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Gouzoulis MJ, Joo PY, Jeong S, Jabbouri SS, Moran J, Zhu JR, Grauer JN. A 10-year perspective on the question of whether surgeries for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are "one and done"? Spine Deform 2024; 12:903-908. [PMID: 38555557 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-024-00858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Posterior scoliosis fusion (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is considered a highly successful surgery with excellent outcomes. However, especially as many patients "graduate" from their pediatric surgeons, there is the need to quantify the long-term outcomes of such surgeries. METHODS The 2010-2022 Pearldiver M161 dataset was queried for those who were 10 to 18 years old with AIS undergoing PSF with at least 10 years follow-up. Patient characteristics were abstracted. Reoperations were identified based on coding for any subsequent thoracic/lumbar surgery/revision. The 10-year reoperation rate and reasons for reoperation were determined, and multivariate regression was performed to determine risk factors. RESULTS In total, 3,373 AIS PSF patients were identified. Of the study cohort, 324 (9.6%) underwent reoperation within 10-years with an interquartile range for timing of surgery of 81-658 days, of which 29.6% were done for infection. Reoperations were done within the first three months for 152 (46.9% of reoperations), three months to 2 years for 97 (29.9%), and 2 years to 10 years for 74 (22.8%). Based on multivariate regression, need for reoperation was associated with male sex (OR: 1.70), asthma (OR: 1.36) and greater than thirteen segments of instrumentation (OR: 1.48) (p < 0.05 for each) but not age, other comorbidities, or insurance. CONCLUSIONS The current study of a large national AIS PSF population found 9.6% to undergo reoperation in the 10 years following their index operation. Although specifics about the curve pattern could not be determined, the reoperation incidence and correlation with specific risk factors are notable and important for patient counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gouzoulis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Peter Y Joo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sahir S Jabbouri
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jay Moran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Justin R Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan N Grauer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 208071, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Chiu CK, Wang WJ, Lee YJ, Chung WH, Chan CYW, Kwan MK. The widths of the medial and lateral pedicle walls in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with major thoracic curves. Spine J 2024; 24:1293-1301. [PMID: 38408520 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The widths of medial and lateral pedicle walls in the normal spine of middle-aged and elderly adults have been investigated and these studies found that the medial pedicle wall was thicker than the lateral pedicle wall. However, none had evaluated the widths of medial and lateral pedicle walls on adolescent or young adult scoliotic spines. PURPOSE This study aims to identify the distribution and variation of medial and lateral pedicle wall widths throughout the different vertebral levels of the scoliotic spine and its differences according to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), maturity, curve types and curve severity in adolescent idiopathic scoliotic (AIS) patients with major thoracic curves. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 6,230 pedicles (right: 3,064, left: 3,166) from 191 patients were included in this study, with 264 (right: 183, left: 81) fully corticalized pedicles excluded from analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic data were age, gender, height, weight, BMI, Risser grade, Lenke curve types and Cobb angles. The main outcome measures were medial and lateral pedicle wall widths. Associations between pedicle wall widths and demographic data were calculated. METHODS This was a subanalytical retrospective study done on the same patient population as the previously published study on pedicle grading. The data was obtained from the main computed tomography (CT) scan pedicle study dataset. Medial and lateral pedicle wall widths were measured in the axial slices of CT scans from T1 to L5 vertebrae. RESULTS A total of 6,230 pedicles (right: 3,064, left: 3,166) from 191 patients were included in this study with 264 (right: 183, left: 81) fully corticalized pedicles excluded from analysis. Right-sided medial pedicle wall widths were narrower from T4-T10 (0.75±0.23 mm) compared to T1-T3 (0.89±0.28 mm) and T11-L5 (0.92±0.30 mm). Left-sided medial pedicle wall widths were narrower from T4 to T7 (0.76±0.24 mm) compared to T1-T3 (0.88±0.26 mm) and T8-L5 (0.90±0.27 mm). Medial cortical wall widths were significantly thicker compared to lateral cortical wall widths for all vertebras from T1 to L5 (right medial 0.85±0.28 mm vs lateral 0.64±0.26 mm (p<.001), left medial 0.86±0.26 mm vs lateral 0.64±0.26 mm (p<.001)). The left medial pedicle wall widths were marginally significantly (p<.001) thicker than the right side (right medial 0.85±0.28 mm vs left 0.86±0.26 mm). The main notable significant differences were located at the periapical region of the thoracic curve between T7 to T10 with the left concave medial pedicle width being thicker than the right convex medial pedicle width. The thinnest medial pedicle walls were located at right concave T7 (0.73±0.24 mm) and T8 (0.73±0.23 mm). We generally found no significant associations between the medial and lateral pedicle wall widths with age, gender, BMI, Risser grade, Cobb angle and curve types. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge on the widths of medial and lateral pedicle walls, their distribution and differences in a scoliotic spine is important for pedicle screw fixation, especially during pedicle probing to find the pedicle channel. The medial pedicle wall widths were significantly thicker than the lateral pedicle wall widths in AIS patients with major thoracic curves. The right concave periapical region had the thinnest medial pedicle walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kidd Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wee Jieh Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yu Jie Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Hong Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Yin Wei Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Keong Kwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Daher M, Aoun M, Kreichati G, Kharrat K, Sebaaly A. Hybrid vs all pedicle screws constructs in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a metaanalysis of clinical and radiological outcomes. Spine Deform 2024:10.1007/s43390-024-00886-z. [PMID: 38684642 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-024-00886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects around 1 to 3% of young individuals, leading to spinal deformities typically exceeding a Cobb angle of 10 degrees without congenital or neuromuscular causes. Advances in treatment now include various surgical techniques such as posterior fusion utilizing all-pedicle screw constructs or hybrid constructs. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar (pages 1-20) were searched up until February 2024. Comparative studies in which the cohort was separated into two groups (HC and PSC) were included. Data consisting of, surgery-related outcomes, sagittal radiographic outcomes, coronal radiographic outcomes, and patient-reported outcomes, was extracted and compared. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies including 3435 patients were included. Higher rates of complications (Odds-Ratio = 1.99, p < 0.00001) and reoperations (Odds-Ratio = 2.82, p < 0.00001) were seen in the hybrid group. Better radiographic coronal correction was seen in the PSC group in both the major curve (Mean Difference = 5.97, p < 0.00001) and the secondary curve (Mean Difference = - 10.73, p < 0.0001). However, restoration of sagittal alignment was better in the HC group when assessing thoracic kyphosis (Mean Difference = 2.97, p = 0.02) and lumbar lordosis (Mean Difference = 3.17, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION While all-pedicle screw constructs demonstrated greater stability in AIS compared to hybrid constructs, resulting in reduced rates of reoperations and complications, as well as improved correction of major and secondary curves, they were unable to fully restore optimal sagittal alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Daher
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marven Aoun
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gaby Kreichati
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Alfred Naccache Boulevard, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khalil Kharrat
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Alfred Naccache Boulevard, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amer Sebaaly
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Alfred Naccache Boulevard, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Noto Y, Endo Y, Ohashi M, Hirano T, Kuramoto T, Chida K, Watanabe K. Usefulness of the spectral shaping dual-source computed tomography imaging technique in posterior corrective fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:706-712. [PMID: 38233628 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-08006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since childhood exposure to radiation has been demonstrated to increase cancer risk with increase in radiation dose, reduced radiation exposure during computed tomography (CT) evaluation is desired for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to investigate the radiation dose of dual-source CT using a spectral shaping technique and the accuracy of the thoracic pedicle screw (TPS) placement for posterior spinal fusion (PSF) in patients with AIS. METHODS Fifty-nine female patients with thoracic AIS who underwent PSF using CT-guided TPSs were included and divided into two groups comprised of 23 patients who underwent dual-source CT (DSCT) with a tin filter (DSCT group) and 36 who underwent conventional multislice CT (MSCT group). We assessed the CT radiation dose using the CT dose index (CTDIvol), effective dose (ED), and accuracy of TPS insertion according to the established Neo's classification. RESULTS The DSCT and MSCT groups differed significantly (p < 0.001) in the mean CTDIvol (0.76 vs. 3.31 mGy, respectively) and ED (0.77 vs. 3.47 mSv, respectively). Although the correction rate of the main thoracic curve in the DSCT group was lower (65.7% vs. 71.2%) (p = 0.0126), the TPS accuracy (Grades 0-1) was similar in both groups (381 screws [88.8%] vs. 600 screws [88.4%], respectively) (p = 0.8133). No patient required replacement of malpositioned screws. CONCLUSION Spectral shaping DSCT with a tube-based tin filter allowed a 75% radiation dose reduction while achieving TPS insertion accuracy similar to procedures based on conventional CT without spectral shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Noto
- Division of Radiological Technology, Department of Technical Support, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuki Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohashi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minami-Uonuma City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kuramoto
- Division of Radiological Technology, Department of Technical Support, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Chida
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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Jamnik AA, Datcu AM, Lachmann E, Patibandla SD, Thornberg D, Jo CH, Morris WZ, Ramo B, Johnson M. Repeat surgical interventions following "definitive" instrumentation and fusion for idiopathic scoliosis: a 30-year update. Spine Deform 2024; 12:99-107. [PMID: 37572225 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-023-00742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although spinal fusion (SF) is considered "definitive" treatment in juvenile/adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (JIS/AIS), complications requiring reoperation continue to occur. The purpose of this study was to characterize the evolving rates of reoperation following SF in JIS/AIS. METHODS Single-center retrospective review of patients who underwent SF for JIS/AIS as their index surgical treatment between 2013 and 2019. Patient data were collected to identify complications requiring reoperation and factors associated with reoperation. Complication rates from 2013 to 2019 were compared to patients from 1988 to 2012 at the same institution. RESULTS This study analyzed 934 patients (81.7% female, mean age at surgery 14.5 ± 2.1). Thirty-eight patients (4.1%) required a total of 47 reoperations, a > 50% decrease in overall complication rate from the 2008-2012 population (4.1% vs 9.6%, respectively, p < 0.001). The decrease stemmed mainly from decreases in rates of infection (1.1% vs 4.1%, p < 0.001) and symptomatic implants (0.4% vs 2.1%, p = 0.004). There were, however, non-significant increases in implant failures (0.6% vs 0.2%, p = 0.4367) and pseudoarthrosis (1.0% vs 0.4%, p = 0.5202). Both of these complications were associated with patients with a higher mean weight (implant failure: 70.4 kg ± 21.1 vs 56.1 kg ± 14.9, p = 0.002; pseudoarthrosis: 85.8 kg ± 27.9 vs 55.9 ± 14.5, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Reoperation following SF for JIS/AIS has decreased over the past 7 years when compared to 25 years of historical controls. The changing landscape of reoperation demands further research into the risk factors for those reoperations that have become more common.
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Chiu CK, Wang WJ, Lee YJ, Chung WH, Chan CYW, Kwan MK. What is the prevalence and distribution of narrow dysplastic and fully corticalized pedicles in Asian adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with major main thoracic curves? A computed tomography scan analysis of 6,494 pedicles. Spine J 2023; 23:1700-1708. [PMID: 37453514 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have higher prevalence of abnormal or dysplastic pedicles. PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence and distribution of narrow dysplastic and fully corticalized pedicles in Asian AIS patients with major main thoracic curves. DESIGN Retrospective study. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 6,494 pedicles in 191 patients were measured and evaluated. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes measures were the pedicle width measurements (total transverse pedicle width, transverse cancellous width, total transverse cortical width) and classification of pedicles. Demographic data (age, gender, height, weight, body mass index), proximal thoracic Cobb angle, main thoracic Cobb angle and lumbar Cobb angle were also obtained. METHODS AIS patients with major (largest Cobb angle) main thoracic curves and had computed tomography (CT) scans prior to corrective spine surgery were reviewed. The pedicles were classified as Grade A: cancellous channel >4 mm; Grade B: cancellous channel 2 to 4 mm; Grade C: cancellous channel <2 mm or corticalized pedicle >4 mm; Grade D: corticalized pedicle ≤4 mm. Grades B, C, and D were dysplastic pedicles while grades C and D were narrow dysplastic pedicles. RESULTS The prevalence of dysplastic pedicles (grades B, C, and D) was 61.7%. There were 22.6% narrow dysplastic pedicles (grades C and D) and 4.1% fully corticalized pedicles (grade D). In the thoracolumbar region, there was a sharp transition from larger and less dysplastic pedicles at T11 and T12 to narrower and more dysplastic pedicles at L1 and L2 (narrow dysplastic pedicles at T11: 3.1%, T12: 3.1%, L1: 39.8% and L2: 23.6%). Higher prevalences of narrow dysplastic pedicles were located at right T3 to T5 (71.2%-83.7%) and left T7-T9 (51.3%-61.2%). Higher prevalences of fully corticalized pedicles were located at right T3 to T5 (20.9%-34.0%) and left T7 to T8 (11.0%-12.0%). These were the concave pedicles of proximal thoracic and main thoracic curves, respectively. CONCLUSION There were 95.9% pedicles with cancellous channels (grades A, B, and C) can allow pedicle screw fixation and only 4.1% fully corticalized pedicles (grade D) that require an alternative method of fixation. For grade C pedicles (18.5%), pedicle screws can still be attempted with caution. Precautions should also be observed at the L1 and L2 levels as there was a transition to narrower pedicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kidd Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wee Jieh Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yu Jie Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Hong Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Yin Wei Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Keong Kwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fernandes P, Flores I, Soares do Brito J. Benefits of Best Practice Guidelines in Spine Fusion: Comparable Correction in AIS with Higher Density and Fewer Complications. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111566. [PMID: 37297705 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant variability in surgeons' instrumentation patterns for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. Implant density and costs are difficult to correlate with deformity correction, safety, and quality of life measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of postoperative adolescents were compared based on exposure to a best practice guidelines program (BPGP) introduced to decrease complications. Hybrid and stainless steel constructs were dropped, and posterior-based osteotomies, screws, and implant density were increased to 66.8 ± 12.03 vs. 57.5 ± 16.7% (p < 0.001). The evaluated outcomes were: initial and final correction, rate of correction loss, complications, OR returns, and SRS-22 scores (minimum two-year follow-up). RESULTS 34 patients were operated on before BPGP and 48 after. The samples were comparable, with the exceptions of a higher density and longer operative times after BPGP. Initial and final corrections before BPGP were 67.9° ± 22.9 and 64.6° ± 23.7; after BPGP, the corrections were 70.6° ± 17.4 and 66.5° ± 14.9 (sd). A regression analysis did not show a relation between the number of implants and postoperative correction (beta = -0.116, p = 0.307), final correction (beta = -0.065, p = 0.578), or loss of correction (beta= -0.137, p = 0.246). Considering screw constructs only (n = 63), a regression model controlled for flexibility continued to show a slight negative effect of density on initial correction (b = -0.274; p = 0.019). Only with major curve concavity was density relevant in initial correction (b = 0.293; p = 0.038), with significance at 95% not being achieved for final correction despite a similar beta (b = 0.263; p = 0.069). Complications and OR returns dropped from 25.6% to 4.2%. Despite this, no difference was found in SRS-22 (4.30 ± 0.432 vs. 4.42 ± 0.39; sd) or subdomain scores pre- and post-program. FINDINGS Although it appears counterintuitive that higher density, osteotomies, and operative time may lead to fewer complications, the study shows the value of best practice guidelines in spinal fusions. It also shows that a 66% implant density leads to better safety and efficacy, avoiding higher costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernandes
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Orthopaedics Department, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Flores
- ISCTE Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Soares do Brito
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Orthopaedics Department, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
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Demura S, Ohara T, Tauchi R, Takimura K, Watanabe K, Suzuki S, Uno K, Suzuki T, Yanagida H, Yamaguchi T, Kotani T, Nakayama K, Watanabe K, Yokogawa N, Oku N, Tsuchiya H, Yamamoto T, Kawamura I, Taniguchi Y, Takeshita K, Sugawara R, Kikkawa I, Sato T, Fujiwara K, Akazawa T, Murakami H, Kawakami N. Incidence and causes of instrument-related complications after primary definitive fusion for pediatric spine deformity. J Neurosurg Spine 2023; 38:192-198. [PMID: 36461844 DOI: 10.3171/2022.8.spine22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various complications have been reported in the treatment of pediatric spinal deformities. Among these, instrument-related complications could be critical concerns and risks of reoperation. This study aimed to identify the incidence and causes of complications after primary definitive fusion for pediatric spine deformities. METHODS The authors retrospectively collected data from 14 institutions about patients who underwent primary definitive fusion between 2015 and 2017. There were 1490 eligible patients (1184 female and 306 male), with a mean age of 13.9 years. The incidence, causes, and reoperation rates were analyzed according to 4 etiologies of pediatric spine deformity (congenital, neuromuscular, syndromic, idiopathic). The complications were also categorized as screw-, hook-, or rod-related complications, implant loosening or backout, and junctional problems. RESULTS The incidence of overall instrument-related complications was 5.6% (84 cases). Regarding etiology, the incidence rates were 4.3% (idiopathic), 6.8% (syndromic), 7.9% (congenital), and 10.4% (neuromuscular) (p < 0.05). The most common causes were pedicle screw malposition (60.7%), followed by implant backout or loosening (15.4%), junctional problems (13.1%), rod breakage (4.8%), and other complications (6.0%). Univariate analysis showed that etiology, type of deformity (kyphosis), surgical procedure, operation time, and estimated blood loss were significant factors. Multivariate analysis revealed that etiology (neuromuscular), surgical procedure (combined approach), and operation time (> 5 hours) remained as significant risk factors. Among all patients with instrument-related complications, 45% (38/84) required revision surgery. Of these cases, > 50% were related to pedicle screw malposition. Medial breach was the most common complication regardless of location, from upper thoracic to lumbar spine. CONCLUSIONS Pedicle screw malposition was the primary cause of overall complications and subsequent reoperation. In addition to more precise screw insertion techniques, meticulous confirmation of pedicle screw placement, especially of medial breach, may reduce the overall instrument-related complications and revision rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Demura
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - Tetsuya Ohara
- 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya
| | - Ryoji Tauchi
- 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya
| | | | - Kota Watanabe
- 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Koki Uno
- 4Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe
| | - Teppei Suzuki
- 4Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe
| | - Haruhisa Yanagida
- 5Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka
| | - Toru Yamaguchi
- 5Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka
| | - Toshiaki Kotani
- 6Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba
| | - Keita Nakayama
- 6Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba
| | - Kei Watanabe
- 7Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata
| | - Noriaki Yokogawa
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - Norihiro Oku
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- 8Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagoshima Red Cross Hospital, Kagoshima
| | - Ichiro Kawamura
- 9Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- 10Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | | | - Ryo Sugawara
- 11Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi
| | - Ichiro Kikkawa
- 12Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Jichi Children's Medical Center, Tochigi
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- 13Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Kenta Fujiwara
- 14Department of Orthopaedics, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka
| | - Tsutomu Akazawa
- 15Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Hideki Murakami
- 16Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate; and
| | - Noriaki Kawakami
- 17Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Aichi, Japan
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Hu Y, Ouyang H, Ye K, Dong Y, Zhang X, Dong S, Chen Z, Liu Z, Liu X, Zeng Y, Wei F, Sun C, Tian Y, Li W. Thirty-day unplanned reoperations of thoracic spine surgery: 10 years of data from a single center with 3,242 patients. Spine J 2023; 23:703-714. [PMID: 36641036 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Unplanned reoperation is a useful quality indicator for spine surgery. However, the rates of a 30-day unplanned reoperation in patients undergoing thoracic spinal surgery are not well established. PURPOSE To assess the rates, reasons, and risk factors of 30-day unplanned reoperations for thoracic spine surgeries in a single center study. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective observational study. PATIENT SAMPLE 3,242 patients who underwent thoracic spinal surgery at our institution in the past decade were included. OUTCOME MEASURES The incidence, chief reasons, and risk factors for unplanned reoperations within 30 days after thoracic spinal surgery. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of all patients who underwent thoracic spinal surgery between January 2012 and December 2021. Statistical methods, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed to assess the incidence, reasons, and risk factors for thoracic degenerative diseases, spinal tumors, kyphosis deformity, and spinal trauma. RESULTS Of the 3,242 patients who underwent thoracic spinal surgery, 107 (3.30%) required unplanned reoperations within 30 days due to epidural hematoma (1.17%), wound complications (0.80%), implant complications (0.43%), inadequate decompression (0.25%), and other causes (0.65%). Patients with degenerative disease (3.88%), spinal tumor (2.98%), and kyphosis deformity (3.33%) had significantly higher incidences of reoperation than those with spinal trauma (1.47%). Unplanned reoperations were classified as hyperacute (30.84%), acute (31.76%), and subacute (37.38%). After univariate analysis, several factors were associated with unplanned reoperation in the 4 cohorts of thoracic spine diseases (p<.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that upper thoracic spine surgery (p=.001), concomitant dekyphosis (p=.027), and longer activated partial thromboplastin time (p=.025) were risk factors of unplanned reoperation for thoracic degenerative disease. Whereas American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade III (p=.015), combined approach (p=.016), and operation time longer than 420 min (p=.042) for spinal tumor, and similar ankylosing spondylitis (p=.023) and operation time longer than 340 min (p=.041) were risk factors of unplanned reoperation for kyphosis deformity. CONCLUSIONS The unplanned reoperation rate for thoracic spine surgery was 3.30%, with epidural hematoma and wound complications being the most common reasons. However, upper thoracic spine surgery, concomitant dekyphosis, underlying coagulation disorder, longer operation time, higher ASA grade, and comorbidities of ankylosing spondylitis led to an increased risk of unplanned reoperation within 30 days of thoracic spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Hanqiang Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Kaifeng Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Yanlei Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Information Management and Big Data Center, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Dong
- Department of Medical Affairs, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Chuiguo Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China.
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing , China.
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10
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Newton PO, Parent S, Miyanji F, Alanay A, Lonner BS, Neal KM, Hoernschemeyer DG, Yaszay B, Blakemore LC, Shah SA, Bastrom TP. Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering Compared with Posterior Spinal Fusion for Major Thoracic Curves. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:2170-2177. [PMID: 37010479 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) is an alternative to posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for the surgical treatment of scoliosis. The present study utilized a large, multicenter database and propensity matching to compare outcomes of AVBT to PSF in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS Patients with thoracic idiopathic scoliosis who underwent AVBT with a minimum 2-year follow-up retrospectively underwent 2 methods of propensity-guided matching to PSF patients from an idiopathic scoliosis registry. Radiographic, clinical, and Scoliosis Research Society 22-Item Questionnaire (SRS-22) data were compared preoperatively and at the ≥2-year follow-up. RESULTS A total of 237 AVBT patients were matched with 237 PSF patients. In the AVBT group, the mean age was 12.1 ± 1.6 years, the mean follow-up was 2.2 ± 0.5 years, 84% of patients were female, and 79% of patients had a Risser sign of 0 or 1, compared with 13.4 ± 1.4 years, 2.3 ± 0.5 years, 84% female, and 43% Risser 0 or 1 in the PSF group. The AVBT group was younger (p < 0.001), had a smaller mean thoracic curve preoperatively (48 ± 9°; range, 30° to 74°; compared with 53 ± 8°; range, 40° to 78° in the PSF group; p < 0.001), and had less initial correction (41% ± 16% correction to 28° ± 9° compared with 70% ± 11% correction to 16° ± 6° in the PSF group; p < 0.001). Thoracic deformity at the time of the latest follow-up was 27° ± 12° (range, 1° to 61°) for AVBT compared with 20° ± 7° (range, 3° to 42°) for PSF (p < 0.001). A total of 76% of AVBT patients had a thoracic curve of <35° at the latest follow-up compared with 97.4% of PSF patients (p < 0.001). A residual curve of >50° was present in 7 AVBT patients (3%), 3 of whom underwent subsequent PSF, and in 0 PSF patients (0%). Forty-six subsequent procedures were performed in 38 AVBT patients (16%), including 17 conversions to PSF and 16 revisions for excessive correction, compared with 4 revision procedures in 3 PSF patients (1.3%; p < 0.01). AVBT patients had lower median preoperative SRS-22 mental-health component scores (p < 0.01) and less improvement in the pain and self-image scores between preoperatively and the ≥2-year follow-up (p < 0.05). In the more strictly matched analysis (n = 108 each), 10% of patients in the AVBT group and 2% of patients in the PSF group required a subsequent surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS At a mean follow-up of 2.2 years, 76% of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients who underwent AVBT had a residual curve of <35° compared with 97.4% of patients who underwent PSF. A total of 16% of cases in the AVBT group required a subsequent surgical procedure compared with 1.3% in the PSF group. An additional 4 cases (1.3%) in the AVBT group had a residual curve of >50° that may require revision or conversion to PSF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Newton
- Division of Orthopedics & Scoliosis, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Stefan Parent
- Department of Orthopaedics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Firoz Miyanji
- Department of Orthopaedics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahmet Alanay
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baron S Lonner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Kevin M Neal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nemours Children's Health, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Burt Yaszay
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laurel C Blakemore
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Pediatric Specialists of Virginia, Virginia
| | - Suken A Shah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Tracey P Bastrom
- Division of Orthopedics & Scoliosis, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
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11
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Shaw KA, Orland K, Bastrom TP, Newton PO, Fletcher ND. 1- vs. 2-year follow-up after posterior spinal fusion for AIS: what additional information is gained? Spine Deform 2022; 10:1359-1366. [PMID: 35869332 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Traditionally, 2-year follow-up data have been the established standard for reporting clinical outcomes following spinal deformity surgery. However, previous studies indicate that 2-year follow-up does not represent long-term outcomes. Currently, there is no clear data that demonstrate a difference in outcomes between the 1 and 2 years postoperative time-periods following posterior spinal fusions (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS A multi-center, prospective database was queried for AIS patients treated with PSF. Clinical outcome scores, assessed by SRS-22, coronal and sagittal radiographic parameters were assessed at time periods: 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post operatively. Complications and reoperation rates were also assessed. Statistical analysis compared outcomes variables across time-points to assess for significant differences. RESULTS 694 patients (82.6% female, mean age at surgery 14.9 ± 2.13 years) were identified. Between post-operative year 1 and 2, significant difference in SRS-22 domain scores were present for function domain (4.5 vs. 4.6; p < 0.001), mental health domain (4.3 vs. 4.2; p < 0.001), and total domain score (4.4 vs. 4.4; p = 0.03) but were below the minimal clinically important difference threshold. New complication development was significantly higher within the first year following surgery than the 1-2 year follow-up period (p < 0.001) with greater complication severity within the 0-1 year follow-up period (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION There are no clinically important changes in SRS-22 domain scores between 1 and 2 years following PSF for AIS, with higher complications in the first year following PSF. Two-year follow-up data provide little added clinical information while under-estimating the cumulative complication and reoperation rates at long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aaron Shaw
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA, USA
| | - Keith Orland
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tracey P Bastrom
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter O Newton
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Fletcher
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Ouyang H, Hu Y, Hu W, Zhang H, Sun Z, Tang Y, Jiang Y, Chen J, Dong S, Li W, Tian Y. Incidences, causes and risk factors of unplanned reoperations within 30 days of spine surgery: a single-center study based on 35,246 patients. Spine J 2022; 22:1811-1819. [PMID: 35878756 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2022.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Unplanned reoperation, a quality indicator in spine surgery, has not been sufficiently investigated in a large-scale, single-center study. PURPOSE To assess the incidences, causes, and risk factors of unplanned reoperations within 30 days of spine surgeries in a single-center study. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. PATIENT SAMPLE A cohort of 35,246 patients who underwent spinal surgery in our hospital were included. OUTCOME MEASURES The rates, chief reasons, and risk factors for unplanned reoperations within 30 days of spine surgery. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data for patients who underwent spine surgeries for degenerative spinal disorders, tumor, or deformity and had subsequent unplanned operations within 30 days at a single tertiary academic hospital from January 2016 to July 2021. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the incidences, causes, and risk factors. RESULTS Out of 35,246 spinal surgery patients, 297 (0.84%) required unplanned reoperations within 30 days of spine surgery. Patients with a thoracic degenerative disease (3.23%), spinal tumor (1.63%), and spinal deformity (1.50%) had significantly higher rates of reoperation than those with atlantoaxial (0.61%), cervical (0.65%), and lumbar (0.82%) degenerative disease. The common causes for reoperation included epidural hematoma (0.403%), wound infections (0.148%), neurological deficit (0.108%), and pedicle screw malposition (0.077%). Unplanned reoperations were classified as hyperacute (45.45%), acute (30.98%), subacute (15.82%), or chronic (7.74%). Univariate analysis indicated that 20 clinical factors were associated with unplanned reoperation (p<.05). Multivariate Poisson regression analysis revealed that anemia (p<.001), osteoporosis (p=.048), ankylosing spondylitis (p=.008), preoperative foot drop (p=.011), deep venous thrombosis (p<.001), and previous surgical history (p<.001) were independent risk factors for unplanned spinal reoperation. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of unplanned spinal reoperations was 0.84%. The chief common causes were epidural hematoma, wound infections, neurological deficit, and pedicle screw malposition. Anemia, osteoporosis, ankylosing spondylitis, preoperative foot drop, deep venous thrombosis, and previous surgical history led to an increased risk of unplanned reoperation within 30 days of spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiang Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuanyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenshuang Hu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuoran Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanchao Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Medical Record, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shu Dong
- Department of Medical Affairs, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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13
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Bivona LJ, France J, Daly-Seiler CS, Burton DC, Dolan LA, Seale JJ, de Kleuver M, Ferrero E, Gurd DP, Konya D, Lavelle WF, Sarwahi V, Suratwala SJ, Yilgor C, Li Y. Spinal deformity surgery is accompanied by serious complications: report from the Morbidity and Mortality Database of the Scoliosis Research Society from 2013 to 2020. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1307-1313. [PMID: 35838915 PMCID: PMC9284960 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) report of the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) has been collected since 1965 and since 1968 submission of complications has been required of all members. Since 2009, the SRS has collected information on death, blindness, and neurological deficit, with acute infection being added in 2012 and unintentional return to the operating room (OR) being added in 2017. In this report, we use the most recent data submitted to the SRS M&M database to determine the rate of neurological deficit, blindness, acute infection, unintentional return to the OR, and death, while also comparing this information to previous reports. METHODS The SRS M&M database was queried for all cases from 2013 to 2020. The rates of death, vision loss, neurological deficit, acute infection, and unintentional return to the OR were then calculated and analyzed. The rates were compared to previously published data if available. Differences in complication rates between years were analyzed with Poisson regression with significance set at α = 0.05. RESULTS The total number of cases submitted per year varied with a maximum of 49,615 in 2018 and a minimum of 40,464 in 2020. The overall reported complication rate from 2013 to 2020 was 2.86%. The overall mortality rate ranged from 0.09% in 2018 to 0.14% in 2015. The number of patients with visual impairment ranged from 4 to 13 between 2013 and 2015 (no data on visual impairment were collected after 2015). The overall infection rate varied from 0.95 in 2020 to 1.30% in 2015. When the infection rate was analyzed based on spinal deformity group, the neuromuscular scoliosis group consistently had the highest infection rate ranging from 3.24 to 3.94%. The overall neurological deficit rate ranged from 0.74 to 0.94%, with the congenital kyphosis and dysplastic spondylolisthesis groups having the highest rates. The rates of unintentional return to the OR ranged from 1.60 to 1.79%. Multiple groups showed a statistically significant decreasing trend for infection, return to the operating room, neurologic deficit, and death. CONCLUSIONS Neuromuscular scoliosis had the highest infection rate among all spinal deformity groups. Congenital kyphosis and dysplastic spondylolisthesis had the highest rate of neurological deficit postoperatively. This is similar to previously published data. Contrary to previous reports, neuromuscular scoliosis did not have the highest annual death rate. Multiple groups showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in complication rates during the reporting period, with only mortality in degenerative spondylolisthesis significantly trending upwards. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Bivona
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - John France
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Conor S Daly-Seiler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas C Burton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lori A Dolan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Marinus de Kleuver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sint Maartenskliniek, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Ferrero
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Robert-Debre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David P Gurd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deniz Konya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - William F Lavelle
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Vishal Sarwahi
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Northwell Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Sanjeev J Suratwala
- New York Orthopaedic and Spine Center, Northwell Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Caglar Yilgor
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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The Effect of Surgeon Experience on Outcomes Following Growth Friendly Instrumentation for Early Onset Scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:e132-e137. [PMID: 34759190 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to utilize a multicenter, multisurgeon cohort to assess the effect of surgeon experience on outcomes of growth friendly instrumentation (GFI) in early onset scoliosis (EOS). We hypothesized that unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR), estimated blood loss (EBL), and surgical time would be greater amongst early career surgeons (ECSs) when compared with advanced career surgeons (ACSs). METHODS An international pediatric spine database was queried for patients ages 2 to 10 years treated by posterior distraction-based GFI with at least of 2-year follow up. Two groups were created for analysis based on surgeon experience: ECSs (with ≤10 y of experience) and ACSs (with >10 y of experience). The primary outcome was UPROR. Additional outcomes included: operating room time, EBL, neurological deficits, infection rate, hardware failure, and the Early Onset Scoliosis Questionnaire (EOSQ-24). Subgroup analysis was performed for further assessment based on procedure type, superior anchor type, etiology, and curve severity. RESULTS A total of 960 patients met inclusion criteria including 243 (25.3%) treated by ECS. Etiology, sex, superior anchor, and EOSQ-24 scores were similar between groups (P>0.05). There were no clinically significant differences in patient age or preoperative major coronal curve. UPROR (35.8% vs. 32.7%, P=0.532), infection (17.0% vs. 15.6%, P=0.698), operating room time (235 vs. 231 min, P=0.755), and EBL (151 vs. 155 mL, P=0.833) were comparable between ECS and ACS groups. The frequency of having at least 1 complication was relatively high but comparable among groups (60.7% vs. 62.6%, P=0.709). EOSQ-24 subdomain scores were similar between groups at 2-year follow-up (P>0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that ECS had increased surgical time compared with ACS in severe curves >90 degrees (270 vs. 229 min, P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first multicenter assessment of surgeon experience on outcomes in EOS. Overall, surgeon experience did not significantly influence UPROR, complication rates, EBL, or surgical time associated with GFI in this cohort of EOS patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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15
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Roye BD, Fano AN, Matsumoto H, Fields MW, Emans JB, Sponseller P, Smith JT, Thompson GH, White KK, Vitale MG. The Impact of Unplanned Return to the Operating Room on Health-related Quality of Life at the End of Growth-friendly Surgical Treatment for Early-onset Scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:17-22. [PMID: 34739432 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limiting complications, especially unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR), is a major focus in the surgical management of early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Although UPROR remains common in this population, its effect on long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between UPROR and end-of-treatment HRQoL in EOS patients treated with growth-friendly instrumentation. METHODS Patients with EOS who underwent growth-friendly instrumentation at age less than 10 years from 1993 to 2018, and completed treatment, were identified in a multicenter EOS registry. UPROR events were recorded, and end-of-treatment (defined as skeletal maturity and/or definitive spinal fusion) HRQoL was assessed via the 24-item Early-Onset Scoliosis Questionnaire (EOSQ-24). RESULTS A total of 825 patients were identified, and 325 patients (age at surgery: 6.4 y, follow-up: 8.1 y) had end-of-treatment HRQoL data necessary for our investigation. Overall, 129/325 (39.7%) patients experienced 264 UPROR events; the majority (54.2%) were implant-related. Aside from age and etiology, no other variables were determined to be confounders or effect modifiers. Congenital patients with UPROR had worse pain/discomfort by 10.4 points (P=0.057) and worse pulmonary function by 7.8 points (P=0.102) compared with non-UPROR patients adjusting for age. Neuromuscular patients with UPROR had worse pulmonary function by 10.1 points compared with non-UPROR patients adjusting for age (P=0.037). Idiopathic and syndromic patients with UPROR reported consistently worse domain scores than their non-UPROR counterparts, but smaller (<5-point) differences were seen. CONCLUSIONS UPROR during growth-friendly surgical treatment for EOS is associated with worse HRQoL in all patients, but particularly in those with neuromuscular or congenital etiologies. Ongoing efforts to avoid UPROR are critical. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II. This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study investigating the effect of UPROR on HRQoL (prognostic study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Roye
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
| | - Adam N Fano
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Hiroko Matsumoto
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Michael W Fields
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - John B Emans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Sponseller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - John T Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - George H Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Klane K White
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael G Vitale
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
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Baghdadi S, Cahill P, Anari J, Flynn JM, Upasani V, Bachmann K, Jain A, Baldwin K. Evidence Behind Upper Instrumented Vertebra Selection in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. JBJS Rev 2021; 9:01874474-202109000-00003. [DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.20.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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17
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Unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform 2021; 9:1035-1040. [PMID: 33704688 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-021-00284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected multi-center database. PURPOSE UPROR (Unplanned Return to the Operating Room) is an inclusive metric for unexpected surgery after the index procedure. Given the many quality and safety improvements in AIS surgery over the past 20 years, it is useful for spine deformity surgeons to understand the current rate of UPROR, the etiologies, and trends over time. A report from a very large data set, including multiple surgeons and centers, with longer follow-up, would provide the clearest picture. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of a prospective multi-center database of patients who had AIS deformity correction surgery to analyze all cases of UPROR, using linear regression models, survival analysis, and descriptive statistics. RESULTS Among 3464 patients who had surgery (ASF, PSF, or ASF + PSF) for AIS from 1995 to 2017, 4.8% had an UPROR event in one of the following categories: surgical-site-related (43.3%), instrument failures (34.3%), revisions (8.4%), neurologic (5.1%), pulmonary (5.1%), medical (0.6%), and other (3.4%). The average time from initial surgery to UPROR was 734.4 days. 45.5% of UPRORs occurred within 1 year, 12.4% between 1 and 2 years, 30.9% between 2 and 5 years, and 11.2% between 5 and 10 years. In patients with at least 2-year, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up, the UPROR rates were 6.6, 7.3, and 9.2%, respectively. Between 1997 and 2013, the UPROR rate decreased by 0.46% per year (95% CI 0.25-0.68, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION UPROR has decreased significantly over time but as expected, increases with increased follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic.
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18
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Menger R, Park PJ, Bixby EC, Marciano G, Cerpa M, Roye D, Roye BD, Vitale M, Lenke L. Complications in ambulatory pediatric patients with nonidiopathic spinal deformity undergoing fusion to the pelvis using the sacral-alar-iliac technique within 2 years of surgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2021; 28:13-20. [PMID: 33930868 DOI: 10.3171/2020.11.peds19641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant investigation in the adult population has generated a body of research regarding proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF) following long fusions to the sacrum and pelvis. However, much less is known regarding early complications, including PJK and PJF, in the ambulatory pediatric patient. As such, the objective of this study was to address the minimal literature on early complications after ambulatory pediatric patients underwent fusion to the sacrum with instrumentation to the pelvis in the era of sacral-alar-iliac (S2AI) instrumentation. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of pediatric patients with nonidiopathic spinal deformity < 18 years of age with ambulatory capacity who underwent fusion to the pelvis at a multisurgeon pediatric academic spine practice from 2016 to 2018. All surgeries were posterior-only approaches with S2AI screws as the primary technique for sacropelvic fixation. Descriptive, outcome, and radiographic data were obtained. The definition of PJF included symptomatic PJK presenting as fracture, screw pullout, or disruption of the posterior osseoligamentous complex. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were included in this study. Nine patients (36.0%) had 15 complications for an overall complication rate of 60.0%. Unplanned return to the operating room occurred 8 times in 6 patients (24.0%). Four patients (16.0%) had wound issues (3 with deep wound infection and 1 with wound breakdown) requiring reoperation. Three patients (12.0%) had PJF, all requiring reoperation. A 16-year-old female patient with syndromic scoliosis underwent extension of fusion due to posterior tension band failure at 6 months. A 17-year-old male patient with neuromuscular scoliosis underwent extension of fusion due to proximal screw pullout at 5 months. A 10-year-old female patient with congenital scoliosis underwent extension for PJF at 5 months following posterior tension band failure. One patient had pseudarthrosis requiring reoperation 20 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Fixation to the pelvis enables significant deformity correction, but with rather high rates of complications and unexpected returns to the operating room. Considerations of sagittal plane dynamics for PJK and PJF should be strongly analyzed when performing fixation to the pelvis in ambulatory pediatric patients.
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Taniguchi Y, Ohara T, Suzuki S, Watanabe K, Suzuki T, Uno K, Yamaguchi T, Yanagida H, Nakayama K, Kotani T, Watanabe K, Hirano T, Yamamoto T, Kawamura I, Sugawara R, Takeshita K, Demura S, Oku N, Sato T, Fujiwara K, Akazawa T, Murakami H, Kakutani K, Matsubayashi Y, Kawakami N. Incidence and Risk Factors for Unplanned Return to the Operating Room Following Primary Definitive Fusion for Pediatric Spinal Deformity: A Multicenter Study with Minimum 2-year Follow-Up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:E498-E504. [PMID: 33186273 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective multicenter cohort study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the incidence and risk factors for UPROR within minimum 2-year follow-up in primary definitive fusion for pediatric spinal deformity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several previous reports have elucidated the incidence of complications after pediatric scoliosis surgery; however, there has been no study that described the incidence and risk factors for unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) with long-term follow-up in surgery for pediatric scoliosis with every etiology. METHODS We retrospectively extracted data of patients aged <19 years, from 14 institutes in Japan, who underwent primary definitive fusion surgery for spinal deformity between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017. The primary outcomes were the incidence of UPROR within the minimum 2-year follow-up period for any reason. Univariate and multivariate logistical analyses were conducted to identify potential risk factors associated with UPROR. RESULTS We identified 1417 eligible patients (287 males and 1130 females) with a mean age of 13.9 years. UPROR for any reason within minimum 2-year follow-up was identified in 68 patients (4.8%). The most frequent cause for UPROR was implant failure found in 29 patients, followed by surgical site infection in 14 patients, junctional problems in 10 patients, and neurological complications in six patients. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a diagnosis of kyphosis (odds ratio [OR], 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-6.04), etiology of congenital or structural type (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.08-4.53), etiology of syndromic type (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.27-5.64), and increased operation time of ≥300 minutes (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.07-3.07) were the risk factors for the incidence of UPROR. CONCLUSION The present multicenter study identified for the first time the incidence and risk factors for UPROR with minimum 2-year follow-up after primary definitive fusion surgery for pediatric spinal deformity with every etiology.Level of Evidence: 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohara
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, Meijo Hospital , Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Teppei Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Koki Uno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Toru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Haruhisa Yanagida
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Keita Nakayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Sakura, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Sakura, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Kagoshima Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Ryo Sugawara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Katsushi Takeshita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Satoru Demura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Norihiro Oku
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Kenta Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Tsutomu Akazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kakutani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsubayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, Meijo Hospital , Nagoya, Japan
- Devision of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
- Japan Spinal Deformity Institute (JSDI), Japan
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20
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Lonner B, Verma K, Roonprapunt C, Ren Y, Slattery CA, Alanay A, Kassin G, Castillo A, Bazerbashi M, Buehler MA, Kodigudla MK, Kelkar AV, Serhan H, Goel V. The Transverse Process Trajectory Technique: An Alternative for Thoracic Pedicle Screw Implantation-Radiographic and Biomechanical Analysis. Int J Spine Surg 2021; 15:315-323. [PMID: 33900989 PMCID: PMC8059387 DOI: 10.14444/8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the accuracy, biomechanical profile, and learning curve of the transverse process trajectory technique (TPT) compared to the straightforward (SF) and in-out-in (IOI) techniques. SF and IOI have been used for fixation in the thoracic spine. Although widely used, there are associated learning curves and symptomatic pedicular breaches. We have found the transverse process to be a reproducible pathway into the pedicle. METHODS Three surgeons with varying experience (experienced [E] with 20 years in practice, surgeon [S] with less than 10 years in practice, and senior resident trainee [T] with no experience with TPT) operated on 8 cadavers. In phase 1, each surgeon instrumented 2 cadavers, alternating between TPT and SF from T1 to T12 (n = 48 total levels). In phase 2, the E and T surgeons instrumented 1 cadaver each, alternating between TPT and IOI. Computed tomography scans were analyzed for accuracy of screw placement, defined as the percentage of placements without critical breaches. Axial pullout and derotational force testing were performed. Statistical analyses include paired t test and analysis of variance with Tukey correction. RESULTS Overall accuracy of screw placement was comparable between techniques (TPT: 92.7%; SF: 97.2%; IOI: 95.8%; P = .4151). Accuracy by technique did not differ for each individual surgeon (E: P = .7733; S: P = .3475; T: P = .4191) or by experience level by technique (TPT: P = .1127; FH: P = .5979; IOI: P = .5935). Pullout strength was comparable between TPT and SF (571 vs 442 N, P = .3164) but was greater for TPT versus IOI (454 vs 215 N, P = .0156). There was a trend toward improved derotational force for TPT versus SF (1.06 vs 0.93 Nm/degrees, P = .0728) but not for TPT versus IOI (1.36 vs 1.16 Nm/degrees, P = .74). Screw placement time was shortest for E and longest for T for TPT and SF and not different for IOI (TPT: P = .0349; SF: P < .0001; IOI: P = .1787) but did not vary by technique. CONCLUSIONS We describe the TPT, which uses the transverse process as a corridor through the pedicle. TPT is an accurate method of thoracic pedicle screw placement with potential biomechanical advantages and with acceptable learning curve characteristics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides the surgeon with a new trajectory for pedicle screw placement that can be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Ren
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Ahmet Alanay
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Newton PO, Bartley CE, Bastrom TP, Kluck DG, Saito W, Yaszay B. Anterior Spinal Growth Modulation in Skeletally Immature Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Comparison with Posterior Spinal Fusion at 2 to 5 Years Postoperatively. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2020; 102:769-777. [PMID: 32379117 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.19.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) has been introduced as a means of correcting scoliosis without fusion. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes for patients with thoracic idiopathic scoliosis between a group of patients who underwent AVBT and a matched cohort of patients treated with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation (PSF). METHODS A retrospective study of patients who underwent AVBT and PSF for idiopathic scoliosis was conducted. The inclusion criteria were determined on the basis of the AVBT cohort: primary thoracic idiopathic scoliosis with a curve magnitude between 40° and 67°, Risser stage of ≤1, age of 9 to 15 years, no prior spine surgery, index surgery between 2011 and 2016, and minimum follow-up of 2 years. Demographic, radiographic, clinical, and patient-reported outcomes and revisions were compared between groups. RESULTS There were 23 patients in the AVBT cohort and 26 patients in the PSF cohort. The mean follow-up (and standard deviation) was similar between groups: 3.4 ± 1.1 years for the AVBT group and 3.6 ± 1.6 years for the PSF group (p = 0.6). Preoperatively, the groups were similar in all measurements of radiographic and clinical deformity, with mean main thoracic curves of 53° ± 8° for the AVBT group and 54° ± 7° for the PSF group (p = 0.4). At the time of final follow-up, the AVBT cohort had significantly more residual deformity, with a mean thoracic curve of 33° ± 18° compared with 16° ± 6° for the PSF group (p < 0.001). There were 9 revision procedures in the AVBT cohort (with 3 conversions to PSF and 3 more pending) and none in the PSF cohort. Revisions occurred at a mean postoperative time of 2.3 years (range, 1.2 to 3.7 years). Twelve patients (52%) had evidence of broken tethers; of these patients, 4 underwent revision. The post-intervention patient-reported outcomes were similar. CONCLUSIONS Both AVBT and PSF resulted in postoperative correction; however, 2-year correction was better maintained in the PSF group. There were no differences in post-intervention patient-reported outcomes. AVBT resulted in less deformity correction and more revision procedures than PSF, but resulted in the delay or prevention of PSF in the majority of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Newton
- Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Carrie E Bartley
- Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Tracey P Bastrom
- Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Dylan G Kluck
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Wataru Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Burt Yaszay
- Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
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22
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Hwang CJ, Baik JM, Cho JH, Yoon SJ, Lee DH, Lee CS. Posterior Correction of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with High-Density Pedicle Screw-Only Constructs: 5 Years of Follow-Up. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:323-330. [PMID: 32233175 PMCID: PMC7105406 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze radiological outcomes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who underwent posterior correction with high-density pedicle screw-only constructs. We hypothesized that high-density pedicle screw-only constructs in AIS would provide a high correction rate and would facilitate the maintenance of the correction or obviate the loss thereof. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed radiological outcomes over a minimum follow-up period of 5 years in patients with AIS who underwent posterior correction with high-density pedicle screw-only constructs. A total of 124 consecutive patients were included. Demographic data, including age, sex, operated fusion level, numbers of screw, Lenke curve type, Risser stage, and follow-up period were retrospectively collected from electronic medical records and radiological measurements including serial follow-up. RESULTS The average number of pedicle screws was 1.96/vertebra. The average curve correction was 48.3% for the proximal thoracic (PT) curve, 83.1% for the main thoracic (MT) curve, and 80.2% for the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curve at final follow-up. Use of high-density pedicle screw-only constructs helped achieve excellent correction rates, with no significant loss of correction at final follow-up. CONCLUSION We obtained excellent correction rates of 48.3% for PT, 83.1% for MT, and 80.2% for TL/L curves using high-density pedicle screw-only constructs in AIS, with no significant loss of correction at final follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ju Hwang
- Scoliosis Center, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Min Baik
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Jae Hwan Cho
- Scoliosis Center, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Jeong Yoon
- Scoliosis Center, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Scoliosis Center, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Sung Lee
- Scoliosis Center, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Jing L, Wang Z, Sun Z, Zhang H, Wang J, Wang G. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbosacral spines using O-arm-based navigation versus conventional freehand technique. Chin Neurosurg J 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 32922906 PMCID: PMC7398394 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-019-0154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accuracy and safety of pedicle screw insertion was markedly improved with the introduction of intraoperative three-dimensional navigation system during the last decade. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of pedicle screw placement using O-arm-based navigation system versus conventional freehand technique. Methods We reviewed the accuracy of 341 thoracic (n = 173) and lumbosacral (n = 168) pedicle screws placed in 60 consecutive patients using either O-arm-based navigation or freehand technique in the Department of Neurosurgery of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital between January 2015 and June 2018. Patient-specific characteristics, treatment-related characteristics, and screw-specific accuracy were analyzed. The accuracy of pedicle screw placement was measured by Gertzbein-Robbins scale and screw grades A and B were clinically acceptable. Results One hundred ninety-one screws were inserted in the O-arm-based navigation group and 150 in the freehand group. One hundred eighty-three (95.81%) clinically acceptable screws were placed in the navigation group and 135 (90.00%) in the freehand group (p = 0.034). Twenty-three (6.74%) screw revisions were performed in the two groups (8 screws in the navigation group and 15 screws in the freehand group) and significant difference was observed in thoracic spine (p = 0.018), while no statistical significance was presented in lumbosacral spine (p > 0.05). Twenty-four (12.57%) screws in the navigation group and 24 (16.00%) in the freehand group violated the cortex (p > 0.05). Medial screw deviation was the most common problem in the two groups. Conclusion The O-arm-based navigation exhibits higher accuracy for pedicle screw insertion than the freehand insertion technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkai Jing
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
| | - Zhenze Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haicheng Zhenggu Hospital, Anshan City, 114200 Liaoning China
| | - Zhenxing Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
| | - James Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
| | - Guihuai Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
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Mignemi M, Tran D, Ramo B, Richards BS. Repeat Surgical Interventions Following "Definitive" Instrumentation and Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis: 25-Year Update. Spine Deform 2019; 6:409-416. [PMID: 29886912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Single-institution, retrospective review of prospectively collected data on pediatric patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) undergoing spinal fusion with a minimum two-year follow-up. OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of reoperation in AIS patients undergoing spine fusion from 2008 to 2012. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Recent trends in the surgical treatment of AIS have included increased use of all-pedicle screw constructs, smaller implants, more posterior-only approaches, and improved correction techniques. METHODS A retrospective review of 467 patients undergoing spinal fusion from 2008 to 2012 was performed. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and surgical data were collected prospectively on all patients for the index procedure and any reoperations. Data were compared to previously published cohorts of patients from the authors' institution who underwent spinal fusion for AIS between 1988 and 2007. RESULTS The rate of reoperation in this five-year cohort of patients was 9.9%. The most common indications for reoperation were infection (4.5%: 2.4% delayed infections and 2.1% acute infections), symptomatic implants (2.1%), and misplaced pedicle screws (1.7%). When compared to the 2003-2007 cohort, the rate of reoperation for acute infection and malpositioned pedicle screws increased significantly (p = .01 and p = .04), whereas the rate of reoperation for curve progression decreased (p = .01). Reoperations for acute infections and malpositioned pedicle screws also increased significantly (p = .047 and p = .042) compared with the 1988-2002 cohort, whereas the rate of reoperation for pseudarthrosis decreased (p = .002). CONCLUSION Reoperation rates for AIS have not improved with more sophisticated implants and techniques, predominantly because of increased acute infections and malpositioned pedicle screws despite decreasing pseudarthrosis rates and curve progression. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mignemi
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, 4202 Doctors' Office Tower, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dong Tran
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Brandon Ramo
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - B Stephens Richards
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219, USA.
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Radcliff K, Smith H, Kalantar B, Isaacs R, Woods B, Vaccaro AR, Brannon J. Feasibility of Endoscopic Inspection of Pedicle Wall Integrity in a Live Surgery Model. Int J Spine Surg 2018; 12:241-249. [PMID: 30276081 DOI: 10.14444/5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perforations of the pedicle wall during cannulation can occur with experienced surgeons. Direct endoscopic visualization has not been used to inspect pedicles previously due to bone bleeding obscuring the camera visualization. The hypothesis of this study was that endoscopic visualization of pedicle wall integrity was technically feasible and would enable identification of clinically significant pedicle breaches. Methods A live porcine model was used. Eight lumbar pedicles were cannulated. Clinically significant breaches were created. An endoscope was introduced and was used to inspect the pedicles. Results All lumbar pedicles were endoscopically visible at a systolic pressure of 100 mm Hg. Clinically relevant anatomic structures and iatrogenic pathology, such as medial, lateral, and anterior breaches, were identified. There were no untoward events resulting from endoscopic inspection of the pedicle endosteal canal. Conclusions Endoscopic inspection of lumbar pedicles was safe and effective. The findings on endoscopic inspection corresponded with the ball-tip probe palpation techniques. Additional techniques, such as selection between 2 tracts, was possible with the endoscopic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Radcliff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Egg Harbor, New Jersey
| | - Harvey Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bobby Kalantar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Robert Isaacs
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barrett Woods
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Egg Harbor, New Jersey
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Egg Harbor, New Jersey
| | - James Brannon
- Orthopedic Sciences, Inc, Seal Beach, California, Joint Preservation Institute of Kansas, Overland Park, Kansas
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Carlson BC, Milbrandt TA, Larson AN. Quality, Safety, and Value in Pediatric Spine Surgery. Orthop Clin North Am 2018; 49:491-501. [PMID: 30224010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The article addresses patient safety topics in spine surgery, including infection, length of stay, instrumentation strategies, pedicle screw malposition, radiation exposure, and neurologic events. Quality, safety, and value are concepts that are practical, easy to understand, and can be implemented on any scale and may be matched to individual practices. Further, with quality improvement, there is a culture shift to openly share information, protocols, and strategies so that more patients can rapidly benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayard C Carlson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Todd A Milbrandt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Huang J, Zhang P, Jian X, Jiang H. The Prevalence and Distribution of Vertebral Pedicles in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Chinese people: A Computed Tomography-Based Study of 2958 Vertebral Pedicles. World Neurosurg 2018; 119:e560-e567. [PMID: 30077019 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and distribution of abnormal vertebral pedicles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in Chinese people. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed AIS patients at a single institution between 2011 and 2017. Transverse pedicle widths from T1 to L5 were measured carefully using computed tomography, including cancellous and cortical channels. Pedicle morphology was classified as: type A, a cancellous channel larger than 4 mm; type B, a cancellous channel measuring 2-4 mm; type C, a cancellous channel smaller than 2 mm with an entirely cortical channel of 2 mm or greater; or type D, a cortical channel smaller than 2 mm. Types B, C, and D were defined as abnormal. Prevalence and distribution of abnormal pedicles were assessed. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients with AIS, with a total of 2958 vertebral pedicles, were carefully measured and classified. The total prevalence of abnormal vertebral pedicles was as high as 65%, with type B comprising 40%, type C comprising 23%, and type D comprising 2%. Pedicles were located between T2 and T10 in 84% of type C and 91% of type D cases. Female sex, proximal thoracic location, major curve greater than 70 degrees, and concave pedicle may be risk factors for type C and D pedicles. CONCLUSIONS There is a significantly high prevalence of abnormal pedicles in AIS in Chinese people, with a total prevalence of 65%. Female sex, proximal thoracic location, major curve greater than 70 degrees, and concave pedicle may be risk factors for type C and D pedicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Second Department of Surgery, Jinyintan Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Honghui Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Safety of Pedicle Screws in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery. Asian Spine J 2017; 11:998-1007. [PMID: 29279757 PMCID: PMC5738323 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2017.11.6.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To review existing publications on the safety of pedicle screw insertions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Despite having increased risk for neurological and visceral injuries, the use of pedicle screws have led to increased correction rates in scoliosis surgery. A review was performed on topics pertinent to pedicle screw insertion in AIS, which included pedicle morphometry in AIS, structures at risk during pedicle screw insertion, and accuracy and safety of various pedicle screw insertion techniques. The importance of computer navigation and future research regarding pedicle screw placement in AIS were also briefly reviewed. Many authors have reported abnormal pedicle anatomy in AIS. Injury to the neural structures was highest over the apical region, whereas aortic injury was the highest at T5 and T10. In the proximal thoracic spine, the esophagus could be injured even with screws as short as 25 mm. Overall pedicle perforation rates for perforations >0 and >2 mm (assessed by computed tomography) ranged from 6.4% to 65.0% and 3.7% to 29.9%, respectively. The critical pedicle perforation (>2 mm excluding lateral thoracic) and anterior perforation (>0 mm) rates was reported to range from 1.5% to 14.5% and 0.0% to 16.1%, respectively. Pedicle perforation rates were lower with the use of computer navigation. The incidence of neurological adverse events after scoliosis surgery was 0.06%–1.9%. Aortic injury has only been observed in case reports. According to the available literature, pedicle screw insertion in AIS is considered safe with low rates of clinical adverse events. Moreover, the use of navigation technology has been shown to reduce pedicle perforation rates.
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Chan CYW, Kwan MK. Zonal differences in risk and pattern of pedicle screw perforations in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a computerized tomography (CT) review of 1986 screws. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 27:340-349. [PMID: 29058137 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the zonal differences in risk and pattern of pedicle screw perforations in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. METHODS The scoliosis curves were divided into eight zones. CT scans were used to assess perforations: Grade 0, Grade 1(< 2 mm), Grade 2(2-4 mm) and Grade 3(> 4 mm). Anterior perforations were classified into Grade 0, Grade 1(< 4 mm), Grade 2(4-6 mm) and Grade 3(> 6 mm). Grade 2 and 3 (except lateral grade 2 and 3 perforation over thoracic vertebrae) were considered as 'critical perforations'. RESULTS 1986 screws in 137 patients were analyzed. The overall perforation rate was 8.4% after exclusion of the lateral perforation. The highest medial perforation rate was at the transitional proximal thoracic (PT)/main thoracic (MT) zone (6.9%), followed by concave lumbar (6.7%) and convex main thoracic (MT) zone (6.1%). The overall critical medial perforation rate was 0.9%. 33.3% occurred at convex MT and 22.2% occurred at transitional PT/MT zone. There were 39 anterior perforations (overall perforation rate of 2.0%). 43.6% occurred at transitional PT/MT zone, whereas 23.1% occurred at concave PT zone. The overall critical anterior perforation rate was 0.6%. 5/12 (41.7%) critical perforations occurred at concave PT zone, whereas four perforations occurred at the transitional PT/MT zone. There were only two symptomatic left medial grade 2 perforations (0.1%) resulting radiculopathy, occurring at the transitional main thoracic (MT)/Lumbar (L) zone. CONCLUSION Overall pedicle perforation rate was 8.4%. Highest rate of critical medial perforation was at the convex MT zone and the transitional PT/MT zone, whereas highest rate of critical anterior perforation was at the concave PT zone and the transitional PT/MT zone. The rate of symptomatic perforations was 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y W Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, NOCERAL, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M K Kwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, NOCERAL, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An actuarial "survivorship" analysis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to define the incidence and cause of surgical revision 5 years after scoliosis surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Data on contemporary revision surgery rates after idiopathic scoliosis surgery beyond the 2 years postoperatively in the adolescent and young adult population are limited. METHODS Patients enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, idiopathic scoliosis surgical registry from 1995 to 2009 were reviewed. Any spine reoperation was defined as a "terminal event." An actuarial survivorship analysis that adjusts for patients lost to follow-up was performed to determine cumulative survival. Time intervals were defined as 0 to <3 months, 3 months to <1 year, 1 to <2 years, 2 to <5 years, and 5 to 10 years. Registry data and radiographs were reviewed and five categories for reoperation assigned: 1) implant failure and/or pseudarthrosis, 2) implant misplacement and/or prominence, 3) wound complication and/or infection, 4) residual deformity and/or progression, and 5) other. RESULTS One thousand four hundred thirty-five patients from 12 sites were included. The majority were female (80%), with major thoracic curves (76% Lenke 1-4), and average age of 15 ± 2 years (10-22) at surgery. Most had posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion (81%). At this time, 75 (5.2%) patients required reoperation. Twenty-two occurred within 3 months postop, 10 more before 1 year, 12 more before 2 years, another 20 by 5 years, and 10 more after 5 years. This corresponded to an actuarial cumulative survival of 98.3% at 3 months, 97.5% at 1 year, 96.6% at 2 years, 93.9% at 5 years, and 89.8% at the final interval (5-10 yrs). CONCLUSION Revisions for scoliosis continue to occur well after 2 years with a 5-year survivorship of 93.9%. Reasons for reoperation are not uniformly distributed over time, with implant-related issues and infection the leading cause for early revision, while late infection was the most common cause after 2 years. Long-term follow-up of these postoperative patients remains important. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Luo M, Li N, Shen M, Xia L. Pedicle screw versus hybrid instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis with emphasis on complications and reoperations. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7337. [PMID: 28682881 PMCID: PMC5502154 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of complications and reoperations between pedicle screw (PS) and hybrid instrumentations (HI) are still controversial in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare overall complications, reoperations, and radiographic outcomes between the 2 constructs. METHODS Strictly followed the PRISMA 2009 guidelines, the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were used to search for literatures up to April 2016, addressing PS versus HI in AIS patients. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was adopted to assess the quality of the studies. Data on complications, reoperations, Cobb angle of major curve, thoracic kyphosis, and proximal junctional measurement were extracted from the included studies. RevMan 5.3 and SPSS 21.0 were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Twenty-four case-control studies with a total of 3042 AIS patients (1582 PS, 1460 HI) were included, consisting of 1 randomized controlled trial, 1 prospective study, and 22 retrospective studies. Decreased overall complications (95% CI 0.42-0.87, P = .007; I = 38%) and reoperations (95% CI 0.22-0.62, P = .0001; I = 0%) were found in PS group compared with HI group. As regard to reasons for reoperations, increased incidence of pseudarthrosis (P = .005), dislodged instrumentation (P = .005), and deep infection (P = .016) occurred in HI group. PS group achieved a better coronal correction (95% CI -7.06 to -4.54, P < .00001; I = 34%), but HI group was more powerful in restoring thoracic kyphosis (95% CI -7.88 to -3.70, P < .00001; I = 60%), and no significant differences were found in proximal junctional measurement (95% CI -0.88 to 1.54, P = .59; I = 0%) between the 2 constructs. CONCLUSION Compared with hybrid instrumentation, pedicle screw construct provides better coronal correction but less thoracic kyphosis restoring, with decreased incidence of overall complications and reoperations in AIS patients. As regard to the pedicle screw construct, the most common reasons for reoperation are malposition, deep infection, pseudarthrosis, and prominent implant.
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Luo M, Wang W, Shen M, Luo X, Xia L. Does higher screw density improve radiographic and clinical outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A systematic review and pooled analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 19:448-457. [PMID: 28156215 DOI: 10.3171/2016.11.peds16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The radiographic and clinical outcomes of low-density (LD) versus high-density (HD) screw constructs in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treated with all-pedicle screw constructs are still controversial. A systematic review and pooled analysis were performed to compare radiographic, perioperative, and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes and complications in patients with moderate AIS treated with LD or HD screw constructs. METHODS The MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for English-language articles addressing LD versus HD screw constructs in AIS patients treated with all-pedicle screw constructs. The division of LD and HD groups was based on relative screw density and screw techniques. This systematic analysis strictly followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and all articles included in the analysis met the criteria specified in the guidelines. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Date on radiographic, perioperative, and QOL outcomes and complications were extracted from the included studies. RESULTS Twelve studies, involving a total of 827 patients (480 treated with LD constructs, 347 with HD), were analyzed-1 randomized controlled trial, 1 quasi-randomized controlled trial, and 10 retrospective studies. The patients' age at surgery, preoperative Cobb angle of the major curve, amount of thoracic kyphosis, and major curve flexibility were reasonably distributed, and no statistically significant differences were found. Regarding the outcomes at most recent follow-up, there were no significant differences in the Cobb angle of the major curve (mean difference 0.96°, 95% CI -0.06° to 1.98°, p = 0.06, I2 = 1%), major curve correction (mean difference -0.72%, 95% CI -2.96% to 1.52%, p = 0.53, I2 = 0%), thoracic kyphosis (mean difference -1.67°, 95% CI -4.59° to 1.25°, p = 0.26, I2 = 79%), complications (odds ratio [OR] 0.66, 95% CI 0.31-1.42, p = 0.29, I2 = 0%), and QOL outcomes. Reduced operative time (mean difference -48.56 minutes, 95% CI -82.69 to -14.43 minutes, p = 0.005, I2 = 87%), blood loss (mean difference -77.85 ml, 95% CI -153.10 to -2.60 ml, p = 0.04, I2 = 0%), and hospital charges (mean difference -$5.92K, 95% CI -$6.59K to -$5.26K, p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%) were found in the LD group, compared with the HD group. CONCLUSIONS LD and HD screw constructs are both associated with satisfactory radiographic and QOL outcomes with few complications. This study supports the use of LD screw constructs for the treatment of moderate AIS, because they resulted in reduced operative time, blood loss, and hospital charges while maintaining radiographic and QOL outcomes and complication rates similar to those achieved with HD screw constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan; and
| | - Wengang Wang
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan; and
| | - Mingkui Shen
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan; and
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xia
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan; and
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Luo M, Wang W, Shen M, Xia L. Anterior versus posterior approach in Lenke 5C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis of fusion segments and radiological outcomes. J Orthop Surg Res 2016; 11:77. [PMID: 27401875 PMCID: PMC4940871 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-016-0415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiological outcomes between anterior and posterior approach in Lenke 5C curves were still controversial. Meta-analysis on published articles to compare fusion segments and radiological outcomes between the two surgical approaches was performed. Methods Electronic database was conducted for searching studies concerning the anterior versus posterior approach in Lenke 5C curves. After quality assessment, data of means, standard deviations, and sample sizes were extracted. RevMan 5.3 was adopted for data analysis. Results Seven case-control studies involving 308 Lenke 5C AIS patients were identified in the meta-analysis. No significant differences were noted in correction rate of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve (95 % CI −6.02 to 4.32, P = 0.75) and incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis (95 % CI 0.12 to 7.19, P = 0.94) of final follow-up, in change values of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve (95 % CI −3.28 to 7.19, P = 0.46) and thoracic kyphosis (95 % CI −4.10 to 0.13, P = 0.07). The anterior approach represented a significant shorter fusion segments compared to posterior approach (95 % CI −1.72 to −0.71, P < 0.00001). The posterior approach obtained a larger increasing Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis than the anterior approach (95 % CI −6.06 to −0.61, P = 0.02). Conclusions The anterior and posterior approach can obtain comparable coronal correction, change values of thoracic kyphosis, and incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis. The anterior approach saves approximate one more fusion segment, and the posterior approach can obtain a larger increasing Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis, from preoperation to final follow-up. Trial registration The article type of this study is meta-analysis and prospective registration is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengang Wang
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkui Shen
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xia
- Institute of Spinal Deformity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
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Rivkin MA, Yocom SS. Thoracolumbar instrumentation with CT-guided navigation (O-arm) in 270 consecutive patients: accuracy rates and lessons learned. Neurosurg Focus 2014; 36:E7. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.1.focus13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Object
Thoracolumbar instrumentation has experienced a dramatic increase in utilization over the last 2 decades. However, pedicle screw fixation remains a challenging undertaking, with suboptimal placement contributing to postoperative pain, neurological deficit, vascular complications, and return to the operating suite. Image-guided spinal surgery has substantially improved the accuracy rates for these procedures. However, it is not without technical challenges and a learning curve for novice operators. The authors present their experience with the O-arm intraoperative imaging system and share the lessons they learned over nearly 5 years.
Methods
The authors performed a retrospective chart review of 270 consecutive patients who underwent thoracolumbar pedicle screw fixation utilizing the O-arm imaging system in conjunction with StealthStation navigation between April 2009 and September 2013 at a single tertiary care center; 266 of the patients underwent CT scanning on postoperative Day 1 to evaluate hardware placement. The CT scans were interpreted prospectively by 3 neuroradiologists as part of standard work flow and retrospectively by 2 neurosurgeons and a senior resident. Pedicle screws were evaluated for breaches according to the 3-tier classification proposed by Mirza et al.
Results
Of 270 patients, 266 (98.5%) were included in the final analysis based on the presence of a postoperative CT scan. Overall, 1651 pedicle screws were placed in 266 patients and yielded a 5.3% breach rate; 213 thoracic and 1438 lumbosacral pedicle screws were inserted with 6.6% and 5.1% breach rates, respectively. Of the 87 suboptimally placed screws, there were 13 Grade 1, 16 Grade 2, and 12 Grade 3 misses as well as 46 anterolateral or “tip-out” perforations at L-5. Four patients (1.5%) required a return to the operating room for pedicle screw revision, 2 of whom experienced transient radicular symptoms and 2 remained asymptomatic. Interestingly, the pedicle breach rate was higher than anticipated at 13.21% for the 30 patients over the initial 6-month period with the O-arm. After certain modifications to the authors' technique, the subsequent 30 patients experienced a statistically significant decrease in breach rate at 5.6% (p = 0.014).
Conclusions
Image-guided spinal surgery can be a great option in the operating room and provides high pedicle screw accuracy rates. With numerous systems commercially available, it is important to develop a systematic approach regardless of the technology in question. There is a learning curve for surgeons unfamiliar with image guidance that should be recognized and appreciated when transitioning to navigation-assisted spinal surgery. In fact, the authors' experience with a large patient cohort suggests that this learning curve may be more significant than previously reported.
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