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Merlano MC, Denaro N, Galizia D, Ruatta F, Occelli M, Minei S, Abbona A, Paccagnella M, Ghidini M, Garrone O. How Chemotherapy Affects the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081822. [PMID: 36009369 PMCID: PMC9405073 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is much more effective in immunocompetent mice than in immunodeficient ones, and it is now acknowledged that an efficient immune system is necessary to optimize chemotherapy activity and efficacy. Furthermore, chemotherapy itself may reinvigorate immune response in different ways: by targeting cancer cells through the induction of cell stress, the release of damage signals and the induction of immunogenic cell death, by targeting immune cells, inhibiting immune suppressive cells and/or activating immune effector cells; and by targeting the host physiology through changes in the balance of gut microbiome. All these effects acting on immune and non-immune components interfere with the tumor microenvironment, leading to the different activity and efficacy of treatments. This article describes the correlation between chemotherapy and the immune changes induced in the tumor microenvironment. Our ultimate aim is to pave the way for the identification of the best drugs or combinations, the doses, the schedules and the right sequences to use when chemotherapy is combined with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlo Merlano
- Scientific Direction, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Nerina Denaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Danilo Galizia
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Ruatta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Marcella Occelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Silvia Minei
- Post-Graduate School of Specialization Medical Oncology, University of Bari “A.Moro”, 70120 Bari, Italy;
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70120 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Abbona
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Paccagnella
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Ornella Garrone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
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Holler M, Grottke A, Mueck K, Manes J, Jücker M, Rodemann HP, Toulany M. Dual Targeting of Akt and mTORC1 Impairs Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Increases Radiation Sensitivity of Human Tumor Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154745. [PMID: 27137757 PMCID: PMC4854483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin-complex 1 (mTORC1) induces activation of Akt. Because Akt activity mediates the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs) and consequently the radioresistance of solid tumors, we investigated whether dual targeting of mTORC1 and Akt impairs DNA-DSB repair and induces radiosensitization. Combining mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin with ionizing radiation in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (H661, H460, SK-MES-1, HTB-182, A549) and in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 resulted in radiosensitization of H661 and H460 cells (responders), whereas only a very slight effect was observed in A549 cells, and no effect was observed in SK-MES-1, HTB-182 or MDA-MB-231 cells (non-responders). In responder cells, rapamycin treatment did not activate Akt1 phosphorylation, whereas in non-responders, rapamycin mediated PI3K-dependent Akt activity. Molecular targeting of Akt by Akt inhibitor MK2206 or knockdown of Akt1 led to a rapamycin-induced radiosensitization of non-responder cells. Compared to the single targeting of Akt, the dual targeting of mTORC1 and Akt1 markedly enhanced the frequency of residual DNA-DSBs by inhibiting the non-homologous end joining repair pathway and increased radiation sensitivity. Together, lack of radiosensitization induced by rapamycin was associated with rapamycin-mediated Akt1 activation. Thus, dual targeting of mTORC1 and Akt1 inhibits repair of DNA-DSB leading to radiosensitization of solid tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Holler
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Grottke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Mueck
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Manes
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H. Peter Rodemann
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Boland K, Flanagan L, McCawley N, Pabari R, Kay EW, McNamara DA, Murray F, Byrne AT, Ramtoola Z, Concannon CG, Prehn JHM. Targeting the 19S proteasomal subunit, Rpt4, for the treatment of colon cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:53-64. [PMID: 26997367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been frequently observed in a number of malignancies. Using quantitative Western blotting of normal and matched tumour tissue, we here identified a significant increase in the 19S proteasome subunit Rpt4 in response to chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer patients with unfavourable outcome. We therefore explored the potential of Rpt4 reduction as a therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer (CRC). Utilizing siRNA to down regulate Rpt4 expression, we show that silencing of Rpt4 reduced proteasomal activity and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Gene silencing of Rpt4 also inhibited cell proliferation, reduced clonogenic survival and induced apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells. We next developed a cell penetrating peptide-based nanoparticle delivery system to achieve in vivo gene silencing of Rpt4. Administration of Rpt4 siRNA nanoparticles reduced tumour growth and improved survival in a HCT-116 colon cancer xenograft tumour model in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that inhibition of Rpt4 represents a novel strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Boland
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Gastroenterology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Lorna Flanagan
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niamh McCawley
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ritesh Pabari
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York House, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Frank Murray
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zebunnissa Ramtoola
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York House, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caoimhín G Concannon
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Deng X, Ma L, Wu M, Zhang G, Jin C, Guo Y, Liu R. miR-124 radiosensitizes human glioma cells by targeting CDK4. J Neurooncol 2013; 114:263-74. [PMID: 23761023 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) has previously been observed in human brain glioma. Furthermore, it is observed that up-regulation of CDK4 is associated with therapy resistance and relapse. However, the mechanisms behind these phenomena remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that elevated CDK4 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in glioma after radiotherapy and that CDK4 knockdown conferred radiosensitivity in glioma cell lines. CDK4 was identified as potential downstream target of miR-124 through bioinformatics analysis and dual-firefly luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, restoration of miR-124 could confer radiosensitivity. Cell differentiation agent-2 (CDA-2) mimicked the effect of miR-124 restoration and CDK4 knockdown, and sensitized xenografts to radiation in an animal model. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that CDK4 was a downstream target of miR-124 and that CDA-2 could radiosensitize Glioblastoma multiforme cells through the MiR-124-CDK4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Deng
- Cancer Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Cellular responses to etoposide: cell death despite cell cycle arrest and repair of DNA damage. Apoptosis 2009; 15:162-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Toulany M, Kehlbach R, Florczak U, Sak A, Wang S, Chen J, Lobrich M, Rodemann HP. Targeting of AKT1 enhances radiation toxicity of human tumor cells by inhibiting DNA-PKcs-dependent DNA double-strand break repair. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1772-81. [PMID: 18644989 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have already reported that epidermal growth factor receptor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling is an important pathway in regulating radiation sensitivity and DNA double-strand break (DNA-dsb) repair of human tumor cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of AKT1 on DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) activity and DNA-dsb repair in irradiated non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460. Treatment of cells with the specific AKT pathway inhibitor API-59 CJ-OH (API; 1-5 micromol/L) reduced clonogenic survival between 40% and 85% and enhanced radiation sensitivity of both cell lines significantly. As indicated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis (sub-G(1) cells) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, API treatment or transfection with AKT1-small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced apoptosis of H460 but not of A549 cells. However, in either apoptosis-resistant A549 or apoptosis-sensitive H460 cells, API and/or AKT1-siRNA did not enhance poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and apoptosis following irradiation. Pretreatment of cells with API or transfection with AKT1-siRNA strongly inhibited radiation-induced phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at T2609 and S2056 as well as repair of DNA-dsb as measured by the gamma-H2AX foci assay. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed a complex formation of activated AKT and DNA-PKcs, supporting the assumption that AKT plays an important regulatory role in the activation of DNA-PKcs in irradiated cells. Thus, targeting of AKT enhances radiation sensitivity of lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460 most likely through specific inhibition of DNA-PKcs-dependent DNA-dsb repair but not through enhancement of radiation-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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