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Is Emodin with Anticancer Effects Completely Innocent? Two Sides of the Coin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112733. [PMID: 34073059 PMCID: PMC8198870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anticancer active compounds are known to have the capacity to destroy pathologically proliferating cancer cells in the body, as well as to destroy rapidly proliferating normal cells. Despite remarkable advances in cancer research over the past few decades, the inclusion of natural compounds in researches as potential drug candidates is becoming increasingly important. However, the perception that the natural is reliable is an issue that needs to be clarified. Among the various chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones have many biological activities and have also been proven to exhibit a unique anticancer activity. Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. The anticancer property of emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of suppressing cell growth and proliferation through the attenuation of oncogenic growth signaling, such as protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), HER-2 tyrosine kinase, Wnt/-catenin, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, it is known that emodin, which shows toxicity to cancer cells, may cause kidney toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity especially at high doses and long-term use. At the same time, studies of emodin, which has poor oral bioavailability, to transform this disadvantage into an advantage with nano-carrier systems reveal that natural compounds are not always directly usable compounds. Consequently, this review aimed to shed light on the anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic properties of emodin, as well as its potential toxicities and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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Manogaran P, Umapathy D, Karthikeyan M, Venkatachalam K, Singaravelu A. Dietary Phytochemicals as a Potential Source for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:349-368. [PMID: 33688788 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1894569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of various types of cells that lead to tumor heterogeneity. In the middle of these populations, cancer stem cells play a vital role in the initiation and progression of cancer cells and are capable of self-renewal and differentiation processes. These cancer stem cells are resistant to conventional therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To eradicate the cancer stem cells in the tumor environment, various natural product has been found in recent years. In this review, we have selected some of the natural products based on anticancer potential including targeting cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Further, this review explains the molecular mechanism of action of these natural products in various cancer stem cells. Therefore, targeting a multi-drug resistant cancer stem cell by natural products is a novel method to reduce drug resistance and adverse effect during conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Manogaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anbu Singaravelu
- Department of PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Tamilnadu, India
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Song X, Zhou X, Qin Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Sun Z, Yu K, Zhang S, Liu S. Emodin inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and metastasis of triple negative breast cancer via antagonism of CC‑chemokine ligand 5 secreted from adipocytes. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:579-588. [PMID: 29693154 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the lowest survival rate of the breast cancer subtypes owing to its aggressive and metastatic behavior. It has been reported that peritumoral adipose tissue contributes to the cell invasiveness and dissemination of TNBC. Emodin is an active anthraquinone derivative isolated from Rheum palmatum, with anticancer properties that have been reported to inhibit lung metastasis in a nude mouse xenograft model. In the present study, the effects of emodin on human TNBC cells and adipocytes were investigated in vivo and in vitro. The TNBC cell lines MDA‑MB‑231 and MDA‑MB‑453 were co‑cultured with human adipocytes and treated with either emodin or epirubicin. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and migration and invasion were examined using a wound healing assay and a Transwell assay. interleukin‑8, CC‑chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and insulin‑like growth factor‑1 levels in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. The epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) or metastasis associated markers were determined by western blot analysis. Nude mice fed with a high fat and sugar diet were used investigate the in vivo effect of emodin. The results showed that emodin inhibited TNBC proliferation and invasion more efficiently than epirubicin when co‑cultured with adipocytes by downregulating the level of CCL5 in adipocyte supernatants; inhibiting the expression level of protein kinase B (AKT); and activating glycogen synthase kinase‑3i (GSK3) and β‑catenin. This led to the suppressed expression of EMT‑ and invasion‑associated markers, including vimentin, snail, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and MMP‑9, and upregulation of E‑cadherin, contributing to the inhibition of invasion. The in vivo assay showed that emodin inhibited tumor growth, and suppressed the lung and liver metastasis of TNBC cells by decreasing the secretion of CCL5 in mice fed a high fat and sugar diet more efficiently when compared with epirubicin. In conclusion, emodin inhibited the secretion of CCL5 from adipocytes, inhibited the EMT of TNBC cells, and inhibited tumor growth and lung and liver metastasis, which indicated a novel role of emodin in preventing the metastasis of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiqiu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuenong Qin
- Department of General Surgery and Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of General Surgery and Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhenping Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Rahman MA, Ramli F, Karimian H, Dehghan F, Nordin N, Mohd Ali H, Mohan S, Mohd Hashim N. Artonin E Induces Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Dysregulation in SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151466. [PMID: 27019365 PMCID: PMC4809498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Artonin E is a prenylated flavonoid isolated from the stem bark of Artocarpus elasticus Reinw.(Moraceae). This study aimed to investigate the apoptotic mechanisms induced by artonin E in a metastatic human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 in vitro. MTT assay, clonogenic assay, acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining, cell cycle and annexin V analyses were performed to explore the mode of artonin E-induced cell death at different time points. DNA laddering, activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9, multi-parametric cytotoxicity-3 analysis by high-content screening, measurement of reactive oxygen species generation, and Western blot were employed to study the pathways involved in the apoptosis. MTT results showed that artonin E inhibited the growth of SKOV-3 cells, with IC50 values of 6.5±0.5 μg/mL after 72 h treatment, and showed less toxicity toward a normal human ovarian cell line T1074, with IC50 value of 32.5±0.5 μg/mL. Results showed that artonin E induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the S phase. This compound also promoted the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9. Further investigation into the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c revealed that artonin E treatment induced apoptosis via regulation of the expression of pro-survival and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. The expression levels of survivin and HSP70 proteins were also down regulated in SKOV-3 cells treated with artonin E. We propose that artonin E induced an antiproliferative effect that led to S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through dysregulation of mitochondrial pathways, particularly the pro- and anti-apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashitoh Abd Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faiqah Ramli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Nordin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hapipah Mohd Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Najihah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hu C, Dong T, Li R, Lu J, Wei X, Liu P. Emodin inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition in epithelial ovarian cancer cells by regulation of GSK-3β/β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2027-34. [PMID: 26820690 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin (EMO) has been shown to possess pleiotropic anticancer capabilities in many types of cancer, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Inhibitory efficacy of EMO on EOC invasion and migration was previously observed, however, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. The present study is aimed to explore the mechanisms. Transwell assay demonstrated that EMO significantly inhibited A2780 and SK-OV-3 cell invasion. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers. We found that EMO treatment dose-dependently upregulated E-cadherin, keratin and downregulated N-cadherin, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) to repress EMT. Mechanistically, EMO could inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation, decrease total β-catenin protein levels and subsequently downregulate transcription factor zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) expression. These effects of EMO were weakened when the cells were pretreated with SB216763, an inhibitor of GSK-3β kinase. Besides, we utilized small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate ZEB1 expression. We found that treatment of ZEB1-knockdown cells with EMO, ZEB1 levels were lowest and cell invasion was weakest but ZEB1 knockdown had no effect on the expression of phospho-Ser9-GSK-3β (p-GSK-3βSer9), β-catenin. In conclusion, our results suggested that EMO inhibited EOC cell invasion by regulation of GSK-3β/β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling pathway to suppress EMT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Peishu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Zu C, Zhang M, Xue H, Cai X, Zhao L, He A, Qin G, Yang C, Zheng X. Emodin induces apoptosis of human breast cancer cells by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2919-2924. [PMID: 26722264 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of emodin on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells Bcap-37 and ZR-75-30. Cell viability following emodin treatment was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The effects of emodin on apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to determine changes in the expression of apoptotic genes and protein, respectively. The effect of emodin on the invasiveness of breast cancer cells was evaluated by Matrigel invasion assay. Treatment of breast cancer cells Bcap-37 and ZR-75-30 with emodin was observed to inhibit the growth and induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Emodin reduced the level of Bcl-2 and increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, PARP, p53 and Bax. These findings indicate that emodin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Emodin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zu
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Cai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Center of Experiment Technology and Medical Research, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Anning He
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guangyuan Qin
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chunshu Yang
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China ; Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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ZHANG HONG, LI ZHIHONG, WANG KAIZHONG, REN PING. Combined treatment of XIAP-targeting shRNA and celecoxib synergistically inhibits the tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1079-88. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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SUN YANG, WANG XIUFENG, ZHOU QIANMEI, LU YIYU, ZHANG HUI, CHEN QILONG, ZHAO MING, SU SHIBING. Inhibitory effect of emodin on migration, invasion and metastasis of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:338-46. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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