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Maehara T, Fujimori K. Inhibition of Prostaglandin F 2α Receptors Exaggerates HCl-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312843. [PMID: 34884648 PMCID: PMC8657597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe respiratory disorders that are caused by aspiration, sepsis, trauma, and pneumonia. A clinical feature of ALI/ARDS is the acute onset of severe hypoxemia, and the mortality rate, which is estimated at 38-50%, remains high. Although prostaglandins (PGs) are detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with ALI/ARDS, the role of PGF2α in ALI remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the role of PGF2α/PGF2α receptor (FP) signaling in acid-induced ALI using an FP receptor antagonist, AL8810. Intratracheal injection of hydrochloric acid (HCl) increased neutrophil migration into the lungs, leading to respiratory dysfunction. Pre-administration of AL8810 further increased these features. Moreover, pre-treatment with AL8810 enhanced the HCl-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil migratory factors in the lungs. Administration of HCl decreased the gene expression of lung surfactant proteins, which was further reduced by co-administration of AL8810. Administration of AL8810 also increased lung edema and reduced mRNA expression of epithelial sodium channel in the lungs, indicating that AL8810 reduced fluid clearance. Furthermore, AL8810 also increased lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that inhibition of FP receptors by AL8810 exacerbated HCl-induced ALI.
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Chang HY, Li F, Li FS, Zheng CZ, Lei YZ, Wang J. Genetic Polymorphisms of SP-A, SP-B, and SP-D and Risk of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Neonates. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5091-5100. [PMID: 28011976 PMCID: PMC5207009 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined selected polymorphisms in 3 pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins (SP) for their influence on serum SP levels and risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm neonates. Material/Methods Premature infants from a Han population were enrolled, including 100 premature infants with RDS (case group) and 120 premature infants without RDS (control group). SNP genotyping for SP-A (+186A/G and +655C/T), SP-B (−18A/C and 1580C/T), and SP-D (Met11ThrT/C and Ala160ThrG/A) used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Haplotypes were calculated with Shesis software and serum SP-A/B/D levels were quantified by ELISA. Results Case and control groups exhibited significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of SP-A (+186A/G, +655C/T) and SP-B (1580C/T). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the allele and genotype frequencies of SP-B −18A/C, SP-D Met11ThrT/C, and SP-D Ala160ThrG/A. Importantly, serum SP-A and SP-B levels were reduced in RDS patients carrying SP-A (+186A/G, +655C/T) and SP-B (1580C/T) polymorphisms. AA genotype of +186A/G, SP-A level, and CC genotype of 1580C/T were independently correlated with increased RDS risk. Conclusions SP-A (+186A/G) and SP-B (1580C/T) polymorphisms are strongly associated with the risk of RDS in preterm infants. Notably, reduced serum SP-A levels were correlated with a high risk of RDS and may serve as novel biomarkers for RDS detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Feng-Sheng Li
- Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng-Zhong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yan-Zhe Lei
- Department of Neonatology, Haidian Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, China (mainland)
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Kebaabetswe LP, Haick AK, Gritsenko MA, Fillmore TL, Chu RK, Purvine SO, Webb-Robertson BJ, Matzke MM, Smith RD, Waters KM, Metz TO, Miura TA. Proteomic analysis reveals down-regulation of surfactant protein B in murine type II pneumocytes infected with influenza A virus. Virology 2015; 483:96-107. [PMID: 25965799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection of type II alveolar epithelial (ATII) cells by influenza A viruses (IAV) correlates with severe respiratory disease in humans and mice. To understand pathogenic mechanisms during IAV infection of ATII cells, murine ATII cells were cultured to maintain a differentiated phenotype, infected with IAV-PR8, which causes severe lung pathology in mice, and proteomics analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. PR8 infection increased levels of proteins involved in interferon signaling, antigen presentation, and cytoskeleton regulation. Proteins involved in mitochondrial membrane permeability, energy metabolism, and chromatin formation had reduced levels in PR8-infected cells. Phenotypic markers of ATII cells in vivo were identified, confirming the differentiation status of the cultures. Surfactant protein B had decreased levels in PR8-infected cells, which was confirmed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Analysis of ATII cell protein profiles will elucidate cellular processes in IAV pathogenesis, which may provide insight into potential therapies to modulate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemme P Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas L Fillmore
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rosalie K Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Samuel O Purvine
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson
- Computational and Statistical Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Melissa M Matzke
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Tanya A Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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To KKW, Zhou J, Song YQ, Hung IFN, Ip WCT, Cheng ZS, Chan ASF, Kao RYT, Wu AKL, Chau S, Luk WK, Ip MSM, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Surfactant protein B gene polymorphism is associated with severe influenza. Chest 2014; 145:1237-1243. [PMID: 24337193 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant proteins play a key role in alveolar stability. We examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the surfactant protein genes are associated with severe influenza. METHODS In the first cohort, 12 SNPs related to surfactant protein genes were compared between Chinese patients with severe and mild pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection who were matched for age, sex, and underlying risk conditions. The SNP rs1130866, which was significantly different between the two groups, was further genotyped in a second cohort of patients. Multivariate analysis was performed to control for confounding factors. The genotype frequencies were also compared with those of the general Han Chinese population. RESULTS This study consisted of 380 patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. In the first cohort of 84 patients, the C allele of rs1130866, an SNP in the surfactant protein B gene (SFTPB), was significantly associated with severe disease (OR = 3.37, P = .0048), although the P value was .057 after Bonferroni correction. In the second cohort of 296 patients, the C/C genotype was confirmed in the univariate analysis to be associated with severe disease. Multivariate analysis of the second cohort showed that genotype C/C was an independent risk factor for severe A(H1N1)pdm09 infection (second cohort: OR = 2.087, P = .023). Compared to the general Han Chinese population, the C/C genotype was overrepresented in patients with severe A(H1N1)pdm09 infection (OR = 3.232, P = .00000056). CONCLUSIONS SFTPB polymorphism is associated with severe influenza. The role of SFTPB in influenza warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Carol Yu Centre for Infection; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology; Department of Microbiology
| | - Jie Zhou
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology; Department of Microbiology
| | | | - Ivan F N Hung
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
| | | | | | | | - Richard Y T Kao
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology; Department of Microbiology
| | - Alan K L Wu
- Department of Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Sandy Chau
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wei-Kwang Luk
- Department of Pathology, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mary S M Ip
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology; Department of Microbiology
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology; Carol Yu Centre for Infection; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases.
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Meyer NJ. Future clinical applications of genomics for acute respiratory distress syndrome. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:793-803. [PMID: 24461759 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units, yet no specific pharmacotherapy has proven useful in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation or improving survival. One factor that might hamper the development of treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome is the heterogeneous nature of the population who present with the syndrome. In this Review, the potential of genomic approaches-genetic association, gene expression, metabolomic, proteomic, and systems biology applications-for the identification of molecular endotypes within acute respiratory distress syndrome and potentially for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this difficult disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala J Meyer
- Department of Medicine Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Mechanisms of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children and adults: a review and suggestions for future research. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14:631-43. [PMID: 23823199 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e318291753f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a current overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults and children, and to identify research questions that will address the differences between adults and children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. DATA SOURCES Narrative literature review and author-generated data. DATA SELECTION The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults and children, lung morphogenesis, and postnatal lung growth and development are reviewed. The pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome is divided into eight categories: alveolar fluid transport, surfactant, innate immunity, apoptosis, coagulation, direct alveolar epithelial injury by bacterial products, ventilator-associated lung injury, and repair. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Epidemiologic data suggest significant differences in the prevalence and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome between children and adults. Postnatal lung development continues through attainment of adult height, and there is overlap between the regulation of postnatal lung development and inflammatory, apoptotic, alveolar fluid clearance, and repair mechanisms. Therefore, there is a different biological baseline network of gene and protein expression in children as compared with adults. CONCLUSIONS There are significant obstacles to performing research on children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, epidemiologic, clinical, and animal studies suggest age-dependent differences in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In order to reduce the prevalence and improve the outcome of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, translational studies of inflammatory, apoptotic, alveolar fluid clearance, and repair mechanisms are needed. Understanding the differences in pathophysiologic mechanisms in acute respiratory distress syndrome between children and adults should facilitate identification of novel therapeutic interventions to prevent or modulate lung injury and improve lung repair.
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Leikauf GD, Pope-Varsalona H, Concel VJ, Liu P, Bein K, Berndt A, Martin TM, Ganguly K, Jang AS, Brant KA, Dopico RA, Upadhyay S, Di YPP, Li Q, Hu Z, Vuga LJ, Medvedovic M, Kaminski N, You M, Alexander DC, McDunn JE, Prows DR, Knoell DL, Fabisiak JP. Integrative assessment of chlorine-induced acute lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:234-44. [PMID: 22447970 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0026oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis for the underlying individual susceptibility to chlorine-induced acute lung injury is unknown. To uncover the genetic basis and pathophysiological processes that could provide additional homeostatic capacities during lung injury, 40 inbred murine strains were exposed to chlorine, and haplotype association mapping was performed. The identified single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations were evaluated through transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling. Using ≥ 10% allelic frequency and ≥ 10% phenotype explained as threshold criteria, promoter SNPs that could eliminate putative transcriptional factor recognition sites in candidate genes were assessed by determining transcript levels through microarray and reverse real-time PCR during chlorine exposure. The mean survival time varied by approximately 5-fold among strains, and SNP associations were identified for 13 candidate genes on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 9, and 15. Microarrays revealed several differentially enriched pathways, including protein transport (decreased more in the sensitive C57BLKS/J lung) and protein catabolic process (increased more in the resistant C57BL/10J lung). Lung metabolomic profiling revealed 95 of the 280 metabolites measured were altered by chlorine exposure, and included alanine, which decreased more in the C57BLKS/J than in the C57BL/10J strain, and glutamine, which increased more in the C57BL/10J than in the C57BLKS/J strain. Genetic associations from haplotype mapping were strengthened by an integrated assessment using transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling. The leading candidate genes associated with increased susceptibility to acute lung injury in mice included Klf4, Sema7a, Tns1, Aacs, and a gene that encodes an amino acid carrier, Slc38a4.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
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The influence of genetic variation in surfactant protein B on severe lung injury in African American children. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1138-44. [PMID: 21283003 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31820a9416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether genetic variations in the gene coding for surfactant protein B are associated with lung injury in African American children with community-acquired pneumonia. DESIGN A prospective cohort genetic association study of lung injury in children with community-acquired pneumonia. SETTING Two major tertiary care children's hospitals. SUBJECTS African American children with community-acquired pneumonia (n = 395) either evaluated in the emergency department or admitted to the hospital. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Three hundred ninety-five African American children (14 days to 18 yrs of age) with community-acquired pneumonia were enrolled. Thirty-seven patients required mechanical ventilation and 26 of these were diagnosed with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Genotyping was performed on seven linkage disequilibrium-tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in the surfactant protein B gene. Univariate analysis demonstrated two linkage disequilibrium-tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs1130866 (also known as SP-B + 1580 C/T) and rs3024793, were associated with the need for mechanical ventilation in African American children (p = .016 and p = .030, respectively). Multivariable analysis indicated that both of these single nucleotide polymorphisms are independently associated with need for mechanical ventilation (p = .040 and p = .012, respectively) as was rs7316 when its interaction with age was considered (p = .015). Multivariable analysis examining acute lung injury demonstrated a significant association of rs7316 with acute lung injury (p = .031). Haplotype analysis was also performed. Two haplotypes, GTGCGCG and ATATAAG, were associated with need for mechanical ventilation using either univariate (p = .041 and p = .043, respectively) or multivariable analysis (odds ratios of 2.62, p = .048, and 3.12, p = .033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations in the gene coding for surfactant protein B are associated with more severe lung injury as indicated by the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes and haplotypes with the need for mechanical ventilation in African American children with community-acquired pneumonia.
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Cardinal-Fernández P, Nin N, Lorente JA. [Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a genomic perspective]. Med Intensiva 2011; 35:361-72. [PMID: 21429625 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genomics have allowed important advances in the knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of complex disease entities such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Genomic medicine aims to personalize and optimize diagnosis, prognosis and treatment by determining the influence of genetic polymorphisms in specific diseases. The scientific community must cope with the important challenge of securing rapid transfer of knowledge to clinical practice, in order to prevent patients from becoming exposed to unnecessary risks. In the present article we describe the main concepts of genomic medicine pertaining to ALI/ARDS, and its currently recognized clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cardinal-Fernández
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, CASMU-IAMPP-Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Genetic variation in MYLK and lung injury in children and adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010; 11:731-6. [PMID: 20081554 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181ce7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the myosin light chain kinase gene are associated with more severe lung injury in children and adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the myosin light chain kinase gene and increased severity of acute lung injury in adults. DESIGN Prospective, case-control genetic association study. SETTING Three tertiary children's hospitals and one adult healthcare system. PATIENTS A total of 800 pediatric patients and 393 adult patients. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Genetic variation in the myosin light chain kinase gene was examined. The pediatric cohort was predominantly composed of African American (n = 443) and Caucasian (n = 253) children. A total of 393 patients made up the adult cohort. Within the pediatric cohort, single nucleotide polymorphisms rs16834493, rs820463, and rs9840993 were genotyped in the African American patients, whereas single nucleotide polymorphisms rs960224, rs33264, rs11718105, and rs9289225 were genotyped in the Caucasian patients. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs820336) was genotyped in both groups. Genotyping in the adult cohort included rs820336, rs860224, rs33264, and rs11718105. Genotyping was performed using the Taqman Assay. Data were analyzed separately for African Americans and Caucasians and for children and adults. No associations were observed between the myosin light chain kinase gene single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in children with community-acquired pneumonia and increased severity of lung injury. Similarly, no associations were observed between myosin light chain kinase gene single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and increased severity of lung injury. CONCLUSIONS No association between the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the myosin light chain kinase gene and either the need for positive-pressure ventilation or the development of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome was observed in children with community-acquired pneumonia. This suggests that variation in this gene may play less of a role in lung injury in children or adults with community-acquired pneumonia than in adults with sepsis or trauma.
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Reddy AJ, Kleeberger SR. Genetic polymorphisms associated with acute lung injury. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:1527-39. [PMID: 19761373 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the result of intense inflammation in the lungs leading to respiratory failure. The causes of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome are numerous (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis and trauma) but the reasons why certain individuals develop lung injury in response to these stimuli and others do not are not well understood. There is ample evidence in the literature that gene-host and gene-environment interactions may play a large role in the morbidity and mortality associated with this syndrome. In this review, we initially discuss methods for identification of candidate acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome susceptibility genes using a number of model systems including in vitro cell systems and inbred mice. We then describe examples of polymorphisms in genes that have been associated with the pathogenesis of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in human case-control studies. Systematic bench to bedside approaches to understand the genetic contribution to acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome have provided important insight to this complex disease and continuation of these investigations could lead to the development of novel prevention or intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita J Reddy
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Health System, OH, USA
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