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Kallamadi PR, Esari D, Addi UR, Kesavan R, Putcha UK, Nagini S, Reddy GB. Obesity Associated with Prediabetes Increases the Risk of Breast Cancer Development and Progression-A Study on an Obese Rat Model with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11441. [PMID: 37511200 PMCID: PMC10380482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with comorbidities of obesity and diabetes are recognized to be at high risk of breast cancer development and face worse breast cancer outcomes. Though several reports showed the reinforced link between obesity, diabetes, and prediabetes with breast cancer, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular link between increased risks of breast cancer due to coincident diabetes or obesity using a spontaneous obese rat model with impaired glucose tolerance (WNIN/GR-Ob rat). A single dose of solubilized DMBA suspension (40 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to the animals at the age of 60 days to induce breast tumors. The tumor incidence, latency period, tumor frequency, and tumor volume were measured. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting were performed to evaluate the tumor morphology and expression levels of signal molecules. The development of mammary tumors in GR-Ob rats was characterized by early onset and shorter latency periods compared to control lean rats. While 62% of obese rats developed breast tumors, tumor development in lean rats was only 21%. Overexpression of ER, PR, Ki67, and p53 markers was observed in tumor tissues of obese rats in comparison with lean rats. The levels of the hallmarks of cell proliferation and angiogenesis involved in IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway molecules were upregulated in obese rat breast tumors compared to lean rats. Furthermore, obesity with prediabetes is associated with changes in IGF-1 signaling and acts on PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling, which results in rapid cell proliferation and development of breast tumors in obese rats than the lean rats. These results indicate that tumor onset and development were faster in spontaneous obese rat models with impaired glucose tolerance than in their lean counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepshika Esari
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Rushendhiran Kesavan
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Children Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalinagar 608002, India
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Kurhaluk N, Tkachenko H. Effects of melatonin and metformin in preventing lysosome-induced autophagy and oxidative stress in rat models of carcinogenesis and the impact of high-fat diet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4998. [PMID: 35322049 PMCID: PMC8943031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalanced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance remain important as high cancer risk factors. Metformin administration to diabetic patients may be associated with a reduced risk of malignancy. The combined effects of the hormone melatonin and metformin in oncology practice have shown positive results. The relevance of our study is to find out the role of specific biomarkers of lysosome destruction and oxidative stress data in carcinogenesis models. The present study was designed to investigate the comparative synergic effect of peroral antidiabetic metformin (MF) and pineal hormone melatonin (MEL) administered alone and in combination in two different rat’s models of mammary tumour proliferation in vivo (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, NMU or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, DMBA). We have studied the processes of lysosomal destruction (alanyl aminopeptidase AAP, leucyl aminopeptidase LAP, acid phosphatase AcP, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase NAG, β-galactosidase β-GD and β-glucuronidase β-GR) caused by evaluated oxidative stress in three types of tissues (liver, heart, and spleen) in female Sprague–Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet (10% of total fat: 2.5% from lard and 7.5% from palm olein). Our results revealed an increase in the activity of the studied lysosomal enzymes and their expression in a tissue-specific manner depending on the type of chemical agent (NMU or DMBA). MANOVA tests in our study confirmed the influence of the three main factors, type of tissue, chemical impact, and chemopreventive agents, and the combinations of these factors on the lysosomal activity induced during the process of cancerogenesis. The development and induction of the carcinogenesis process in the different rat models with the high-fat diet impact were also accompanied by initiation of free-radical oxidation processes, which we studied at the initial (estimated by the level of diene conjugates) and final (TBARS products) stages of this process. The combined effects of MEL and MF for the two models of carcinogenesis at high-fat diet impact for AAP, LAP, and AcP showed a significant synergistic effect when they impact together when compared with the effects of one substance alone (either MEL or MF) in the breast cancer model experiments. Synergistic effects of limiting destructive processes of lysosomal functioning β-GD enzyme activity we obtained in experiments with MEL and MF chemoprevention for both models of carcinogenesis for three tissues. The statistical SS test allowed us to draw the following conclusions on the role of each lysosomal parameter analyzed as an integral model: NAG > AcP > β-GD > β-GR > AAP > LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str., 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland.
| | - Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str., 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
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Shih YH, Chiu KC, Wang TH, Lan WC, Tsai BH, Wu LJ, Hsia SM, Shieh TM. Effects of melatonin to arecoline-induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:668-678. [PMID: 32800657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Arecoline, the major alkaloid of areca nut, is known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage during oral cancer progression. This study aim to evaluate whether melatonin, an antioxidant, supported or repressed the arecoline-induced carcinogenesis phenotypes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS The cytotoxicity of arecoline or melatonin treatment alone and their co-treatment in the OSCC cell line OEC-M1 were analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cell cycle, cell death, and total ROS production were analyzed using flow cytometer. The protein expression was determined using western blot analysis. The genotoxicity and mutation rate were determined using micronucleus assay and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) forward mutation assay, respectively, in CHO-K1 cells. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) promoter activity and DNA repair ability were determined through reporter assay. RESULTS The result showed that both the arecoline and melatonin induced ROS production and antioxidant enzymes expression. Melatonin treatment enhanced arecoline-induced ROS production, cytotoxicity, G2/M phase arrest, and cell apoptosis in OSCC cells. On the other hand, melatonin treatment activated DNA repair activity to reverse arecoline-induced DNA damage and mutation. CONCLUSION These results indicated that melatonin is a potential chemopreventive agent for betel quid chewers to prevent OSCC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and Family Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-He Tsai
- Department of Oral Hygiene, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jia Wu
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Zaki NFW, Sabri YM, Farouk O, Abdelfatah A, Spence DW, Bahammam AS, Pandi-Perumal SR. Depressive Symptoms, Sleep Profiles and Serum Melatonin Levels in a Sample of Breast Cancer Patients. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:135-149. [PMID: 32104121 PMCID: PMC7025675 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s206768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronobiological changes have been detected in various physiological functions of patients with breast cancer, suggesting dysregulation in the pineal gland and melatonin secretion. This study aimed to assess and measure serum melatonin levels pre- and postoperatively in patients who had been diagnosed for the first time with breast cancer. METHODS A sample of first-time breast cancer patients, consisting of 45 women aged 25-65 years, was evaluated and psychometric assessment was completed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Insomnia Severity Index (White, Weinberg et al) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Cardoso, Spence et al). The Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) was used to assess the chronotype. Serum melatonin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Morning and moderately morning chronotypes were prevalent among the sample (25%, 45.8%, respectively). The finding of a mean BDI score of 13.5±11.2 indicated that depressive symptoms were prevalent among the sample. Despite the finding that a mean of the participants apparently had no symptoms of daytime sleepiness (the mean and standard deviations of the ESS were 7.5±4.4), scores on the ISI (a mean of 16.7±SD 7.3) indicated that insomnia symptoms were prevalent in the sample. Melatonin levels showed an inverse relationship with insomnia severity as measured by the ISI and depression severity, as assessed by the BDI. The postoperative melatonin levels were higher than the preoperative levels. Additionally, the psychometric profile differed among various pathological types of breast cancer according to their hormone receptor profile. CONCLUSION Serum melatonin levels correlated significantly with self-reported sleep quality and psychometric profiles of depression in the present sample of breast cancer patients. The melatonin assay, which is relatively easy to carry out, provided a convenient, objective measure of an important biological correlate of sleep quality and depression. This assay thus represented a confirmatory alternative to the self-report instruments, which may sometimes be unreliable. Future studies should further evaluate the utility of melatonin measures in psychiatric and sleep complaints of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin FW Zaki
- Sleep Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yomna M Sabri
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omar Farouk
- Mansoura University Oncology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdelfatah
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed S Bahammam
- University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Samuel SM, Varghese E, Kubatka P, Triggle CR, Büsselberg D. Metformin: The Answer to Cancer in a Flower? Current Knowledge and Future Prospects of Metformin as an Anti-Cancer Agent in Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120846. [PMID: 31835318 PMCID: PMC6995629 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest has grown in studying the possible use of well-known anti-diabetic drugs as anti-cancer agents individually or in combination with, frequently used, chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation, owing to the fact that diabetes heightens the risk, incidence, and rapid progression of cancers, including breast cancer, in an individual. In this regard, metformin (1, 1-dimethylbiguanide), well known as ‘Glucophage’ among diabetics, was reported to be cancer preventive while also being a potent anti-proliferative and anti-cancer agent. While meta-analysis studies reported a lower risk and incidence of breast cancer among diabetic individuals on a metformin treatment regimen, several in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies reported the efficacy of using metformin individually as an anti-cancer/anti-tumor agent or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation in the treatment of different forms of breast cancer. However, unanswered questions remain with regards to areas such as cancer treatment specific therapeutic dosing of metformin, specificity to cancer cells at high concentrations, resistance to metformin therapy, efficacy of combinatory therapeutic approaches, post-therapeutic relapse of the disease, and efficacy in cancer prevention in non-diabetic individuals. In the current article, we discuss the biology of metformin and its molecular mechanism of action, the existing cellular, pre-clinical, and clinical studies that have tested the anti-tumor potential of metformin as a potential anti-cancer/anti-tumor agent in breast cancer therapy, and outline the future prospects and directions for a better understanding and re-purposing of metformin as an anti-cancer drug in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (D.B.); Tel.: +974-4492-8269 (S.M.S.); +974-4492-8334 (D.B.); Fax: +974-4492-8333 (S.M.S.); +974-4492-8333 (D.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Chris R. Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
- Correspondence: (S.M.S.); (D.B.); Tel.: +974-4492-8269 (S.M.S.); +974-4492-8334 (D.B.); Fax: +974-4492-8333 (S.M.S.); +974-4492-8333 (D.B.)
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Effects of Hexane Root Extract of Ferula hermonis Boiss. on Human Breast and Colon Cancer Cells: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3079895. [PMID: 31380416 PMCID: PMC6662478 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3079895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast and colon cancers are leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Plants are a potential source of natural products that may be used for the treatment of cancer. Ferula hermonis (FH) is reported to have diverse therapeutic effects. However, there are few reports on the in vitro anticancer potential of FH extract. Our results showed that the Ferula hermonis root hexane extract (FHRH) can induce dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in breast and colon cancer cells with MTT IC50 values of 18.2 and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The FHRH extract induced apoptosis in both breast and colon cancer cells; this was confirmed by light and nuclear staining, q-PCR, and caspase 3/7 activation. This study also demonstrated the antitumor activity of FHRH in 9,10-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene DMBA-induced rodent mammary tumor model. The GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 3,5-Dimethylbenzenemethanol, Alpha-Bisabolol, Alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene, and Baccatin III that have various pharmacological potentials. Overall, the present study suggests that FHRH extract possesses anticancer potential which is mediated through apoptotic effects in MDA-MB-231 and LoVo cells. The present study also considered a basis for further investigations into the potential use of FHRH extract as an anticancer therapy for breast and colon cancers.
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7
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Metformin in breast cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Curr Probl Cancer 2019; 44:100488. [PMID: 31235186 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, a well-acknowledged biguanide, safety profile and multiaction drug with low cost for management of type 2 diabetes, makes a first-class candidate for repurposing. The off-patent drug draws huge attention for repositioned for anticancer drug delivery recently. Still few unanswered questions are challenging, among them one leading question; can metformin use as a generic therapy for all breast cancer subtypes? And is metformin able to get over the problem of drug resistance? The review focused on the mechanisms of metformin action specifically for breast cancer therapy and overcoming the resistance; also discusses preclinical and ongoing and completed clinical trials. The existing limitation such as therapeutic dose specifically for cancer treatment, resistance of metformin in breast cancer and organic cation transporters heterogeneity of the drug opens up a new pathway for improved understanding and successful application as repurposed effective chemotherapeutics for breast cancer. However, much more additional research is needed to confirm the accurate efficacy of metformin treatment for prevention of cancer and its recurrence.
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Bojková B, Kajo K, Kubatka P, Solár P, Péč M, Adamkov M. Metformin and melatonin improve histopathological outcome of NMU-induced mammary tumors in rats. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:722-729. [PMID: 30642742 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous reports showed inhibition of carcinogenesis after metformin (MF) and melatonin (MEL) administration. However, most in vivo studies used standard diet type, with relatively low fat content. As increase in fat intake may have a considerable impact on malignant transformation, we evaluated the effects of these two substances in a model of mammary carcinogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet (10%). METHODS Mammary tumors were induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) in female rats of sensitive Sprague-Dawley strain. MF was administered in a diet (0.2%), MEL was administered in drinking water (20 mg/L). The chemoprevention was initiated 12 days prior to tumor initiation, both substances were administered through the termination of the experiment on 16th week after carcinogen application. Analysis of basic parameters of tumor growth, histopathological profile, and serum IGF-1 level were performed together with immunohistochemical detection of Ki67 (proliferation marker) and caspase-3 and BCL-2 (apoptosis markers) in mammary cancer cells. RESULTS Although neither tumor incidence nor frequency were changed after MF and/or MEL administration, MF and MEL decreased high-grade/low-grade (HG/LG) tumor ratio. MEL decreased proliferation in mammary cancer cells; positive correlations between histological grade and Ki67 expressions were found after single administration of both MF and MEL. Serum IGF-1 levels were reduced to the level of intact rats in all groups receiving chemoprevention. CONCLUSIONS MF and MEL administration did not inhibit growth of NMU-induced mammary tumors in rats in a significant manner but both substances ameliorated tumor histopathological profile. Surprisingly, combined treatment had no such effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Bojková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárová 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Karol Kajo
- St. Elisabeth Oncology Institute, Heydukova 10, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovak Republic; Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Péč
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Marián Adamkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovak Republic
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Bojková B, Kubatka P, Qaradakhi T, Zulli A, Kajo K. Melatonin May Increase Anticancer Potential of Pleiotropic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3910. [PMID: 30563247 PMCID: PMC6320927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is not only a pineal hormone, but also an ubiquitary molecule present in plants and part of our diet. Numerous preclinical and some clinical reports pointed to its multiple beneficial effects including oncostatic properties, and as such, it has become one of the most aspiring goals in cancer prevention/therapy. A link between cancer and inflammation and/or metabolic disorders has been well established and the therapy of these conditions with so-called pleiotropic drugs, which include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins and peroral antidiabetics, modulates a cancer risk too. Adjuvant therapy with melatonin may improve the oncostatic potential of these drugs. Results from preclinical studies are limited though support this hypothesis, which, however, remains to be verified by further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Bojková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárová 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
- Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Karol Kajo
- St. Elisabeth Oncology Institute, Heydukova 10, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Giles ED, Jindal S, Wellberg EA, Schedin T, Anderson SM, Thor AD, Edwards DP, MacLean PS, Schedin P. Metformin inhibits stromal aromatase expression and tumor progression in a rodent model of postmenopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:50. [PMID: 29898754 PMCID: PMC6000949 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type II diabetes are linked to increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Patients treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have reduced breast cancer risk, a greater pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant therapy, and improved breast cancer survival. We hypothesized that metformin may be especially effective when targeted to the menopausal transition, as this is a lifecycle window when weight gain and metabolic syndrome increase, and is also when the risk for obesity-related breast cancer increases. METHODS Here, we used an 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumor rat model of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin administration on metabolic and tumor endpoints. In this model, ovariectomy (OVX) induces rapid weight gain, and an impaired whole-body response to excess calories contributes to increased tumor glucose uptake and increased tumor proliferation. Metformin treatment was initiated in tumor-bearing animals immediately prior to OVX and maintained for the duration of the study. RESULTS Metformin decreased the size of existing mammary tumors and inhibited new tumor formation without changing body weight or adiposity. Decreased lipid accumulation in the livers of metformin-treated animals supports the ability of metformin to improve overall metabolic health. We also found a decrease in the number of aromatase-positive, CD68-positive macrophages within the tumor microenvironment, suggesting that metformin targets the immune microenvironment in addition to improving whole-body metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that peri-menopause/menopause represents a unique window of time during which metformin may be highly effective in women with established, or at high risk for developing, breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd; 2253 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mailing Code: L215, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Troy Schedin
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ann D Thor
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mailing Code: L215, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 1130 NW 22nd Ave #100, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Kurhaluk N, Bojková B, Winklewski PJ. Liver antioxidant and aerobic status improves after metformin and melatonin administration in a rat model of high-fat diet and mammary carcinogenesis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:790-797. [PMID: 29658305 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of various cancers. In the present study, the effect of long-term administration of peroral antidiabetic metformin and pineal hormone melatonin on liver antioxidant and aerobic status in female Sprague-Dawley rats carrying mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was evaluated. Both substances were administered in a preventive and curative manner (12 days before and 16 weeks after the carcinogen application). Carcinogen administration induced oxidative stress: the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) considered as a marker of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in liver increased as well as the level of oxidatively modified protein content (OMP; aldehyde and ketone derivates). Metformin administration restored succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity and associated ROS production and OMP content to the level of intact rats, with predominant activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). Melatonin alone and in combination with metformin also decreased TBARS content. OMP content decreased in all groups receiving chemoprevention. The rise in total antioxidant capacity after melatonin and particularly metformin and melatonin combination might result from the initiation of anaerobic metabolism and increasing SOD, GR, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Long-term administration of metformin and melatonin exerts antioxidant properties in liver, especially in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- a Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Environment Protection, Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Bianka Bojková
- b Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- c Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,d Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
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González-González A, Mediavilla MD, Sánchez-Barceló EJ. Melatonin: A Molecule for Reducing Breast Cancer Risk. Molecules 2018; 23:E336. [PMID: 29415446 PMCID: PMC6017232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to review the basis supporting the usefulness of melatonin as an adjuvant therapy for breast cancer (BC) prevention in several groups of individuals at high risk for this disease. Melatonin, as a result of its antiestrogenic and antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects of conventional antiestrogens, could safely be associated with the antiestrogenic drugs presently in use. In individuals at risk of BC due to night shift work, the light-induced inhibition of melatonin secretion, with the consequent loss of its antiestrogenic effects, would be countered by administering this neurohormone. BC risk from exposure to metalloestrogens, such as cadmium, could be treated with melatonin supplements to individuals at risk of BC due to exposure to this xenoestrogen. The BC risk related to obesity may be reduced by melatonin which decrease body fat mass, inhibits the enhanced aromatase expression in obese women, increases adiponectin secretion, counteracts the oncogenic effects of elevated concentrations of leptin; and decreases blood glucose levels and insulin resistance. Despite compelling experimental evidence of melatonin's oncostatic actions being susceptible to lowering BC risk, there is still a paucity of clinical trials focused on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia González-González
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicina, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Mediavilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicina, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
| | - Emilio J Sánchez-Barceló
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicina, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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