26. [PMID: 30119037 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative alterations in cervical spine curvature (i.e. loss of lordotic angle) are frequently observed following total disc replacement surgery. However, it remains unclear whether such changes in lordotic angle are due to preoperative spinal deformities and/or prostheses design limitations. The objective of the study is to investigate strain and segmental biomechanics of the malaligned cervical spine following total disc replacement. METHODS Three disc prostheses were chosen, namely a metal-on-polyethylene, a metal-on-metal, and an elastomeric prosthesis, which feature different geometrical and material design characteristics. All discs were modelled and implanted into multi-segmental cervical spine finite element model (C3-C7) with normal, straight and kyphotic alignments. Comparative analyses were performed by using a hybrid protocol. FINDINGS The results indicated that as the spine loses lordotic alignment, the prosthesis with elastomeric core tends to produce significantly larger flexion range of motion (difference up to 6.1°) than metal-on-polyethylene and metal-on-metal prostheses. In contrast, when the treated spine had normal lordotic alignment, the range of motion behaviors of different prostheses are rather similar (difference within 1.9°). Large localized strains up to 84.8% were found with the elastomeric prosthesis, causing a collapsed anterior disc space under flexion loads. INTERPRETATION Changes in cervical spinal alignments could significantly affect the surgical-level range of motion behaviors following disc arthroplasty; the in situ performance was largely dependent on the designs of the artificial disc devices in particular to the material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 JunGong Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, YanBian University Hospital, China
| | - Taehyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, 607 O-bang, Gyongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Sik Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, 607 O-bang, Gyongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Biomechanical characterization of three iliac screw fixation techniques: A finite element study. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 52:109-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Biomechanics of the L5–S1 motion segment after total disc replacement – Influence of iatrogenic distraction, implant positioning and preoperative disc height on the range of motion and loading of facet joints. J Biomech 2015; 48:3283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE The primary goal of this Policy Statement is to educate patients, physicians, medical providers, reviewers, adjustors, case managers, insurers, and all others involved or affected by insurance coverage decisions regarding lumbar disc replacement surgery. PROCEDURES This Policy Statement was developed by a panel of physicians selected by the Board of Directors of ISASS for their expertise and experience with lumbar TDR. The panel's recommendation was entirely based on the best evidence-based scientific research available regarding the safety and effectiveness of lumbar TDR.
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Effect of posterolateral disc replacement on kinematics and stress distribution in the lumbar spine: A finite element study. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:357-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Daniels AH, Paller DJ, Koruprolu S, Palumbo MA, Crisco JJ. Dynamic biomechanical examination of the lumbar spine with implanted total spinal segment replacement (TSSR) utilizing a pendulum testing system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57412. [PMID: 23451222 PMCID: PMC3581457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomechanical investigations of spinal motion preserving implants help in the understanding of their in vivo behavior. In this study, we hypothesized that the lumbar spine with implanted total spinal segment replacement (TSSR) would exhibit decreased dynamic stiffness and more rapid energy absorption compared to native functional spinal units under simulated physiologic motion when tested with the pendulum system. Methods Five unembalmed, frozen human lumbar functional spinal units were tested on the pendulum system with axial compressive loads of 181 N, 282 N, 385 N, and 488 N before and after Flexuspine total spinal segment replacement implantation. Testing in flexion, extension, and lateral bending began by rotating the pendulum to 5°; resulting in unconstrained oscillatory motion. The number of rotations to equilibrium was recorded and bending stiffness (N-m/°) was calculated and compared for each testing mode. Results The total spinal segment replacement reached equilibrium with significantly fewer cycles to equilibrium compared to the intact functional spinal unit at all loads in flexion (p<0.011), and at loads of 385 N and 488 N in lateral bending (p<0.020). Mean bending stiffness in flexion, extension, and lateral bending increased with increasing load for both the intact functional spinal unit and total spinal segment replacement constructs (p<0.001), with no significant differences in stiffness between the intact functional spinal unit and total spinal segment replacement in any of the test modes (p>0.18). Conclusions Lumbar functional spinal units with implanted total spinal segment replacement were found to have similar dynamic bending stiffness, but absorbed energy at a more rapid rate than intact functional spinal units during cyclic loading with an unconstrained pendulum system. Although the effects on clinical performance of motion preserving devices is not fully known, these results provide further insight into the biomechanical behavior of this device under approximated physiologic loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Daniels
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
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ProDisc cervical arthroplasty does not alter facet joint contact pressure during lateral bending or axial torsion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:E84-93. [PMID: 23132537 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31827b8a2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A biomechanical study of facet joint pressure after total disc replacement using cadaveric human cervical spines during lateral bending and axial torsion. OBJECTIVE The goal was to measure the contact pressure in the facet joint in cadaveric human cervical spines subjected to physiologic lateral bending and axial torsion before and after implantation of a ProDisc-C implant. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Changes in facet biomechanics can damage the articular cartilage in the joint, potentially leading to degeneration and painful arthritis. Few cadaveric and computational studies have evaluated the changes in facet joint loading during spinal loading with an artificial disc implanted. Computational models have predicted that the design and placement of the implant influence facet joint loading, but limited cadaveric studies document changes in facet forces and pressures during nonsagittal bending after implantation of a ProDisc. As such, little is known about the local facet joint mechanics for these complicated loading scenarios in the cervical spine. METHODS Seven osteoligamentous C2-T1 cadaveric cervical spines were instrumented with a transducer to measure the C5-C6 facet pressure profiles during physiological lateral bending and axial torsion, before and after implantation of a ProDisc-C at that level. Rotations at that level and global cervical spine motions and loads were also quantified. RESULT.: Global and segmental rotations were not altered by the disc implantation. Facet contact pressure increased after implantation during ipsilateral lateral bending and contralateral torsion, but that increase was not significant compared with the intact condition. CONCLUSION Implantation of a ProDisc-C does not significantly modify the kinematics and facet pressure at the index level in cadaveric specimens during lateral bending and axial torsion. However, changes in facet contact pressures after disc arthroplasty may have long-term effects on spinal loading and cartilage degeneration and should be monitored in vivo.
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Dynamic biomechanical examination of the lumbar spine with implanted total disc replacement using a pendulum testing system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:E1438-43. [PMID: 22869057 PMCID: PMC3778666 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31826b39d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical cadaver investigation. OBJECTIVE To examine dynamic bending stiffness and energy absorption of the lumbar spine with and without implanted total disc replacement (TDR) under simulated physiological motion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The pendulum testing system is capable of applying physiological compressive loads without constraining motion of functional spinal units (FSUs). The number of cycles to equilibrium observed under pendulum testing is a measure of the energy absorbed by the FSU. METHODS Five unembalmed, frozen human lumbar FSUs were tested on the pendulum system with axial compressive loads of 181 N, 282 N, 385 N, and 488 N before and after Synthes ProDisc-L TDR implantation. Testing in flexion, extension, and lateral bending began by rotating the pendulum to 5º resulting in unconstrained oscillatory motion. The number of rotations to equilibrium was recorded and bending stiffness (N·m/º) was calculated and compared for each testing mode. RESULTS In flexion/extension, the TDR constructs reached equilibrium with significantly (P < 0.05) fewer cycles than the intact FSU with compressive loads of 282 N, 385 N, and 488 N. Mean dynamic bending stiffness in flexion, extension, and lateral bending increased significantly with increasing load for both the intact FSU and TDR constructs (P < 0.001). In flexion, with increasing compressive loading from 181 N to 488 N, the bending stiffness of the intact FSUs increased from 4.0 N·m/º to 5.5 N·m/º, compared with 2.1 N·m/º to 3.6 N·m/º after TDR implantation. At each compressive load, the intact FSU was significantly stiffer than the TDR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Lumbar FSUs with implanted TDR were found to be less stiff, but absorbed more energy during cyclic loading with an unconstrained pendulum system. Although the effects on clinical performance of motion-preserving devices are not fully known, these results provide further insight into the biomechanical behavior of these devices under approximated physiological loading conditions.
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Kim H, Lim DH, Oh HJ, Lee KY, Lee SJ. Effects of nonlinearity in the materials used for the semi-rigid pedicle screw systems on biomechanical behaviors of the lumbar spine after surgery. Biomed Mater 2011; 6:055005. [PMID: 21849724 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/5/055005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various types of semi-rigid pedicle screw fixation systems have been developed for the surgical treatment of the lumbar spine. They were introduced to address the adverse issues commonly found in traditional rigid spinal fusion--abnormally large motion at the adjacent level and subsequent degeneration. The semi-rigid system uses more compliant materials (nitinol or polymers) and/or changes in rod design (coiled or twisted rods) as compared to the conventional rigid straight rods made of Ti alloys (E = 114 GPa, υ = 0.32). However, biomechanical studies on the semi-rigid pedicle screw systems were usually limited to linear modeling of the implant and anatomic elements, which may not be capable of reflecting realistic post-operative motions of the spine. In this study, we evaluated the effects of nonlinearity in materials used for semi-rigid pedicle screw fixation systems to evaluate the changes in biomechanical behaviors using finite element analysis. Changes in range of motion (ROM) and center of rotation (COR) were assessed at the operated and adjacent levels. Actual load-displacement results of the semi-rigid rod from mechanical test were carried out to reflect the nonlinearity of the implant. In addition, nonlinear material properties of various spinal ligaments studies were used for the finite element modeling. The post-operative models were constructed by modifying the previously validated intact model of the L1-S1 spine. Eight different post-operative models were made to address the effects of nonlinearity-with a traditional stiffness modulus rod (with linear ligaments, case 1; with nonlinear ligaments, case 5), with a rigid rod (with linear ligaments, case 2; with nonlinear ligaments, case 6), with a soft rod (with linear ligaments, case 3; with nonlinear ligaments, case 7), and with a nonlinear rod (with linear ligaments, case 4; with nonlinear ligaments, case 8). To simulate the load on the lumbar spine in a neutral posture, follower load (400 N) was applied and then the hybrid loading condition was applied to measure the ROM and COR in the sagittal plane. The more the nonlinearity was included in the model the closer the motion behavior of the device was to that of the intact spine. Furthermore, our results showed that the nonlinearity of the semi-rigid rod was a more sensitive factor than the nonlinearity of the spinal ligaments on biomechanical behavior of the lumbar spine after surgery. Therefore, for better understanding of the surgical effectiveness of the spinal device, more realistic material properties such as nonlinearity of the device and anatomic elements should be considered. In particular, the nonlinear properties of the semi-rigid rod were considered more than the nonlinearity of spinal ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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Noailly J, Ambrosio L, Elizabeth Tanner K, Planell JA, Lacroix D. In silico evaluation of a new composite disc substitute with a L3-L5 lumbar spine finite element model. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2011; 21 Suppl 5:S675-87. [PMID: 21380572 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-011-1716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
When the intervertebral disc is removed to relieve chronic pain, subsequent segment stabilization should restore the functional mechanics of the native disc. Because of partially constrained motions and the lack of intrinsic rotational stiffness ball-on-socket implants present many disadvantages. Composite disc substitutes mimicking healthy disc structures should be able to assume the role expected for a disc substitute with fewer restrictions than ball-on-socket implants. A biomimetic composite disc prototype including artificial nucleus fibre-reinforced annulus and endplates was modelled as an L4-L5 disc substitute within a L3-L5 lumbar spine finite element model. Different device updates, i.e. changes of material properties fibre distributions and volume fractions and nucleus placements were proposed. Load- and displacement-controlled rotations were simulated with and without body weight applied. The original prototype reduced greatly the flexibility of the treated segment with significant adjacent level effects under displacement-controlled or hybrid rotations. Device updates allowed restoring large part of the global axial and sagittal rotational flexibility predicted with the intact model. Material properties played a major role, but some other updates were identified to potentially tune the device behaviour against specific motions. All device versions altered the coupled intersegmental shear deformations affecting facet joint contact through contact area displacements. Loads in the bony endplates adjacent to the implants increased as the implant stiffness decreased but did not appear to be a strong limitation for the implant biomechanical and mechanobiological functionality. In conclusion, numerical results given by biomimetic composite disc substitutes were encouraging with greater potential than that offered by ball-on-socket implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Noailly
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, 4 Torre I, Planta 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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