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Uberoi A, McCready-Vangi A, Grice EA. The wound microbiota: microbial mechanisms of impaired wound healing and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01035-z. [PMID: 38575708 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The skin barrier protects the human body from invasion by exogenous and pathogenic microorganisms. A breach in this barrier exposes the underlying tissue to microbial contamination, which can lead to infection, delayed healing, and further loss of tissue and organ integrity. Delayed wound healing and chronic wounds are associated with comorbidities, including diabetes, advanced age, immunosuppression and autoimmune disease. The wound microbiota can influence each stage of the multi-factorial repair process and influence the likelihood of an infection. Pathogens that commonly infect wounds, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, express specialized virulence factors that facilitate adherence and invasion. Biofilm formation and other polymicrobial interactions contribute to host immunity evasion and resistance to antimicrobial therapies. Anaerobic organisms, fungal and viral pathogens, and emerging drug-resistant microorganisms present unique challenges for diagnosis and therapy. In this Review, we explore the current understanding of how microorganisms present in wounds impact the process of skin repair and lead to infection through their actions on the host and the other microbial wound inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Uberoi
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amelia McCready-Vangi
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Hetta HF, Rashed ZI, Ramadan YN, Al-Kadmy IMS, Kassem SM, Ata HS, Nageeb WM. Phage Therapy, a Salvage Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Infective Endocarditis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2860. [PMID: 37893232 PMCID: PMC10604041 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is defined as an infection of the endocardium, or inner surface of the heart, most frequently affecting the heart valves or implanted cardiac devices. Despite its rarity, it has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. IE generally occurs when bacteria, fungi, or other germs from another part of the body, such as the mouth, spread through the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in the heart. The epidemiology of IE has changed as a consequence of aging and the usage of implantable cardiac devices and heart valves. The right therapeutic routes must be assessed to lower complication and fatality rates, so this requires early clinical suspicion and a fast diagnosis. It is urgently necessary to create new and efficient medicines to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial (MDR) infections because of the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance on a worldwide scale. MDR bacteria that cause IE can be treated using phages rather than antibiotics to combat MDR bacterial strains. This review will illustrate how phage therapy began and how it is considered a powerful potential candidate for the treatment of MDR bacteria that cause IE. Furthermore, it gives a brief about all reported clinical trials that demonstrated the promising effect of phage therapy in combating resistant bacterial strains that cause IE and how it will become a hope in future medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Zainab I. Rashed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (Z.I.R.); (Y.N.R.)
| | - Yasmin N. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (Z.I.R.); (Y.N.R.)
| | - Israa M. S. Al-Kadmy
- Branch of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad P.O. Box 10244, Iraq
| | - Soheir M. Kassem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Hesham S. Ata
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wedad M. Nageeb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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3
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Opperman CJ, Wojno J, Goosen W, Warren R. Phages for the treatment of Mycobacterium species. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:41-92. [PMID: 37770176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly drug-resistant strains are not uncommon among the Mycobacterium genus, with patients requiring lengthy antibiotic treatment regimens with multiple drugs and harmful side effects. This alarming increase in antibiotic resistance globally has renewed the interest in mycobacteriophage therapy for both Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. With the increasing number of genetically well-characterized mycobacteriophages and robust engineering tools to convert temperate phages to obligate lytic phages, the phage cache against extensive drug-resistant mycobacteria is constantly expanding. Synergistic effects between phages and TB drugs are also a promising avenue to research, with mycobacteriophages having several additional advantages compared to traditional antibiotics due to their different modes of action. These advantages include less side effects, a narrow host spectrum, biofilm penetration, self-replication at the site of infection and the potential to be manufactured on a large scale. In addition, mycobacteriophage enzymes, not yet in clinical use, warrant further studies with their additional benefits for rupturing host bacteria thereby limiting resistance development as well as showing promise in vitro to act synergistically with TB drugs. Before mycobacteriophage therapy can be envisioned as part of routine care, several obstacles must be overcome to translate in vitro work into clinical practice. Strategies to target intracellular bacteria and selecting phage cocktails to limit cross-resistance remain important avenues to explore. However, insight into pathophysiological host-phage interactions on a molecular level and innovative solutions to transcend mycobacteriophage therapy impediments, offer sufficient encouragement to explore phage therapy. Recently, the first successful clinical studies were performed using a mycobacteriophage-constructed cocktail to treat non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, providing substantial insight into lessons learned and potential pitfalls to avoid in order to ensure favorable outcomes. However, due to mycobacterium strain variation, mycobacteriophage therapy remains personalized, only being utilized in compassionate care cases until there is further regulatory approval. Therefore, identifying the determinants that influence clinical outcomes that can expand the repertoire of mycobacteriophages for therapeutic benefit, remains key for their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffel Johannes Opperman
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point TB-Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Justyna Wojno
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lancet Laboratories, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rob Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Gómez-Ochoa SA, Pitton M, Valente LG, Sosa Vesga CD, Largo J, Quiroga-Centeno AC, Hernández Vargas JA, Trujillo-Cáceres SJ, Muka T, Cameron DR, Que YA. Efficacy of phage therapy in preclinical models of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e956-e968. [PMID: 36370748 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens is an increasing clinical problem and alternative approaches to antibiotic chemotherapy are needed. One of these approaches is the use of lytic bacterial viruses known as phage therapy. We aimed to assess the efficacy of phage therapy in preclinical animal models of bacterial infection. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE/Ovid, Embase/Ovid, CINAHL/EbscoHOST, Web of Science/Wiley, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to Sept 30, 2021. Studies assessing phage efficacy in animal models were included. Only studies that assessed the efficacy of phage therapy in treating established bacterial infections in terms of survival and bacterial abundance or density were included. Studies reporting only in-vitro or ex-vivo results and those with incomplete information were excluded. Risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool. The main endpoints were animal survival and tissue bacterial burden, which were reported using pooled odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences with random-effects models. The I2 measure and its 95% CI were also calculated. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022311309. FINDINGS Of the 5084 references screened, 124 studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Risk of bias was high for 70 (56%) of the 124 included studies; therefore, only studies classified as having a low-to-moderate risk of bias were considered for quantitative data synthesis (n=32). Phage therapy was associated with significantly improved survival at 24 h in systemic infection models (OR 0·08 [95% CI 0·03 to 0·20]; I2=55% [95% CI 8 to 77]), skin infection (OR 0·08 [0·04 to 0·19]; I2 = 0% [0 to 79]), and pneumonia models (OR 0·13 [0·06 to 0·31]; I2=0% [0 to 68]) when compared with placebo. Animals with skin infections (mean difference -2·66 [95% CI -3·17 to -2·16]; I2 = 95% [90 to 96]) and those with pneumonia (mean difference -3·35 [-6·00 to -0·69]; I2 = 99% [98 to 99]) treated with phage therapy had significantly lower tissue bacterial loads at 5 ± 2 days of follow-up compared with placebo. INTERPRETATION Phage therapy significantly improved animal survival and reduced organ bacterial loads compared with placebo in preclinical animal models. However, high heterogeneity was observed in some comparisons. More evidence is needed to identify the factors influencing phage therapy performance to improve future clinical application. FUNDING Swiss National Foundation and Swiss Heart Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alejandro Gómez-Ochoa
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Research Center, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Melissa Pitton
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca G Valente
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jorge Largo
- Internal Medicine Department, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Epistudia, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Cameron
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Songphasuk T, Imklin N, Sriprasong P, Woonwong Y, Nasanit R, Sajapitak S. Bacteriophage efficacy in controlling swine enteric colibacillosis pathogens: An in vitro study. Vet World 2022; 15:2822-2829. [PMID: 36718320 PMCID: PMC9880851 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2822-2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Swine enteric colibacillosis caused by Escherichia coli is a major problem in the swine industry, causing diarrhea among swine and resulting in substantial financial losses. However, efforts to counter this disease are impeded by the increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide, so intensive research is being conducted to identify alternative treatments. This study isolated, characterized, and evaluated the efficacy of bacteriophages to control pathogens causative of swine enteric colibacillosis. Materials and Methods Five sewage samples were collected from different areas of a swine farm in Suphanburi province, Thailand and the bacteriophages were enriched and isolated, followed by purification by the agar overlay method using E. coli RENR as the host strain. The selected phages were characterized by evaluating their morphology, while their specificity was verified by the host range test. The efficiency of plating and multiplicity of infection (MOI) were also determined. Results Four selected phages, namely, vB_Eco-RPNE4i3, vB_Eco-RPNE6i4, vB_Eco-RPNE7i1, and vB_Eco-RPNE8i3, demonstrated different patterns of host range and phage efficiency. They significantly decreased E. coli concentration at the tested MOIs (0.01-100) from 1 h onward. However, bacterial regrowth was observed in all phage treatments. Conclusion This study shows the potential of using phages as an alternative treatment for swine enteric colibacillosis. The obtained results demonstrated that the selected phages had a therapeutic effect against pathogens causative of swine enteric colibacillosis. Therefore, phages could be applied as an alternative treatment to control specific bacterial strains and reduce AMR arising from the overuse of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techaphon Songphasuk
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Napakhwan Imklin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Pattaraporn Sriprasong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Rujikan Nasanit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand,Corresponding authors: Rujikan Nasanit, e-mail: ; Somchai Sajapitak, e-mail: Co-authors: TS: , NI: , PS: , YW:
| | - Somchai Sajapitak
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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Lyon R, Jones RA, Shropshire H, Aberdeen I, Scanlan DJ, Millard A, Chen Y. Membrane lipid renovation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa - implications for phage therapy? Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4533-4546. [PMID: 35837865 PMCID: PMC9804370 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important Gram-negative pathogen with intrinsic resistance to many clinically used antibiotics. It is particularly troublesome in nosocomial infections, immunocompromised patients, and individuals with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a huge threat to global health, with a predicted 10 million people dying from resistant infections by 2050. A promising therapy for combatting AMR infections is phage therapy. However, more research is required to investigate mechanisms that may influence the efficacy of phage therapy. An important overlooked aspect is the impact of membrane lipid remodelling on phage binding ability. P. aeruginosa undergoes changes in membrane lipids when it encounters phosphorus stress, an environmental perturbation that is likely to occur during infection. Lipid changes include the substitution of glycerophospholipids with surrogate glycolipids and the over-production of ornithine-containing aminolipids. Given that membrane lipids are known to influence the structure and function of membrane proteins, we propose that changes in the composition of membrane lipids during infection may alter phage binding and subsequent phage infection dynamics. Consideration of such effects needs to be urgently prioritised in order to develop the most effective phage therapy strategies for P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Lyon
- BBSRC Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training PartnershipUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK,School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Rebekah A. Jones
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK,MRC Doctoral Training PartnershipUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Holly Shropshire
- BBSRC Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training PartnershipUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK,School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Isabel Aberdeen
- BBSRC Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training PartnershipUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK,School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | | | - Andrew Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome BiologyUniversity of LeicesterUK
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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Save J, Que YA, Entenza J, Resch G. Subtherapeutic Doses of Vancomycin Synergize with Bacteriophages for Treatment of Experimental Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081792. [PMID: 36016414 PMCID: PMC9412893 DOI: 10.3390/v14081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Recurrent therapeutic failures reported for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infective endocarditis (IE) with vancomycin may be due to poor bactericidal activity. Alternative antibacterial approaches using bacteriophages may overcome this limitation. Objectives. An experimental rat model of MRSA IE (EE) was used to examine the efficacy of vancomycin combined with a 1:1 bacteriophage (phage) cocktail composed of Herelleviridae vB_SauH_2002 and Routreeviridae 66. Methods. Six hours after inoculation with ca. 5 log10 colony forming units (CFU) of MRSA strain AW7, animals were treated with either: (i) saline, (ii) an equimolar two-phage cocktail (bolus of 1 mL followed by a 0.3 mL/h continuous infusion of 10 log10 plaque forming units (PFU)/mL phage suspension), (iii) vancomycin (at a dose mimicking the kinetics in humans of 0.5 g b.i.d.), or (iv) a combination of both. Bacterial loads in vegetations, and phage loads in vegetations, liver, kidney, spleen, and blood, were measured outcomes. Results. Phage cocktail alone was unable to control the growth of strain AW7 in cardiac vegetations. However, when combined with subtherapeutic doses of vancomycin, a statistically significant decrease of ∆4.05 ± 0.94 log10 CFU/g at 24 h compared to placebo was detected (p < 0.001). The administration of vancomycin was found to significantly impact on the local concentrations of phages in the vegetations and in the organs examined. Conclusions. Lytic bacteriophages as an adjunct treatment to the standard of care antibiotics could potentially improve the management of MRSA IE. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of antibiotics on phage replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Save
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Hospital of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - José Entenza
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Resch
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Hospital of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Lausanne, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Hernandez Santos H, Clark J, Terwilliger A, Maresso A. Discovery of the First Lytic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius/ Staphylococcus aureus Polyvalent Bacteriophages. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:116-124. [PMID: 36157281 PMCID: PMC9248872 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background There are no verified lytic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius phages in the literature and few temperate phage genomes in databases. S. pseudintermedius is an opportunistic zoonotic pathogen of great importance in veterinary and human medicine. Materials and Methods We discovered phages against canine-derived S. pseudintermedius isolates by screening dog feces, hair, and skin swabs. Fourteen new phages were isolated and characterized by genomic analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and host range determination. Results Three phages-DH2, DH5, and DS10, a phage K variant-were predicted lytic by sequencing, a designation supported by mitomycin C induction. All three are S. pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus polyvalent phages, with DH2 and DS10 being strong killers of both species. Conclusions We report discovery of the first verified lytic S. pseudintermedius phages and suggest dog hair as a novel reservoir. DH2, DH5, and DS10 are promising candidates toward developing an anti-Staphylococcal phage cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo Hernandez Santos
- Tailored Antibacterials and Innovative Laboratories for Phage (Φ) Research (TAILΦR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin Clark
- Tailored Antibacterials and Innovative Laboratories for Phage (Φ) Research (TAILΦR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Austen Terwilliger
- Tailored Antibacterials and Innovative Laboratories for Phage (Φ) Research (TAILΦR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony Maresso
- Tailored Antibacterials and Innovative Laboratories for Phage (Φ) Research (TAILΦR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Opperman CJ, Wojno JM, Brink AJ. Treating bacterial infections with bacteriophages in the 21st century. S Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 37:346. [PMID: 35399556 PMCID: PMC8991297 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v37i1.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) were discovered in the early part of the 20th century, and their ability to eliminate bacterial infections as bacterial viruses gathered interest almost immediately. Bacteriophage therapy was halted in the Western world due to inconclusive results in early experiments and the concurrent discovery of antibiotics. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has elicited renewed interest in bacteriophages as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy. Interest in the application of bacteriophages has also expanded to include the environment, such as wastewater treatment, agriculture and aquaculture. Although the complete phage is important in bacteriophage therapy, the focus is shifting to purified phage enzymes. These enzymes are an attractive option for pharmaceutical companies with their patent potential. They can be bio-engineered for enhanced adjuvant properties, such as a broadened spectrum of activity or binding capability. Enzymes also eliminate the concern that the prophage might integrate resistance genes into the bacterial genome. From a clinical perspective, the first randomised clinical controlled phage therapy trial was conducted with more pioneering phase I/II clinical studies on the horizon. In this opinion paper, the authors outline bacteriophages as naturally occurring bactericidal entities, their therapeutic potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and compare them to antibiotics. Their potential multipurpose application in the medical field is also addressed, including the use of bacteriophages for vaccination, and utilisation of the antimicrobial enzymes that they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffel J Opperman
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Adrian J Brink
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Microbiology Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Jin B, Chen JY, Sheng ZL, Sun MQ, Yang HL. Synthesis, Antibacterial and Anthelmintic Activity of Novel 3-(3-Pyridyl)-oxazolidinone-5-methyl Ester Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031103. [PMID: 35164368 PMCID: PMC8839302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of 3-(3-pyridyl)-oxazolidone-5-methyl ester derivatives was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LC-MS. The conducted screening antibacterial studies of the new 3-(3-pyridyl)-oxazolidone-5-methyl ester derivatives established that the methyl sulfonic acid esters have broad activity spectrum towards Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Among them, compound 12e has the most potent activity, with an MIC of 16 μg/mL against B.subtilis, and could reduce the instantaneous growth rate of bacteria. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were also simulated for compound 12e to predict the specific binding mode of this compound. In addition, anthelmintic activity of these compounds was also evaluated against adult Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuman). The results showed that compound 11b had the best effect. These results above can provide experimental reference for the development of novel antibacterial and anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (B.J.); (J.-y.C.); (Z.-l.S.); (M.-q.S.)
| | - Jia-yi Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (B.J.); (J.-y.C.); (Z.-l.S.); (M.-q.S.)
| | - Zun-lai Sheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (B.J.); (J.-y.C.); (Z.-l.S.); (M.-q.S.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Meng-qing Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (B.J.); (J.-y.C.); (Z.-l.S.); (M.-q.S.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hong-liang Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (B.J.); (J.-y.C.); (Z.-l.S.); (M.-q.S.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Valente LG, Federer L, Iten M, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, Jakob SM, Haenggi M, Cameron DR, Que YA, Prazak J. Searching for synergy: combining systemic daptomycin treatment with localised phage therapy for the treatment of experimental pneumonia due to MRSA. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 34579784 PMCID: PMC8474762 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bacteriophages (or phages) are viruses which infect and lyse bacteria. The therapeutic use of phages (phage therapy) has regained attention in the last decades as an alternative strategy to treat infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In clinical settings it is most likely that phages are administered adjunct to antibiotics. For successful phage therapy it is therefore crucial to investigate different phage-antibiotic combinations in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate the combinatorial effects of systemic daptomycin and nebulised bacteriophages for the treatment of experimental pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results Using a rat model of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by MRSA, the simultaneous application of intravenous daptomycin and nebulised phages was not superior to aerophage therapy alone at improving animal survival (55% vs. 50%), or reducing bacterial burdens in the lungs, or spleen. Thus, this combination does not seem to be of benefit for use in patients with MRSA pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Valente
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Federer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Iten
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Haenggi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Cameron
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef Prazak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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