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Lou Z, Jiang Y, Jiang K, Zhu J, Lai L, Huang Z, Zhu J. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid use in elderly patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a retrospective study. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241285661. [PMID: 39340253 PMCID: PMC11445765 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241285661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) administration in anterior cervical discectomy fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical spondylosis in the elderly. METHODS Data from elderly patients who underwent ACDF between January 2020 and January 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who received 1 g intravenous TXA administration before skin incision (TXA group) were compared with patients who did not receive TXA (controls). Total and hidden blood loss were calculated, and the following outcomes were recorded: haemoglobin and haematocrit drop, operation time, drainage duration, drain volume, length of hospitalization, coagulation changes, and incidence of complications. RESULTS A total of 114 patients were included (TXA group, n = 53 and controls, n = 61). Total blood loss, hidden blood loss, and postoperative drainage volume, haemoglobin and haematocrit drop were significantly lower in the TXA group than the control group. There were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, drainage duration, length of hospitalization, or coagulation function between the two groups. The incidence of complications did not differ significantly between the two groups during 3 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous TXA is effective in reducing perioperative blood loss in elderly patients undergoing ACDF without changing the coagulation function or increasing the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Lou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kanling Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieyang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Lai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
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Li S, Zhong L, Li S, Du L. Percutaneous Endoscopic Suprapedicular Decompression in the Treatment of Down-Migrated Lumbar DiscHerniation. World Neurosurg 2024; 187:e465-e471. [PMID: 38679372 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic suprapedicular decompression in treatment of down-migrated lumbar disc herniation. METHODS The clinical data of 43 patients with down-migrated lumbar disc herniation treated with endoscopic surgery at our hospital between January 2022 and January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty-two and 21 patients underwent percutaneous endoscopic decompression using the suprapedicular and transforaminal endoscopic surgical system approaches, respectively. The perioperative, follow-up, and imaging data of the groups were compared. RESULTS Surgery was uneventful in both groups. The number of intraoperative fluoroscopies and duration of surgery were significantly lower in the suprapedicular group (P < 0.05). The patients in both groups were followed up for at least 12 months. At the last follow-up, lumbar pain and leg pain visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores were significantly improved in both groups compared with preoperative values (P < 0.05); the differences in these indexes between the 2 groups were not significant preoperatively (P > 0.05). However, at the last postoperative follow-up, lumbar pain visual analog scale scores were significantly better in the suprapedicular group (0.83 ± 0.85 vs. 2.54 ± 1.32, P < 0.05). There was no significant change in intervertebral space height or lumbar lordotic angle compared with preoperative values in either group at the last follow-up (P > 0.05). However, the spinal canal cross-sectional area significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The treatment of down-migrated lumbar disc herniation via a suprapedicular approach enabled the incision of the superior margin of the pedicle as needed under direct vision, involved less fluoroscopy while preserving facet joint stability, and enabled targeted removal of the herniated nucleus pulposus, thus greatly reducing residual nucleus pulposus. This surgical procedure was safe, rapid, and showed satisfactory therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Ganzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Liangyu Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Ganzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Shijia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Ganzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lanxiang Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Ganzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
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Zhao W, Qin S, Wang Q, Chen Y, Liu K, Xin P, Lang N. Assessment of Hidden Blood Loss in Spinal Metastasis Surgery: A Comprehensive Approach with MRI-Based Radiomics Models. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:2023-2032. [PMID: 37578031 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing surgery for spinal metastasis are predisposed to hidden blood loss (HBL), which is associated with poor surgical outcomes but unpredictable. PURPOSE To evaluate the role of MRI-based radiomics models for assess the risk of HBL in patients undergoing spinal metastasis surgery. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. SUBJECTS 202 patients (42.6% female) operated on for spinal metastasis with a mean age of 58 ± 11 years were divided into a training (n = 162) and a validation cohort (n = 40). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 1.5T or 3.0T scanners. Sagittal T1-weighted and fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging sequences. ASSESSMENT HBL was calculated using the Gross formula. Patients were classified as low and high HBL group, with 1000 mL as the threshold. Radiomics models were constructed with radiomics features. The radiomics score (Radscore) was obtained from the optimal radiomics model. Clinical variables were accessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Independent risk variables were used to build a clinical model. Clinical variables combined with Radscore were used to establish a combined model. STATISTICAL TESTS Predictive performance was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score. Calibration curves and decision curves analyses were produced to evaluate the accuracy and clinical utility. RESULTS Among the radiomics models, the fusion (T1WI + FS-T2WI) model demonstrated the highest predictive efficacy (AUC: 0.744, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.576-0.914). The Radscore model (AUC: 0.809, 95% CI: 0.664-0.954) performs slightly better than the clinical model (AUC: 0.721, 95% CI: 0.524-0.918; P = 0.418) and the combined model (AUC: 0.752, 95% CI: 0.593-0.911; P = 0.178). DATA CONCLUSION A radiomics model may serve as a promising assessment tool for the risk of HBL in patients undergoing spinal metastasis surgery, and guide perioperative planning to improve surgical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qizheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongye Chen
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peijin Xin
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhuang H, Li J, Guo S, An N, Fan Z, Tan H, Lin J, Su N, Yang Y, Fei Q, Meng H. Hidden blood loss in three different endoscopic spinal procedures for lumbar disc herniation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:655-659. [PMID: 38333318 PMCID: PMC10849457 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study compared hidden blood loss (HBL) among three different endoscopic spinal procedures and investigated its risk factors. Patients and methods This single-centre retrospective analysis collected data from consecutive hospitalized patients with single-segment lumbar disc herniation (LDH) undergoing unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy (UBE), percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD), or percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) from December 2020 to October 2022. HBL was calculated using Nadler's and Gross's formulas. The authors used Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis to explore the relationship between patient characteristics and HBL. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for HBL. Results In total, 122 consecutive patients (68 females and 54 males) were enroled in this study. The average HBL was 381.87±218.01 ml in the UBE group, 252.05±118.44 ml in the PETD group and 229.63±143.9 ml in the PEID group (P<0.05). Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis showed that operative time, preoperative haemoglobin, preoperative haematocrit, and preoperative Albumin (ALB) were correlated with HBL in the UBE group, while sex, age, operative time, postoperative ALB, and patients' blood volume (PBV) were related to HBL in the PETD group (P<0.05). Operative time and preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time were related to HBL in the PEID group (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between HBL and operative time in all three groups (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.05). Conclusion HBL was higher in the UBE group than in the PETD and PEID groups, and operative time may be a common risk factor for the three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Fei
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, China
| | - Hai Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, China
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Liang H, Zhao X, Wang L, Li J, Shen Y. Risk factors for perioperative hidden blood loss after one-segment posterior circumferential decompression surgery on thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a finding of the double-layer sign on CT. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:223. [PMID: 36964520 PMCID: PMC10037783 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidden blood loss (HBL) is of increasing interest to spine surgeons. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate perioperative HBL and its risk factors in patients undergoing one-segment posterior circumferential decompression surgery on thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (T-OPLL). METHOD We retrospectively studied 112 patients diagnosed with T-OPLL following posterior circumferential decompression surgery from August 2015 to June 2020. Patient demographics, blood loss-related parameters, surgery-related data and imaging parameters were extracted. Postoperative complications were also recorded. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between patient demographics and HBL. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors associated with HBL. RESULTS Forty-five men and 67 women were involved in this research, with an average age of 56.4 ± 10.2 years. The mean HBL was 459.6 ± 275.4 ml, accounting for 56.5% of the total blood loss. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that double-layer sign (P = 0.000), ossification occupancy ratio (OOR) > 60% (P = 0.030), age (P = 0.010), hematocrit (Hct) loss (P = 0.034), and postoperative Hct (P = 0.016) were independent risk factors for HBL. However, OPLL morphology (P = 0.319), operation time (P = 0.587), hemoglobin (Hb) loss (P = 0.644), and postoperative Hb (P = 0.952) were not significantly different from HBL. CONCLUSION A high proportion of HBL was found after posterior circumferential decompression surgery on T-OPLL during the perioperative period, which should not be overlooked. Double-layer sign, OOR > 60%, age, Hct loss and postoperative Hct are independent risk factors for HBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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Dai Z, Feng DP, Wu KL, Zhu JY, Li ZW. Hidden blood loss of minimally invasive hybrid lumbar interbody fusion: an analysis of influencing factors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:1099. [PMID: 36522729 PMCID: PMC9753421 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-06079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar interbody fusion(LIF) is the leading way to treat Lumbar Degenerative Diseases(LDD). At present, there is a lack of research on the influencing factors of hidden blood loss in minimally invasive hybrid lumbar interbody fusion. This study comprehensively explores the definite factors affecting the hidden blood loss in minimally invasive hybrid lumbar interbody fusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred patients with Lumbar degenerative diseases who underwent minimally invasive hybrid lumbar interbody fusion in our center were included. Demographics, laboratory data, surgical data, and radiographic data were collected. The Gross equation and Sehat equation were used to calculate the estimated value of hidden blood loss. Multi-factor linear regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of hidden blood loss. RESULT We reviewed and collected 100 patients who underwent minimally invasive hybrid approach, mean age 65 ± 10 years, male: female 37:63; 17 patients of diabetes and 83 patients of non-diabetes; Total blood loss was 645.59 ± 376.37 ml, hidden blood loss was 421.39 ± 337.45 ml, the hidden blood loss percentage was 57 ± 26%. Results from the multi-factorial linear regression model: Diabetes (p < 0.05), hypertension (p < 0.05), psoas thickness (p < 0.05) and dorsal extensor group thickness (p < 0.05) were potential risk factors for postoperative hidden blood loss. CONCLUSION Although minimally invasive hybrid approach is minimally invasive surgery, there is still a significant amount of hidden blood loss. There is a greater risk of blood loss in diabetes, hypertension and preoperative MRI assessment of thickness of the psoas, thickness of the dorsal extensor group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Dai
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426The Second Affliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467# ZhongShan Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Peng Feng
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426The Second Affliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467# ZhongShan Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Long Wu
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426The Second Affliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467# ZhongShan Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang Zhu
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426The Second Affliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467# ZhongShan Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wei Li
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426The Second Affliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467# ZhongShan Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
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Yang B, Gao L, Wang X, Wei J, Xia B, Liu X, Zheng P. Application of supervised machine learning algorithms to predict the risk of hidden blood loss during the perioperative period in thoracolumbar burst fracture patients complicated with neurological compromise. Front Public Health 2022; 10:969919. [PMID: 36225767 PMCID: PMC9549349 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.969919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Machine learning (ML) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) and has been utilized in clinical research and practice to construct high-performing prediction models. Hidden blood loss (HBL) is prevalent during the perioperative period of spinal treatment and might result in a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to develop a ML-based model for identifying perioperative HBL-related risk factors in patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture (TBF). Methods In this study, single-central TBF patients were chosen. The medical information on patients, including clinical characteristics, laboratory indicators, and surgery-related parameters, was extracted. After comparing various ML model algorithms, we selected the best model with high performance. The model was validated using the internal validation set before performing recursive feature elimination (RFE) to determine the importance of HBL-related risk factors. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve, accuracy (ACC), sensitivity, and specificity were reported as critical model measures for evaluating predictive performance. Results In this study, 62 (38.5%) of the 161 TBF patients were positive for HBL. There was a significant statistical difference in age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, Beta (percentage of vertebral restoration), duration of operation, and other pre-operative laboratory indicators between the HBL-positive and HBL-negative groups. Nine ML-based models were built and validated, with the Random Forest model having the greatest AUC in both the training set (0.905) and internal validation set (0.864). Furthermore, following RFE, age, duration of operation, Beta, pre-operative fibrinogen (Fib), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were identified as the five main important risk factors in patients with TBF during the perioperative period. Conclusion In this study, we built and validated ML algorithms for an individualized prediction of HBL-related risk factors in the perioperative period of TBF. The importance of HBL-related risk factors could be determined, which contributes to clinicians' decision-making and improves perioperative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoji City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Spine, School of Medicine, The Honghui-Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoji City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Jianmin Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoji City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoji City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Xiangwei Liu
- Department of Spine, School of Medicine, The Honghui-Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Peng Zheng
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Li S, A L. The hidden blood loss and its factors in patients undergoing minimally invasive knee arthroscopy. Front Surg 2022; 9:944481. [PMID: 36111226 PMCID: PMC9468242 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.944481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With respect to knee arthroscopy, assessing the amount of hidden blood loss is of great importance to avoid potential complications such as fever, anemia, difficulty in wound healing and wound infection. The current study aims to investigate the hidden blood loss and its factors in patients who underwent minimally invasive knee arthroscopy. Methods Consecutive patients with knee joint injury, who underwent arthroscopic minimally invasive treatment, were enrolled from January 2019 to November 2020 and were retrospectively studied. Demographic information on these patients, such as medical history and biochemical parameters, was collected. The hidden blood loss was calculated. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to confirm independent factors associated with hidden blood loss. Results Finally, a total of 100 patients aged 44.78 ± 13.67 (range 17–66) years were reviewed, and it was found that a substantial amount of [387.02 ± 252.56 (range 18.89–1130.06) ml] hidden blood loss occurred after minimally invasive knee arthroscopy. Univariate analysis showed that this hidden blood loss was negatively correlated with age, gender, postoperative hemoglobin, and postoperative hematocrit (all P < 0.05), while it was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), length of hospital stay, preoperative red blood cells, preoperative hemoglobin, preoperative hematocrit, blood volume, and the presence of medical conditions (all P < 0.05). Further multivariate linear regression indicated that preoperative hematocrit, blood volume, and postoperative hematocrit were independent factors associated with actual blood loss, and preoperative hematocrit, blood volume, postoperative hematocrit, and gender were independent factors associated with hidden blood loss, respectively (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Preoperative hematocrit, preoperative blood volume, postoperative hematocrit, and gender are the influencing factors of hidden blood loss in patients undergoing minimally invasive treatment under knee arthroscopy. More attention should be paid to hidden blood loss and its factors during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Shenyang Hand Foot Clinical Research Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang A
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Shenyang Hand Foot Clinical Research Center, Shenyang, China
- Correspondence: Liang A
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