1
|
Qian Z, Zhuang Z, Liu X, Bai H, Ren L, Ren L. Effects of extreme cyclic loading on the cushioning performance of human heel pads under engineering test condition. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1229976. [PMID: 37929195 PMCID: PMC10623005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1229976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human heel pads commonly undergo cyclic loading during daily activities. Low cyclic loadings such as daily human walking tend to have less effect on the mechanical properties of heel pads. However, the impact of cyclic loading on cushion performance, a vital biomechanical property of heel pads, under engineering test condition remains unexplored. Herein, dynamic mechanical measurements and finite element (FE) simulations were employed to explore this phenomenon. It was found that the wavy collagen fibers in the heel pad will be straightened under cycle compression loading, which resulted in increased stiffness of the heel pad. The stiffness of the heel pads demonstrated an inclination to escalate over a span of 50,000 loading cycles, consequently resulting in a corresponding increase in peak impact force over the same loading cycles. Sustained cyclic loading has the potential to result in the fracturing of the straightened collagen fibers, this collagen breakage may diminish the stiffness of the heel pad, leading to a reduction in peak impact force. This work enhances understanding of the biomechanical functions of human heel pad and may provide potential inspirations for the innovative development of healthcare devices for foot complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jacobs CAM, Doodkorte RJP, Kamali SA, Abdelgawad AM, Ghazanfari S, Jockenhoevel S, Arts JJC, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP, Ito K. Biomechanical evaluation of a novel biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc in canine cervical cadaveric spines. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1251. [PMID: 37361332 PMCID: PMC10285750 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Context Cervical disc replacement (CDR) aims to restore motion of the treated level to reduce the risk of adjacent segment disease (ASD) compared with spinal fusion. However, first-generation articulating devices are unable to mimic the complex deformation kinematics of a natural disc. Thus, a biomimetic artificial intervertebral CDR (bioAID), containing a hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)-sodium methacrylate (NaMA) hydrogel core representing the nucleus pulposus, an ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene fiber jacket as annulus fibrosus, and titanium endplates with pins for primary mechanical fixation, was developed. Purpose To assess the initial biomechanical effect of the bioAID on the kinematic behavior of the canine spine, an ex vivo biomechanical study in 6-degrees-of-freedom was performed. Study Design A canine cadaveric biomechanical study. Methods Six cadaveric canine specimens (C3-C6) were tested in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB) axial rotation (AR) using a spine tester in three conditions: intact, after C4-C5 disc replacement with bioAID, and after C4-C5 interbody fusion. A hybrid protocol was used where first the intact spines were subjected to a pure moment of ±1 Nm, whereafter the treated spines were subjected to the full range of motion (ROM) of the intact condition. 3D segmental motions at all levels were measured while recording the reaction torsion. Biomechanical parameters studied included ROM, neutral zone (NZ), and intradiscal pressure (IDP) at the adjacent cranial level (C3-C4). Results The bioAID retained the sigmoid shape of the moment-rotation curves with a NZ similar to the intact condition in LB and FE. Additionally, the normalized ROMs at the bioAID-treated level were statistically equivalent to intact during FE and AR while slightly decreased in LB. At the two adjacent levels, ROMs showed similar values for the intact compared to the bioAID for FE and AR and an increase in LB. In contrast, levels adjacent to the fused segment showed an increased motion in FE and LB as compensation for the loss of motion at the treated level. The IDP at the adjacent C3-C4 level after implantation of bioAID was close to intact values. After fusion, increased IDP was found compared with intact but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion This study indicates that the bioAID can mimic the kinematic behavior of the replaced intervertebral disc and preserves that for the adjacent levels better than fusion. As a result, CDR using the novel bioAID is a promising alternative treatment for replacing severely degenerated intervertebral discs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celien A. M. Jacobs
- Orthopedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNoord‐BrabantThe Netherlands
| | - Remco J. P. Doodkorte
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRIMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtLimburgThe Netherlands
| | - S. Amir Kamali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Abdelrahman M. Abdelgawad
- Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and EngineeringMaastricht UniversityGeleenLimburgThe Netherlands
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and EngineeringMaastricht UniversityGeleenLimburgThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and EngineeringMaastricht UniversityGeleenLimburgThe Netherlands
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME – Institute of Applied Medical EngineeringHelmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenNordrhein‐WestfalenGermany
| | - J. J. Chris Arts
- Orthopedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNoord‐BrabantThe Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRIMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtLimburgThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Björn P. Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNoord‐BrabantThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jacobs CAM, Kamali SA, Abdelgawad AM, Meij BP, Ghazanfari S, Tryfonidou MA, Jockenhoevel S, Ito K. Mechanical characterization of a novel biomimetic artificial disc for the cervical spine. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105808. [PMID: 37087956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc (bioAID) replacement implant has been developed containing a swelling hydrogel representing the nucleus pulposus, a tensile strong fiber jacket as annulus fibrosus and titanium endplates with pins to primarily secure the device between the vertebral bodies. In this study, the design safety of this novel implant was evaluated based on several biomechanical parameters, namely compressive strength, shear-compressive strength, risk of subsidence and device expulsion as well as identifying the diurnal creep-recovery characteristics of the device. The bioAID remained intact up to 1 kN under static axial compression and only 0.4 mm of translation was observed under a compressive shear load of 20 N. No subsidence was observed after 0.5 million cycles of sinusoidal compressive loading between 50 and 225 N. After applying 400 N in antero-posterior direction under 100 N axial compressive preload, approximately 2 mm displacement was found, being within the range of displacements reported for other commercially available cervical disc replacement devices. The diurnal creep recovery behavior of the bioAID closely resembled what has been reported for natural intervertebral discs in literature. Overall, these results indicate that the current design can withstand (shear-compression loads and is able to remain fixed in a mechanical design resembling the vertebral bodies. Moreover, it is one of the first implants that can closely mimic the poroelastic and viscoelastic behavior of natural disc under a diurnal loading pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celien A M Jacobs
- Orthopedic Biomechanics, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612, AP, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - S Amir Kamali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584, CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Abdelrahman M Abdelgawad
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan, 226167, RD, Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraβe 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584, CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan, 226167, RD, Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraβe 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584, CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan, 226167, RD, Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraβe 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopedic Biomechanics, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612, AP, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobs CAM, Cramer EEA, Dias AA, Smelt H, Hofmann S, Ito K. Surface modifications to promote the osteoconductivity of ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene fabrics for a novel biomimetic artificial disc prosthesis: An in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:442-452. [PMID: 36111647 PMCID: PMC10087191 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc (bioAID) for the cervical spine was developed, containing a hydrogel core representing the nucleus pulposus, an UHMWPE fiber jacket as annulus fibrosis, and titanium endplates with pins for mechanical fixation. Osseointegration of the UHMWPE fibers to adjacent bone structures is required to achieve proper biomimetic behavior and to provide long-term stability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the osteoconductivity of several surface modifications of UHMWPE fabrics, 2D weft-knitted, using non-treated UHMWPE fibers (N), plasma treated UHMWPE fibers (PT), 10% hydroxy apatite (HA) loaded UHMWPE fibers (10%HA), plasma treated 10%HA UHMWPE fibers (PT-10%HA), 15%HA loaded UHMWPE fibers (15%HA) and plasma treated 15%HA UHMWPE fibers (PT-15%HA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for surface characterization. Biological effects were assessed by evaluating initial cell attachment (SEM, DNA content), metabolic activity (PrestoBlue assay), proliferation, differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralization (energy dispersive x-ray, EDX analysis) using human bone marrow stromal cells. Plasma treated samples showed increased initial cell attachment, indicating the importance of hydrophilicity for cell attachment. However, incorporation only of HA or plasma treatment alone was not sufficient to result in upregulated alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity. Combining HA loaded fibers with plasma treatment showed a combined effect, leading to increased cell attachment and upregulated ALP activity. Based on these results, combination of HA loaded UHMWPE fibers and plasma treatment provided the most promising fabric surface for facilitating bone ingrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celien A M Jacobs
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vanaclocha A, Vanaclocha V, Atienza CM, Clavel P, Jordá-Gómez P, Barrios C, Saiz-Sapena N, Vanaclocha L. Bionate Lumbar Disc Nucleus Prosthesis: Biomechanical Studies in Cadaveric Human Spines. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46501-46514. [PMID: 36570209 PMCID: PMC9774399 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
DESIGN cadaveric spine nucleus replacement study. OBJECTIVE determining Bionate 80A nucleus replacement biomechanics in cadaveric spines. METHODS in cold preserved spines, with ligaments and discs intact, and no muscles, L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 nucleus implantation was done. Differences between customized and overdimensioned implants were compared. Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion were measured in the intact spine, nucleotomy, and nucleus implantation specimens. Increasing load or bending moment was applied four times at 2, 4, 6, and 8 Nm, twice in increasing mode and twice in decreasing mode. Spine motion was recorded using stereophotogrammetry. Expulsion tests: cyclic compression of 50-550 N for 50,000 cycles, increasing the load until there was extreme flexion, implant extrusion, or anatomical structure collapse. Subsidence tests were done by increasing the compression to 6000 N load. RESULTS nucleotomy increased the disc mobility, which remained unchanged for the adjacent upper level but increased for the lower adjacent one, particularly in lateral bending and torsion. Nucleus implantation, compared to nucleotomy, reduced disc mobility except in flexion-extension and torsion, but intact mobility was no longer recovered, with no effect on upper or lower adjacent segments. The overdimensioned implant, compared to the customized implant, provided equal or sometimes higher mobility. Lamina, facet joint, and annulus removal during nucleotomy caused more damaged than that restored by nucleus implantation. No implant extrusion was observed under compression loads of 925-1068 N as anatomical structures collapsed before. No subsidence or vertebral body fractures were observed under compression loads of 6697.8-6812.3 N. CONCLUSIONS nucleotomized disc and L1-S1 mobility increased moderately after cadaveric spine nucleus implantation compared to the intact status, partly due to operative anatomical damage. Our implant had shallow expulsion and subsidence risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Vanaclocha
- Biomechanical
Engineer, Biomechanics Institute of Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | | | - Carlos M. Atienza
- Biomechanical
Engineer, Biomechanics Institute of Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Pablo Clavel
- Instituto
Clavel, Hospital Quironsalud Barcelona, Barcelona 08023, Spain
| | - Pablo Jordá-Gómez
- Hospital
General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana 12004, Spain
| | - Carlos Barrios
- Catholic
University of Valencia, Saint Vincent Martyr, Valencia 46001, Spain
| | | | - Leyre Vanaclocha
- Medius
Klinik, Ostfildern-Ruit Klinik für Urologie, Hedelfinger Strasse 166, Ostfildern 73760, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Z, Thakolkaran P, Shea K, Stanković T. Artificial neural network supported design of a lattice-based artificial spinal disc for restoring patient-specific anisotropic behaviors. Comput Biol Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Yang M, Xiang D, Chen Y, Cui Y, Wang S, Liu W. An Artificial PVA-BC Composite That Mimics the Biomechanical Properties and Structure of a Natural Intervertebral Disc. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041481. [PMID: 35208022 PMCID: PMC8875496 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disc herniation is one of the most ubiquitous healthcare problems in modern cities—severe patients eventually require surgical intervention. However, the existing operations—spinal fusion and artificial disc replacement—alter the biomechanics of the spine, leaving much room for improvement. The appropriateness of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for biomedical applications has been recognised due to its high water content, excellent biocompatibility, and versatile mechanical properties. In this study, a newly-designed PVA–bacterial cellulose (PVA-BC) composite was assembled to mimic both the biomechanics and annular structure of natural intervertebral discs (IVDs). PVA-BC composites of various concentrations were fabricated and tested under unconfined compression and compressive creep in order to acquire the values of the normalised compressive stiffness and whole normalised deformation. The normalised compressive stiffness increased considerably with an increasing PVA concentration, spanning from 1.82 (±0.18) to 3.50 (±0.14) MPa, and the whole normalised deformation decreased from 0.25 to 0.13. Formulations of 40% PVA provided the most accurate mimicry of natural human IVDs in normalised whole deformation, and demonstrated higher dimensional stability. The biocompatible results further confirmed that the materials had excellent biocompatibility. The novel bionic structure and formulations of the PVA-BC materials mimicked the biomechanics and structure of natural IVDs, and ensured dimensional stability under prolonged compression, reducing the risk of impingement on the surrounding tissue. The PVA-BC composite is a promising material for third-generation artificial IVDs with integrated construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dingding Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (S.W.); (W.L.)
| | - Yuru Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.)
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.)
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Song Wang
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (S.W.); (W.L.)
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.)
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (S.W.); (W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Costi JJ, Ledet EH, O'Connell GD. Spine biomechanical testing methodologies: The controversy of consensus vs scientific evidence. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1138. [PMID: 33778410 PMCID: PMC7984003 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical testing methodologies for the spine have developed over the past 50 years. During that time, there have been several paradigm shifts with respect to techniques. These techniques evolved by incorporating state-of-the-art engineering principles, in vivo measurements, anatomical structure-function relationships, and the scientific method. Multiple parametric studies have focused on the effects that the experimental technique has on outcomes. As a result, testing methodologies have evolved, but there are no standard testing protocols, which makes the comparison of findings between experiments difficult and conclusions about in vivo performance challenging. In 2019, the international spine research community was surveyed to determine the consensus on spine biomechanical testing and if the consensus opinion was consistent with the scientific evidence. More than 80 responses to the survey were received. The findings of this survey confirmed that while some methods have been commonly adopted, not all are consistent with the scientific evidence. This review summarizes the scientific literature, the current consensus, and the authors' recommendations on best practices based on the compendium of available evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Costi
- Biomechanics and Implants Research Group, Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Eric H. Ledet
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNew YorkUSA
- Research and Development ServiceStratton VA Medical CenterAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Grace D. O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of California‐BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biomechanical response of a novel intervertebral disc prosthesis using functionally graded polymers: A finite element study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 94:288-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Lawless BM, Barnes SC, Espino DM, Shepherd DET. Viscoelastic properties of a spinal posterior dynamic stabilisation device. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 59:519-526. [PMID: 27018832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the frequency dependent viscoelastic properties of two types of spinal posterior dynamic stabilisation devices. In air at 37°C, the viscoelastic properties of six BDyn 1 level, six BDyn 2 level posterior dynamic stabilisation devices (S14 Implants, Pessac, France) and its elastomeric components (polycarbonate urethane and silicone) were measured using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. The viscoelastic properties were measured over the frequency range 0.01-30Hz. The BDyn devices and its components were viscoelastic throughout the frequency range tested. The mean storage stiffness and mean loss stiffness of the BDyn 1 level device, BDyn 2 level device, silicone component and polycarbonate urethane component all presented a logarithmic relationship with respect to frequency. The storage stiffness of the BDyn 1 level device ranged from 95.56N/mm to 119.29N/mm, while the BDyn 2 level storage stiffness ranged from 39.41N/mm to 42.82N/mm. BDyn 1 level device and BDyn 2 level device loss stiffness ranged from 10.72N/mm to 23.42N/mm and 4.26N/mm to 9.57N/mm, respectively. No resonant frequencies were recorded for the devices or its components. The elastic property of BDyn 1 level device is influenced by the PCU and silicone components, in the physiological frequency range. The viscoelastic properties calculated in this study may be compared to spinal devices and spinal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Lawless
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Spencer C Barnes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Espino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan E T Shepherd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The application of fiber-reinforced materials in disc repair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:714103. [PMID: 24383057 PMCID: PMC3870616 DOI: 10.1155/2013/714103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intervertebral disc degeneration and injury are the most common spinal diseases with tremendous financial and social implications. Regenerative therapies for disc repair are promising treatments. Fiber-reinforced materials (FRMs) are a kind of composites by embedding the fibers into the matrix materials. FRMs can maintain the original properties of the matrix and enhance the mechanical properties. By now, there are still some problems for disc repair such as the unsatisfied static strength and dynamic properties for disc implants. The application of FRMs may resolve these problems to some extent. In this review, six parts such as background of FRMs in tissue repair, the comparison of mechanical properties between natural disc and some typical FRMs, the repair standard and FRMs applications in disc repair, and the possible research directions for FRMs' in the future are stated.
Collapse
|
12
|
van den Broek PR, Huyghe JM, Wilson W, Ito K. Design of next generation total disk replacements. J Biomech 2011; 45:134-40. [PMID: 22035640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To improve the treatments for low back pain, new designs of total disk replacement have been proposed. The question is how well these designs can act as a functional replacement of the intervertebral disk. Four finite element models were made, for four different design concepts, to determine how well they can mimic the physiological intervertebral disk mechanical function. The four designs were a homogenous elastomer, a multi-stiffness elastomer, an elastomer with fiber jacket, and a hydrogel with fiber jacket. The best material properties of the four models were determined by optimizing the model behavior to match the behavior of the intervertebral disk in flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending. It was shown that neither a homogeneous elastomer nor a multi-stiffness elastomer could mimic the non-linear behavior within the physiological range of motion. Including a fiber jacket around an elastomer allowed for physiological motion in all degrees of freedom. Replacing the elastomer by a hydrogel yielded similar good behavior. Mimicking the non-linear behavior of the intervertebral disk, in the physiological range of motion is essential in maintaining and restoring spinal motion and in protecting surrounding tissues like the facet joints or adjacent segments. This was accomplished with designs mimicking the function of the annulus fibrosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R van den Broek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|