Salidroside suppresses nonsmall cell lung cancer cells proliferation and migration via microRNA-103-3p/Mzb1

Salidroside Enhances the Sensitivity of Lung Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel by Regulating the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway

OBJECTIVE

Chemoresistance, such as paclitaxel (PTX) resistance, has become a great obstacle in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. The natural agent salidroside (SAL) has been shown to exert an antitumor effect on NSCLC. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether SAL can decrease the resistance of NSCLC to PTX.

METHODS

PTX-resistant NSCLC cells (H1299/PTX and A549/PTX) were generated. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell viability. Colony formation assay and flow cytometry were utilized to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining and TOP/FOP flash luciferase assay were employed to estimate β-catenin activation. Western blotting was implemented to estimate the protein levels of apoptosis-, proliferation-, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated markers. A xenograft mouse model was established to investigate the impact of SAL on PTX resistance in vivo.

RESULTS

SAL increased PTX-induced suppression of proliferation and promoted apoptosis in PTX-resistant NSCLC cells. SAL blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in A549/PTX cells and in tumor-bearing mice. Activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling reversed the SAL-mediated increase in the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to PTX. SAL attenuated PTX resistance in NSCLC in the xenograft mouse model.

CONCLUSION

SAL enhances the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to PTX by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction.

Salidroside inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through up-regulating tumor suppressor miR-1343-3p and down-regulating MAP3K6/MMP24 signal molecules

Salidroside inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell. Nevertheless, the mechanism has not been completely clarified. The purpose of the study is to explore the mechanisms of salidroside against gastric cancer. To analyze the changes of microRNA (miRNA) in gastric cancer cells under the treatment of salidroside, the miRNA expression was analyzed by using RNA-seq in cancer cells for 24 h after salidroside treatment. The differentially expressed miRNAs were clustered and their target genes were analyzed. Selected miRNA and target mRNA genes were further verified by q-PCR. The expressions of target genes in cancer cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. Cancer cell apoptotic index was significantly increased after salidroside treatment. The proliferation of gastric cancer cells were blocked at S-phase cell cycle. The expression of 44 miRNAs changed differentially after salidroside treatment in cancer cells. Bioinformatic analysis showed that there were 1384 target mRNAs corresponding to the differentially expressed miRNAs. Surprisingly, salidroside significantly up-regulated the expression of tumor suppressor miR-1343-3p, and down-regulated the expression of MAP3K6, STAT3 and MMP24-related genes. Salidroside suppressed the growth of gastric cancer by inducing the cancer cell apoptosis, arresting the cancer cell cycle and down-regulating the related signal transduction pathways. miRNAs are expressed differentially in gastric cancer cells after salidroside treatment, playing important roles in regulating proliferation and metastasis. Salidroside may suppress the growth of gastric cancer by up-regulating the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-1343-3p and down-regulating the expression of MAP3K6 and MMP24 signal molecules.

VSIG4 induces the immunosuppressive microenvironment by promoting the infiltration of M2 macrophage and Tregs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma and has a poor prognosis. Despite the impressive advancements in treating ccRCC using immune checkpoint (IC) blockade, such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, a considerable number of ccRCC patients experience adaptive resistance. Therefore, exploring new targetable ICs will provide additional treatment options for ccRCC patients. We comprehensively analyzed multi-omics data and performed functional experiments, such as pathologic review, bulk transcriptome data, single-cell sequencing data, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in vitro/in vivo experiments, to explore novel immunotherapeutic targets in ccRCC. It was found that immune-related genes VSIG4, SAA1, CD7, FOXP3, IL21, TNFSF13B, BATF, CD72, MZB1, LTB, CCL25 and KLRK1 were significantly upregulated in ccRCC (Student's t test and p-value < 0.05; 36 normal and 267 ccRCC tissues in raining cohort; 36 normal and 266 ccRCC tissues in validation cohort) and correlated with the poor prognosis of ccRCC patients (Wald test and p-value < 0.05 in univariate cox analysis; log-rank test and p-value < 0.05 in Kaplan-Meier method; 267 patients in training cohort and 266 in validation cohort). In particular, we found the novel IC target VSIG4 was specifically expressed in inhibitory immune cells M2-biased tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), conventional dendritic cell 2 (cDC2) cells, and cycling myeloid cells in ccRCC microenvironment. Moreover, VSIG4 showed a closely relation with resistance of Ipilimumab/Nivolumab immunotherapy in ccRCC. Furthermore, VSIG4 promoted the infiltration of M2 macrophages, Tregs, and cDC2 in ccRCC tissues. VSIG4+ TAMs and VSIG4+ cDC2s may be a kind of immune cell subtypes related to immunosuppression. VSIG4 may play similar roles with other IC ligands, as it is highly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and ccRCC cells to inhibit T cells activity and facilitate immune escape. Targeting IC gene VSIG4 may provide a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to ccRCC patients with resistance to existing targeted therapy options.

Mechanism and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine extracts in sepsis

Sepsis is a complex syndrome characterized by multi-organ dysfunction, due to the presence of harmful microorganisms in blood which could cause mortality. Complications associated with sepsis involve multiple organ dysfunction. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains intricate, with limited treatment options and high mortality rates. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has consistently demonstrated to have a potential on various disease management. Its complements include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, regulating immune responses, and improving microcirculation. Traditional Chinese medicine can mitigate or even treat sepsis in a human system. This review examines progress on the use of TCM extracts for treating sepsis through different pharmacological action and its mechanisms. The potential targets of TCM extracts and active ingredients for the treatment of sepsis and its complications have been elucidated through molecular biology research, network pharmacology prediction, molecular docking analysis, and visualization analysis. Our aim is to provide a theoretical basis and empirical support for utilizing TCM in the treatment of sepsis and its complications while also serving as a reference for future research and development of sepsis drugs.

Rhodiola rosea: a review in the context of PPPM approach

A natural "medicine and food" plant, Rhodiola rosea (RR) is primarily made up of organic acids, phenolic compounds, sterols, glycosides, vitamins, lipids, proteins, amino acids, trace elements, and other physiologically active substances. In vitro, non-clinical and clinical studies confirmed that it exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulatory effects, balances the gut microbiota, and alleviates vascular circulatory disorders. RR can prolong life and has great application potential in preventing and treating suboptimal health, non-communicable diseases, and COVID-19. This narrative review discusses the effects of RR in preventing organ damage (such as the liver, lung, heart, brain, kidneys, intestines, and blood vessels) in non-communicable diseases from the perspective of predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM). In conclusion, as an adaptogen, RR can provide personalised health strategies to improve the quality of life and overall health status.

Traditional Tibetan medicine: therapeutic potential in lung diseases

Lung diseases have become a major threat to human health worldwide. Despite advances in treatment and intervention in recent years, effective drugs are still lacking for many lung diseases. As a traditional natural medicine, Tibetan medicine has had a long history of medicinal use in ethnic minority areas, and from ancient times to the present, it has a good effect on the treatment of lung diseases and has attracted more and more attention. In this review, a total of 586 Tibetan medicines were compiled through literature research of 25 classical works on Tibetan medicine, drug standards, and some Chinese and English databases. Among them, 33 Tibetan medicines have been studied to show their effectiveness in treating lung diseases. To investigate the uses of these Tibetan medicines in greater depth, we have reviewed the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the four commonly used Tibetan medicines for lung diseases (rhodiola, gentian, sea buckthorn, liexiang dujuan) and the five most frequently used Tibetan medicines (safflower, licorice, sandalwood, costus, myrobalan). It is expected to provide some reference for the development of new drugs of lung diseases in the future.

Salidroside regulates tumor microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer via Hsp70/Stub1/Foxp3 pathway in Tregs

BACKGROUND

The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is challenging due to immune tolerance and evasion. Salidroside (SAL) is an extract in traditional Chinese medicine and has a potential antitumor effect. However, the mechanism of SAL in regulating the immunological microenvironment of NSCLC is yet to be clarified.

METHODS

The mouse model with Lewis lung cancer cell line (3LL) in C57BL/6 mice was established. And then, the percentage of tumor-infiltrating T cell subsets including Treg was detected in tumor-bearing mice with or without SAL treatment. In vitro, the effect of SAL on the expression of IL-10, Foxp3 and Stub1 and the function of Treg were detected by flow cytometry. Network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking software were used to predict the target of SAL and intermolecular interaction. Furthermore, the effect of SAL on the expression of Hsp70 and the co-localization of Stub1-Foxp3 in Treg was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal laser microscopy. Finally, Hsp70 inhibitor was used to verify the above molecular expression.

RESULTS

We discovered that SAL treatment inhibits the growth of tumor cells by decreasing the percentage of tumor-infiltrated CD4⁺Foxp3⁺T cells. SAL treatment downregulates the expression of Foxp3 in Tregs, but increases the expression of Stub1, an E3 ubiquitination ligase upstream of Foxp3, and the expression of Hsp70. Inhibiting the expression of Hsp70 reverses the inhibition of SAL on Foxp3 and disrupts the colocalization of Stub1 and Foxp3 in the nucleus of Tregs.

CONCLUSIONS

SAL inhibits tumor growth by regulating the Hsp70/stub1/Foxp3 pathway in Treg to suppress the function of Treg. It is a new mechanism of SAL for antitumor therapy.

Salidroside suppresses the multiple oncogenic activates and immune escape of lung adenocarcinoma through the circ_0009624-mediated PD-L1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a fatal malignancy all over the world. Salidroside (SAL) is an active component extracted from Rhodiola rosea that has been reported to exert antitumor activity against several human cancers, containing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The purpose of this study was to explore the effect and underlying mechanism of SAL in LUAD.

METHODS

Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and transwell assays. Effects of LUAD cells on the cytotoxicity, percentage, and death of CD8+ cells were detected using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and flow cytometry assays. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein level was examined using western blot. Circ_0009624, enolase 1 (ENO1), and PD-L1 levels were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The biological role of SAL on LUAD tumor growth was assessed using the xenograft tumor model in vivo.

RESULTS

SAL restrained LUAD cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune escape in vitro via modulating PD-L1. Circ_0009624 expression was increased in LUAD. Applying SAL repressed circ_0009624 and PD-L1 expression in LUAD cells. SAL treatment hindered suppressed various oncogenic activates and immune escape of LUAD cells by regulating the circ_0009624/PD-L1 pathway. SAL blocked LUAD xenograft growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Applying SAL might constrain malignant phenotypes and immune escape of LUAD cells partially through the circ_0009624-mediated PD-L1 pathway, providing a novel insight for LUAD treatment.

Phenolic Compounds of Rhodiola rosea L. as the Potential Alternative Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases

The roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), which is widely growing in Northern Europe, North America, and Siberia, have been used since ancient times to alleviate stress, fatigue, and mental and physical disorders. Phenolic compounds: phenylpropanoids rosavin, rosarin, and rosin, tyrosol glucoside salidroside, and tyrosol, are responsible for the biological action of R. rosea, exerting antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-aging, anti-fatigue activities. R. rosea extract formulations are used as alternative remedies to enhance mental and cognitive functions and protect the central nervous system and heart during stress. Recent studies indicate that R. rosea may be used to treat diabetes, cancer, and a variety of cardiovascular and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This paper reviews the beneficial effects of the extract of R. rosea, its key active components, and their possible use in the treatment of chronic diseases. R. rosea represents an excellent natural remedy to address situations involving decreased performance, such as fatigue and a sense of weakness, particularly in the context of chronic diseases. Given the significance of mitochondria in cellular energy metabolism and their vulnerability to reactive oxygen species, future research should prioritize investigating the potential effects of R. rosea main bioactive phenolic compounds on mitochondria, thus targeting cellular energy supply and countering oxidative stress-related effects.

Salidroside alleviates severe acute pancreatitis-triggered pancreatic injury and inflammation by regulating miR-217-5p/YAF2 axis

BACKGROUND

Our previous studies have shown that salidroside (Sal) exerted a protective effect in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) via inhibiting the inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

Using SAP rat model and miRNA microarray, the effect of Sal on miRNA expression profiling was determined and then validated their changes by quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Then, SAP cell model, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay were used to explore the biological function of miR-217-5p in vitro. Bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay and miRNA pulldown assay were performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of miR-217-5p in the protection of Sal against SAP.

RESULTS

Compared with SAP group, 21 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in SAP + Sal group. The target genes of these miRNAs were strongly associated with regulation of transcription, Axon guidance, Pathways in cancer and MAPK signaling pathway. Among these miRNAs, miR-217-5p was the most downregulated miRNA. Sal treatment alleviated cell injury and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Whereas overexpression of miR-217-5p reversed the effects of Sal. We identified YY1 associated factor 2 (YAF2) as a direct target gene of miR-217-5p and Sal treatment could upregulate YAF2 expression via targeting miR-217-5p. Furthermore, knockdown of YAF2 counteracted Sal-induced alleviation of cell injury and inflammation. Moreover, Sal could suppress the activation of p38 MAPK pathway by regulating miR-217-5p/YAF2 axis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings for the first time highlighted that Sal alleviated pancreatic injury and inhibited inflammation by regulating miR-217-5p/YAF2 axis, which might provide new therapeutic strategies for SAP treatment.

MZB1 targeted by miR-185-5p inhibits the migration of human periodontal ligament cells through NF-κB signaling and promotes alveolar bone loss

OBJECTIVE

To explore the role of Marginal Zone B and B-1 Cell-Specific Protein (MZB1), a novel molecule associated with periodontitis, in migration of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and alveolar bone orchestration.

BACKGROUND

MZB1 is an ER-localized protein and its upregulation has been found to be associated with a variety of human diseases. However, few studies have investigated the effect and mechanism of MZB1 on hPDLCs in periodontitis.

METHODS

Gene expression profiles in human gingival tissues were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and candidate molecules were then selected through bioinformatic analysis. Subsequently, we identified the localization and expression of MZB1 in human gingival tissues, mice, and hPDLCs by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to assess the binding of miR-185-5p to MZB1. Furthermore, the effects of MZB1 on cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis in vitro were investigated by wound-healing assay, transwell assay, CCK-8 assay, and flow cytometry analysis. Finally, Micro-CT analysis and H&E staining were performed to examine the effects of MZB1 on alveolar bone loss in vivo.

RESULTS

Bioinformatic analysis discovered that MZB1 was one of the most significantly increased genes in periodontitis patients. MZB1 was markedly increased in the gingival tissues of periodontitis patients, in the mouse models, and in the hPDLCs treated with lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis (LPS-PG). Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that MZB1, as a target gene of miR-185-5p, inhibited migration of hPDLCs. Overexpression of MZB1 specifically upregulated the phosphorylation of p65, while pretreatment of MZB1-overexpressed hPDLCs with PDTC (NF-κB inhibitor) notably reduced the p-p65 level and promoted cell migration. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were inhibited in MZB1-overexpressed hPDLCs and miR-185-5p inhibitor treated hPDLCs, respectively. In vivo experiments showed that knockdown of MZB1 alleviated the loss of alveolar bone.

CONCLUSION

As a target gene of miR-185-5p, MZB1 plays a crucial role in inhibiting the migration of hPDLCs through NF-κB signaling pathway and deteriorating alveolar bone loss.

The Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effects of Mesona Chinensis Benth Extracts

In this study, the antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of Mesona Chinensis Benth (MCB) extracts were evaluated. Seven fractions (F0, F10, F20, F30, F40, F50 and MTF) were obtained from the MCB ethanol extracts. Compared to the commercial antioxidants (vitamin C), MTF and F30 exhibited higher antioxidant activities in the antiradical activity test and the FRAP assay. The half-inhibition concentration (IC50) for MTF and F30 were 5.323 µg/mL and 5.278 µg/mL, respectively. MTF at 200 µg/mL significantly decreased the accumulation of TG in oleic acid (OA)-induced HepG2 cells and reversed the inhibitory effect of Compound C on AMPK (MTF and F30 significantly increased the glucose utilization of insulin-induced HepG2 cells). In addition, the components of MTF were identified by HPLC-MS, which were caffeic acid, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, isoquercetin, astragalin, rosmarinic acid, aromadendrin-3-O-rutinoside, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside. Through statistical correlations by Simca P software, it was found that the main antioxidant and hypolipidemic components of MCB might be caffeic acid, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside and aromadendrin-3-O-rutinoside, which may play important roles in the AMPK pathway. MTF and F30 in MCB could be potential health products for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Salidroside suppresses the activation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via targeting miR-4262/GRP78 axis

To study the effect of Salidroside on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells and its mechanism. NPC cells were cultured, MTT was used to detect the effect of Salidroside on cell proliferation, apoptosis detected by flow cytometry assay, Western blot was used to detect the related protein expression. MiR-4262 and GRP78 used qRT-PCR for evaluation. Mimics/mimic NC and miR-4262 inhibitor/inhibitor NC were transfected into CNE2 and HONE1 cell lines, and cell viability was detected by MTT. Caspase-3, −8 and −9 activities were detected by caspase colorimetric assay kit. Targetscan predicted that downstream target of miR-4262. Relative luciferase activity was detected by luciferase assay. The effect of Salidroside on the growth of transplanted tumor in nude mice was observed. After Salidroside treatment, cell proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased, Bax protein expression increased and Bcl-2 decreased; miR-4262 expression level in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues was lower than that in adjacent tissues. GRP78 was the target of miR-4262 and downregulate the expression of miR-4262 in NPC cells can increase the expression of GRP78, and the expression of GRP78 decreased after upregulating the expression of miR-4262. Salidroside could inhibit the growth of NPC xenografts in nude mice. The level of Bax was increased and Bcl-2 was decreased in Salidroside group. Salidroside can significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of NPC cells via regulating miR-4262/GRP78 signal axis.

Salidroside Suppresses the Proliferation and Migration of Human Lung Cancer Cells through AMPK-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulation

Inflammatory reactions mediated by the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression, particularly in patients with bacterial infections. Salidroside (SAL) has recently been shown to suppress lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NSCLC proliferation and migration, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. It has been shown that SAL improves metabolic inflammation in diabetic rodents through AMP-activated protein kinase- (AMPK-) dependent inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated by SAL in NSCLC cells and how its underlying mechanism(s) can be determined require clarification. In this study, human lung alveolar basal carcinoma epithelial (A549) cells were treated with LPS, and the effects of SAL on cell proliferation, migration, AMPK activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were investigated. We found that LPS induction increases the proliferation and migration of A549 cells which was suppressed by SAL. Moreover, SAL protected A549 cells against LPS-induced AMPK inhibition, ROS production, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Blocking AMPK using Compound C almost completely suppressed the beneficial effects of SAL. In summary, these results indicate that SAL suppresses the proliferation and migration of human lung cancer cells through AMPK-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome regulation.

Role of Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor in IgA and IgM Transcytosis

Transcytosis of polymeric IgA and IgM from the basolateral surface to the apical side of the epithelium and subsequent secretion into mucosal fluids are mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Secreted IgA and IgM have vital roles in mucosal immunity in response to pathogenic infections. Binding and recognition of polymeric IgA and IgM by pIgR require the joining chain (J chain), a small protein essential in the formation and stabilization of polymeric Ig structures. Recent studies have identified marginal zone B and B1 cell-specific protein (MZB1) as a novel regulator of polymeric IgA and IgM formation. MZB1 might facilitate IgA and IgM transcytosis by promoting the binding of J chain to Ig. In this review, we discuss the roles of pIgR in transcytosis of IgA and IgM, the roles of J chain in the formation of polymeric IgA and IgM and recognition by pIgR, and focus particularly on recent progress in understanding the roles of MZB1, a molecular chaperone protein.

High-resolution Crystal Structure of Human pERp1, A Saposin-like Protein Involved in IgA, IgM and Integrin Maturation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The folding of disulfide bond containing proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex process that requires protein folding factors, some of which are protein-specific. The ER resident saposin-like protein pERp1 (MZB1, CNPY5) is crucial for the correct folding of IgA, IgM and integrins. pERp1 also plays a role in ER calcium homeostasis and plasma cell mobility. As an important factor for proper IgM maturation and hence immune function, pERp1 is upregulated in many auto-immune diseases. This makes it a potential therapeutic target. pERp1 belongs to the CNPY family of ER resident saposin-like proteins. To date, five of these proteins have been identified. All are implicated in protein folding and all contain a saposin-like domain. All previously structurally characterized saposins are involved in lipid binding. However, there are no reports of CNPY family members interacting with lipids, suggesting a novel function for the saposin fold. However, the molecular mechanisms of their function remain elusive. To date, no structure of any CNPY protein has been reported. Here, we present the high-resolution (1.4 Å) crystal structure of human pERp1 and confirm that it has a saposin-fold with unique structural elements not present in other saposin-fold structures. The implications for the role of CNPY proteins in protein folding in the ER are discussed.