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Saleh T, Bloukh S, Hasan M, Al Shboul S. Therapy-induced senescence as a component of tumor biology: Evidence from clinical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188994. [PMID: 37806641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS) is an established response to anticancer therapy in a variety of cancer models. Ample evidence has characterized the triggers, hallmarks, and functional outcomes of TIS in preclinical studies; however, limited evidence delineates TIS in clinical cancer (human tumor samples). We examined the literature that investigated the induction of TIS in samples derived from human cancers and highlighted the major findings that suggested that TIS represents a main constituent of tumor biology. The most frequently utilized approach to identify TIS in human cancers was to investigate the protein expression of senescence-associated markers (such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, Ki67, DNA damage repair response markers, DEC1, and DcR1) via immunohistochemical techniques using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and/or testing the upregulation of Senescence-Associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in frozen sections of unfixed tumor samples. Collectively, and in studies where the extent of TIS was determined, TIS was detected in 31-66% of tumors exposed to various forms of chemotherapy. Moreover, TIS was not only limited to both malignant and non-malignant components of tumoral tissue but was also identified in samples of normal (non-transformed) tissue upon chemo- or radiotherapy exposure. Nevertheless, the available evidence continues to be limited and requires a more rigorous assessment of in vivo senescence based on novel approaches and more reliable molecular signatures. The accurate assessment of TIS will be beneficial for determining its relevant contribution to the overall outcome of cancer therapy and the potential translatability of senotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mira Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - Sofian Al Shboul
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
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Zhao B, Wu B, Feng N, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wei Y, Zhang W. Aging microenvironment and antitumor immunity for geriatric oncology: the landscape and future implications. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 36945046 PMCID: PMC10032017 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been extensively investigated; however, it is complex and remains unclear, especially in elderly patients. Senescence is a cellular response to a variety of stress signals, which is characterized by stable arrest of the cell cycle and major changes in cell morphology and physiology. To the best of our knowledge, senescence leads to consistent arrest of tumor cells and remodeling of the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) by activating a set of pleiotropic cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteinases, which constitute the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). On the one hand, the SASP promotes antitumor immunity, which enhances treatment efficacy; on the other hand, the SASP increases immunosuppressive cell infiltration, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), M2 macrophages, and N2 neutrophils, contributing to TIME suppression. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the regulation of the SASP and components contributing to robust antitumor immunity in elderly individuals with different cancer types and the available therapies is necessary to control tumor cell senescence and provide greater clinical benefits to patients. In this review, we summarize the key biological functions mediated by cytokines and intercellular interactions and significant components of the TME landscape, which influence the immunotherapy response in geriatric oncology. Furthermore, we summarize recent advances in clinical practices targeting TME components and discuss potential senescent TME targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Extrachromosomal circular DNA: biogenesis, structure, functions and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:342. [PMID: 36184613 PMCID: PMC9527254 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), ranging in size from tens to millions of base pairs, is independent of conventional chromosomes. Recently, eccDNAs have been considered an unanticipated major source of somatic rearrangements, contributing to genomic remodeling through chimeric circularization and reintegration of circular DNA into the linear genome. In addition, the origin of eccDNA is considered to be associated with essential chromatin-related events, including the formation of super-enhancers and DNA repair machineries. Moreover, our understanding of the properties and functions of eccDNA has continuously and greatly expanded. Emerging investigations demonstrate that eccDNAs serve as multifunctional molecules in various organisms during diversified biological processes, such as epigenetic remodeling, telomere trimming, and the regulation of canonical signaling pathways. Importantly, its special distribution potentiates eccDNA as a measurable biomarker in many diseases, especially cancers. The loss of eccDNA homeostasis facilitates tumor initiation, malignant progression, and heterogeneous evolution in many cancers. An in-depth understanding of eccDNA provides novel insights for precision cancer treatment. In this review, we summarized the discovery history of eccDNA, discussed the biogenesis, characteristics, and functions of eccDNA. Moreover, we emphasized the role of eccDNA during tumor pathogenesis and malignant evolution. Therapeutically, we summarized potential clinical applications that target aberrant eccDNA in multiple diseases.
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Abstract
Senescence is a cellular response to a variety of stress signals that is characterized by a stable withdrawal from the cell cycle and major changes in cell morphology and physiology. While most research on senescence has been performed on non-cancer cells, it is evident that cancer cells can also mount a senescence response. In this Review, we discuss how senescence can be induced in cancer cells. We describe the distinctive features of senescent cancer cells and how these changes in cellular physiology might be exploited for the selective eradication of these cells (senolysis). We discuss activation of the host immune system as a particularly attractive way to clear senescent cancer cells. Finally, we consider the challenges and opportunities provided by a 'one-two punch' sequential treatment of cancer with pro-senescence therapy followed by senolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Wang
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lina Lankhorst
- Cancer, Stem Cells & Developmental Biology programme, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fakhri S, Zachariah Moradi S, DeLiberto LK, Bishayee A. Cellular senescence signaling in cancer: A novel therapeutic target to combat human malignancies. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:114989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Identification of AGT and CD44 in methotrexate-resistant colorectal cancer and reversal of methotrexate-resistance. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 229:153717. [PMID: 34952427 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to screen out hub genes in 2 methotrexate-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HT29 and Caco2), compared with parental CRC cells and reverse methotrexate-resistance in methotrexate-resistant CRC. GEO database and R software were utilized to analyze the gene expression profiles GSE11440 and GSE16066. Venn diagram was used to identify intersection differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GSE11440 and GSE16066. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) was utilized to screen out central node genes. Hub genes were determined by volcano graphs, heatmaps and box plots. The functional enrichment analysis was exhibited with DAVID. The GEPIA was used to obtain survival curves to analyze association between patient prognosis and hub genes. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of hub genes. CCK-8 assay was used to show MTX-resistant CRC cell viability following CD44 inhibitor (THIQ) and AGT inhibitor (O6-BG) treatments. In our results, there were 180 intersection DEGs between GSE11440 and GSE16066. CD44 and AGT were screened out as hub genes by PPI, heatmaps, volcano and box plots. In the 2 MTX-resistant CRC cells, the expressions of CD44 and AGT were up-regulated compared with parental CRC cells. The results of western blotting showed that CD44 and AGT were up-regulated in MTX-resistant HT29 and Caco2 cells compared with parental CRC cells. CCK-8 assay results showed that the combination of MTX with O6-BG or THIQ could significantly reduce the activity of MTX-resistant CRC cells. This research screened out CD44 and AGT in MTX-resistant CRC cells by bioinformatics and suggested that the combination of MTX with O6-BG or THIQ could enhance the sensitivity of MTX-resistant CRC cells to MTX. This research provides a new strategy for overcoming MTX-resistance in CRC.
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Dabrowska M, Uram L, Dabrowski M, Sikora E. Antigen presentation capability and AP-1 activation accompany methotrexate-induced colon cancer cell senescence in the context of aberrant β-catenin signaling. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111517. [PMID: 34139213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reversible cellular senescence was demonstrated previously to constitute colon cancer cell response to methotrexate. The current study presents a comparison of two senescent states of colon cancer cells, arrested and reversing, resulting from respectively, 120 h exposure to the drug, and 48 h exposure followed by 96 h regrowth in drug-free media. The upregulation of immunoproteasome subunit-coding genes and the increase in human leukocyte antigen HLA-A/B/C membrane level indicated MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation as common to both senescent states. Nuclear factor NF-κB p65 level decreased and activating protein AP-1: c-Jun, Fra2 and JunB nuclear levels increased in both senescent cell populations. Notably, the increase in AP-1- dependent transcription occurred after 48 h exposure to methotrexate. β-catenin nuclear level increased after 48 h exposure to the drug and remained as such only in senescence-arrested cells. β-catenin level was found uncoupled from the protein phosphorylation status indicating the deregulation of β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells employed in the study. These findings carry implications for both, a general mechanism of senescence establishment and putative advantages for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dabrowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warszawa, Poland.
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Patel NH, Bloukh S, Alwohosh E, Alhesa A, Saleh T, Gewirtz DA. Autophagy and senescence in cancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:1-74. [PMID: 33858594 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can undergo diverse responses to cancer therapy. While apoptosis represents the most desirable outcome, tumor cells can alternatively undergo autophagy and senescence. Both autophagy and senescence have the potential to make complex contributions to tumor cell survival via both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous pathways. The induction of autophagy and senescence in tumor cells, preclinically and clinically, either individually or concomitantly, has generated interest in the utilization of autophagy modulating and senolytic therapies to target autophagy and senescence, respectively. This chapter summarizes the current evidence for the promotion of autophagy and senescence as fundamental responses to cancer therapy and discusses the complexity of their functional contributions to cell survival and disease outcomes. We also highlight current modalities designed to exploit autophagy and senescence in efforts to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa H Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Enas Alwohosh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Alhesa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Saleh T, Bloukh S, Carpenter VJ, Alwohoush E, Bakeer J, Darwish S, Azab B, Gewirtz DA. Therapy-Induced Senescence: An "Old" Friend Becomes the Enemy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040822. [PMID: 32235364 PMCID: PMC7226427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past two decades, cellular senescence has been recognized as a central component of the tumor cell response to chemotherapy and radiation. Traditionally, this form of senescence, termed Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS), was linked to extensive nuclear damage precipitated by classical genotoxic chemotherapy. However, a number of other forms of therapy have also been shown to induce senescence in tumor cells independently of direct genomic damage. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of both conventional and targeted anticancer therapeutics that have been shown to induce senescence in vitro and in vivo. Still, the utility of promoting senescence as a therapeutic endpoint remains under debate. Since senescence represents a durable form of growth arrest, it might be argued that senescence is a desirable outcome of cancer therapy. However, accumulating evidence suggesting that cells have the capacity to escape from TIS would support an alternative conclusion, that senescence provides an avenue whereby tumor cells can evade the potentially lethal action of anticancer drugs, allowing the cells to enter a temporary state of dormancy that eventually facilitates disease recurrence, often in a more aggressive state. Furthermore, TIS is now strongly connected to tumor cell remodeling, potentially to tumor dormancy, acquiring more ominous malignant phenotypes and accounts for several untoward adverse effects of cancer therapy. Here, we argue that senescence represents a barrier to effective anticancer treatment, and discuss the emerging efforts to identify and exploit agents with senolytic properties as a strategy for elimination of the persistent residual surviving tumor cell population, with the goal of mitigating the tumor-promoting influence of the senescent cells and to thereby reduce the likelihood of cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (T.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Valerie J. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Enas Alwohoush
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Jomana Bakeer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Sarah Darwish
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (T.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Belal Azab
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
- Correspondence:
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