1
|
Zhao X, Yin L, Fang L, Xu L, Sun P, Xu M, Liu K, Peng J. Protective effects of dioscin against systemic inflammatory response syndromevia adjusting TLR2/MyD88/NF‑κb signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:458-469. [PMID: 30390593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of active compounds to control inflammation against systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is critical important. Dioscin shows anti-inflammatory effects in our previous works. However, the action of the compound on SIRS still remained unknown. In the present paper, zymosan induced generalized inflammation (ZIGI) models in mice and rats, and PMA-differentiated THP‑1 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Pam3-Cys-Ser-Lys4 (Pam3CSK4) were used. The results showed that dioscin significantly inhibited the proliferation of THP‑1 cells stimulated by LPS and Pam3CSK4, obviously reduced the soakage of inflammatory cells and necrosis in liver, kidney and intestine of rats and mice, and reduced peritoneal ascites fluid compared with ZIGI model groups. In addition, dioscin significantly declined the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rats and mice. The migration of macrophages in tissues was also suppressed by dioscin. Mechanism investigation showed that dioscin significantly inhibited the expression levels of TLR2, MyD88, NF‑κb, HMGB‑1, increased the expression levels of IKBα, and decreased the mRNA levels of interleukin‑1 beta (IL‑1β), interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) and tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α) in liver, kidney, intestine tissues of rats and mice, and in PMA-differentiated THP‑1 cells, which were further confirmed by TLR2 siRNA silencing in vitro. In conclusion, our data confirmed that dioscin exhibited protective effects against SIRS via adjusting TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway, which should be developed as one potent candidate to treat SIRS in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lianhong Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lingling Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshun nan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Unsal D, Kacan M, Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Korkmaz B, Sari AN, Buharalioglu CK, Yildirim-Yaroglu H, Tamer-Gumus L, Tunctan B, Malik KU, Sahan-Firat S. The role of Syk/IĸB-α/NF-ĸB pathway activation in the reversal effect of BAY 61-3606, a selective Syk inhibitor, on hypotension and inflammation in a rat model of zymosan-induced non-septic shock. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:155-165. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Demet Unsal
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Meltem Kacan
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | | | - Demet S Guden
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Belma Korkmaz
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Ayse N Sari
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Cuneyt K Buharalioglu
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy International; Cyprus University; Nicosia Cyprus
| | | | - Lulufer Tamer-Gumus
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Medicine; Center for Health Sciences; University of Tennessee; Memphis TN USA
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Subanesthetic isoflurane reduces zymosan-induced inflammation in murine Kupffer cells by inhibiting ROS-activated p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:851692. [PMID: 25147596 PMCID: PMC4134815 DOI: 10.1155/2014/851692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile anesthetic isoflurane (ISO) has immunomodulatory effects. The fungal component zymosan (ZY) induces inflammation through toll-like receptor 2 or dectin-1 signaling. We investigated the molecular actions of subanesthetic (0.7%) ISO against ZY-induced inflammatory activation in murine Kupffer cells (KCs), which are known as the resident macrophages within the liver. We observed that ISO reduced ZY-induced cyclooxygenase 2 upregulation and prostaglandin E2 release, as determined by western blot and radioimmunoassay, respectively. ISO also reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, IL-6, high-mobility group box-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. ISO blocked the ZY-induced nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor- (NF)-κB p65. Moreover, ISO attenuated ZY-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation partly by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS); the interregulation that ROS activated p38 MAPK followed by NF-κB activation was crucial for the ZY-induced inflammatory responses in KCs. An in vivo study by peritoneal injection of ZY into BALB/C mice confirmed the anti-inflammatory properties of 0.7% ISO against ZY in KCs. These results suggest that ISO ameliorates ZY-induced inflammatory responses in murine KCs by inhibiting the interconnected ROS/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Notch signaling, a critical pathway in cell fate determination, is well known to be involved in immune and inflammatory reactions, whereas its role in acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. Here, we report that notch signal activity is upregulated in lung tissue harvested from an ALI mouse model (induced by zymosan). We showed that notch signal activity in lung tissue was increased 6 h after zymosan injection and peaked at 24 h. Inhibition of notch signaling by either pre- or post-zymosan treatment with N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-(S)-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) significantly reduced lung injury, characterized by improvement in lung histopathology, lung permeability (protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung wet-to-dry weight ratio), lung inflammation (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell count, lung myeloperoxidase, and tumor necrosis factor α), and also alleviated systemic inflammation and tissue damage, thus increasing the 7-day survival rate in zymosan-challenged mice. In conclusion, the role of notch signaling is functionally significant in the development of ALI. Inhibition of notch signaling by pretreatment or posttreatment with DAPT likely exerts its effects in part by mediating the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and influencing tissue neutrophil recruitment. These results also imply that notch inhibitors may help attenuate local inflammatory lung damage.
Collapse
|
5
|
A subanesthetic dose of isoflurane during postconditioning ameliorates zymosan-induced neutrophil inflammation lung injury and mortality in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:479628. [PMID: 24369446 PMCID: PMC3863458 DOI: 10.1155/2013/479628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic isoflurane (ISO) has immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we investigated whether a subanesthetic dose of ISO (0.7%) protected against zymosan (ZY) induced inflammatory responses in the murine lung and isolated neutrophils. At 1 and 6 hrs after ZY administration intraperitoneally, ISO was inhaled for 1 hr, and 24 hrs later, lung inflammation and injury were assessed. We found that ISO improved the survival rate of mice and mitigated lung injury as characterized by the histopathology, wet-to-dry weight ratio, protein leakage, and lung function index. ISO significantly attenuated ZY-induced lung neutrophil recruitment and inflammation. This was suggested by the downregulation of (a) endothelial adhesion molecule expression and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (b) chemokines, and (c) proinflammatory cytokines in BALF. Furthermore, ZY-induced nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of NF- κ B p65 were also reduced by ISO. ISO treatment inhibited iNOS expression and activity, as well as subsequent nitric oxide generation. Consistent with these in vivo observations, in vitro studies confirmed that ISO blocked NF- κ B and iNOS activation in primary mouse neutrophils challenged by ZY. These results provide evidence that 0.7% ISO ameliorates inflammatory responses in ZY-treated mouse lung and primary neutrophils.
Collapse
|
6
|
Anesthetic isoflurane posttreatment attenuates experimental lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:108928. [PMID: 23710113 PMCID: PMC3652145 DOI: 10.1155/2013/108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of 1.4% isoflurane (ISO) on the development of inflammation and apoptosis caused by zymosan (ZY) in mice. We found that ZY-challenged mice exhibited significant body weight loss, markedly high mortality, and significant lung injury characterized by the deterioration of histopathology, histologic scores, and wet-to-dry ratio after ISO treatment. ISO dramatically attenuated ZY-induced lung neutrophil recruitment and inflammation, as evidenced by the reduced levels of total cells, neutrophils, and proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor- α , interleukin- (IL-) 1 β , IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and of their mRNA expression in lung tissues. ISO also inhibited ZY-induced expression and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary tissue. ZY administration also resulted in the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression and activity in the lung, which was further enhanced by ISO treatment. Moreover, ISO markedly prevented ZY-induced pulmonary cell apoptosis in mice, as reflected by the decrease in expression of procaspase-8, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-3, as well as in caspase-3 activity and Bcl-2-associated X/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio. These results indicate that ISO is a potential therapeutic drug for treating ZY-induced lung injury, and further investigations are warranted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee MJ, Jang M, Jung HS, Kim SH, Cho IH. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates formalin-induced inflammatory nociception by inhibiting neuronal ERK phosphorylation. Mol Pain 2012; 8:40. [PMID: 22640699 PMCID: PMC3472237 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethyl pyruvate (EP) possesses anti-inflammatory activity. However, the potential anti-nociceptive value of EP for the treatment of the inflammatory nociception is largely unknown. We investigated whether EP could have any anti-nociceptive effect on inflammatory pain, after systemic administration of EP (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), 1 hour before formalin (5%, 50 μl) injection into the plantar surface of the hind paws of rats. Results EP significantly decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during phase II, the magnitude of paw edema, and the activation of c-Fos in L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn. EP also attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the neurons of L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn after formalin injection. Interestingly, the i.t. administration of PD98059, an ERK upstream kinase (MEK) inhibitor, completely blocked the formalin-induced inflammatory nociceptive responses. Conclusions These results demonstrate that EP may effectively inhibit formalin-induced inflammatory nociception via the inhibition of neuronal ERK phosphorylation in the spinal dorsal horn, indicating its therapeutic potential in suppressing acute inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, and Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist butoxamine partly abolishes the protection of 100% oxygen treatment against zymosan-induced generalized inflammation in mice. Shock 2012; 36:272-8. [PMID: 21617579 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31822413a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that 100% oxygen inhalation is beneficial to zymosan-induced generalized inflammation, and reactive oxygen species may be involved in the protection of oxygen treatment. Other investigators suggest that reactive oxygen species may modulate the sympathetic nervous system activity and β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR)-mediated pathway. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that β2AR agonists are beneficial to sepsis. Therefore, we assessed the effects of β2AR antagonist butoxamine on the protection of oxygen treatment against zymosan-induced generalized inflammation in mice. Mice were given oxygen treatment by exposure to 100% oxygen for 3 h starting at 4 and 12 h after zymosan injection, respectively. In the mortality study, survival was monitored for 7 days after zymosan injection in mice. At 24 h after zymosan injection, mice were killed, and blood sample and organs were harvested for analysis. We observed that 100% oxygen treatment prevented the abnormal changes in organ histopathology, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein in serum, inflammatory cytokines in serum and tissue, and arterial blood gas analysis and improved the survival rate in zymosan-challenged mice. We found that pretreatment with β2AR antagonist butoxamine partly abolished the protection of 100% oxygen inhalation. We also showed that zymosan induced the increase in serum 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the decrease in tissue cAMP. However, oxygen treatment increased the cAMP levels in both serum and tissue, which were partly abolished by pretreatment with butoxamine. Thus, 100% oxygen inhalation may protect against zymosan-induced generalized inflammation in mice partly through activation of β2AR pathway and subsequently enhance cAMP levels in both serum and tissue.
Collapse
|
9
|
Onur E, Akalin B, Memisoglu K, Karip AB, Aydin MT, Altun H, Ekci B. Ethyl pyruvate improves healing of colonic anastomosis in a rat model of peritonitis. Surg Innov 2012; 19:394-8. [PMID: 22298750 DOI: 10.1177/1553350611432158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on wound healing in primary colonic anastomoses in intraperitoneal sepsis. METHODS Standard left colon resection and end-to-end anastomosis were performed on 30 rats. They were grouped as control (C)--no further treatment; sepsis (S)--received 2 mL Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) intraperitoneally (IP), and after 5 hours, standard resection and anastomosis were performed; or sepsis-group treated with EP (S-EP)--received 2 mL E coli IP, after 5 hours, standard resection and anastomosis were performed and treated with EP 50 mg/kg IP for 7 days. On the postoperative day 7, the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS The anastomosis bursting pressure in group S was significantly lower than in the other groups. There were no differences between groups C and S-EP. Tissue hydroxyproline concentrations in group C were significantly higher than in group S. CONCLUSIONS EP administration prevented intraperitoneal sepsis-induced impaired anastomotic healing of colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ender Onur
- Department of General Surgery, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul 84410, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen HL, Bai H, Xi MM, Liu R, Qin XJ, Liang X, Zhang W, Zhang XD, Li WL, Hai CX. Ethyl pyruvate protects rats from phosgene-induced pulmonary edema by inhibiting cyclooxygenase2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:71-7. [PMID: 21818760 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosgene is a poorly water-soluble gas penetrating the lower respiratory tract which can induce acute lung injury characterized by a latent phase of fatal pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema caused by phosgene is believed to be a consequence of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in vivo and in vitro. The potential therapeutic role of EP in phosgene-induced pulmonary edema has not been addressed so far. In the present study, we aim to investigate the protective effects of EP on phosgene-induced pulmonary edema and the underlying mechanisms. Rats were administered with EP (40 mg kg(-1)) and RAW264.7 cells were also incubated with it (0, 2, 5 or 10 µm) immediately after phosgene (400 ppm, 1 min) or air exposure. Wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (W:D ratio), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and mitogen-activated protein kinases activities (MAPKs) were measured. Our results showed that EP treatment attenuated phosgene-induced pulmonary edema and decreased the level of NO and PGE(2) dose-dependently. Furthermore, EP significantly reduced COX-2 expression, iNOS expression and MAPK activation induced by phosgene. Moreover, specific inhibitors of MAPKs reduced COX-2 and iNOS expression induced by phosgene. These findings suggested that EP has a protective role against phosgene-induced pulmonary edema, which is mediated in part by inhibiting MAPK activation and subsequently down-regulating COX-2 and iNOS expression as well as decreasing the production of NO and PGE(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-li Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Beneficial effects of ethyl pyruvate through inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 expression and TLR4/NF-κB pathway after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:807142. [PMID: 21772666 PMCID: PMC3136093 DOI: 10.1155/2011/807142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has demonstrated neuroprotective effects against acute brain injury through its anti-inflammatory action. The nuclear protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can activate inflammatory pathways when released from dying cells. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of EP against secondary brain injury in rats after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) Sham + vehicle group, (2) TBI + vehicle group, and (3) TBI + EP group (n = 30 per group). Right parietal cortical contusion was made by using a weight-dropping TBI method. In TBI + EP group, EP was administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 75 mg/kg at 5 min, 1 and 6 h after TBI. Brain samples were harvested at 24 h after TBI. We found that EP treatment markedly inhibited the expressions of HMGB1 and TLR4, NF-κB DNA binding activity and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Also, EP treatment significantly ameliorated beam walking performance, brain edema, and cortical apoptotic cell death. These results suggest that the protective effects of EP may be mediated by the reduction of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response in the injured rat brain.
Collapse
|
12
|
Postischemic treatment with ethyl pyruvate prevents adenosine triphosphate depletion, ameliorates inflammation, and decreases thrombosis in a murine model of hind-limb ischemia and reperfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:103-10; discussion 110. [PMID: 21217488 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182031ccb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experiments were designed to investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) in a murine model of hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. METHODS C57BL6 mice underwent 90 minutes of unilateral ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion using two treatment protocols. For the preischemic treatment (pre-I) protocol, mice (n=6) were given 300 mg/kg EP before ischemia, followed by 150 mg/kg of EP just before reperfusion and at 6 hours and 12 hours after reperfusion. In a postischemic treatment (post-I) protocol, mice (n=7) were treated with 300 mg/kg EP at the end of the ischemic period, then 15 minutes later, and 2 hours after reperfusion and 150 mg/kg of EP at 4 hours, 6 hours, 10 hours, 16 hours, and 22 hours after reperfusion. Controls mice for both protocols were treated with lactated Ringers alone at time intervals identical to EP. Skeletal muscle levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), interleukin-1β, keratinocyte chemoattractant protein, and thrombin antithrombin-3 complex were measured. Skeletal muscle architectural integrity was assessed microscopically. RESULTS ATP levels were higher in mice treated with EP compared with controls under the both treatment protocols (p=0.02). Interleukin-1β, keratinocyte chemoattractant protein, thrombin antithrombin-3 complex (p<0.05), and the percentage of injured fibers (p<0.0001) were significantly decreased in treated versus control mice under the both protocols. CONCLUSION Muscle fiber injury and markers of tissue thrombosis and inflammation were reduced, and ATP was preserved with EP in pre-I and post-I protocols. Further investigation of the efficacy of EP to modulate IR injury in a larger animal model of IR injury is warranted.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pyruvate: immunonutritional effects on neutrophil intracellular amino or alpha-keto acid profiles and reactive oxygen species production. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1077-90. [PMID: 20839016 PMCID: PMC3061003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
For the first time the immunonutritional role of pyruvate on neutrophils (PMN), free α-keto and amino acid profiles, important reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced [superoxide anion (O(2) (-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))] as well as released myeloperoxidase (MPO) acitivity has been investigated. Exogenous pyruvate significantly increased PMN pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, arginine, citrulline, alanine, glycine and serine in a dose as well as duration of exposure dependent manner. Moreover, increases in O(2) (-) formation, H(2)O(2)-generation and MPO acitivity in parallel with intracellular pyruvate changes have also been detected. Regarding the interesting findings presented here we believe, that pyruvate fulfils considerably the criteria for a potent immunonutritional molecule in the regulation of the PMN dynamic α-keto and amino acid pools. Moreover it also plays an important role in parallel modulation of the granulocyte-dependent innate immune regulation. Although further research is necessary to clarify pyruvate's sole therapeutical role in critically ill patients' immunonutrition, the first scientific successes seem to be very promising.
Collapse
|
14
|
SUBANESTHETIC DOSE OF ISOFLURANE PROTECTS AGAINST ZYMOSAN-INDUCED GENERALIZED INFLAMMATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY IN MICE. Shock 2010; 34:183-9. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181cffc3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
The biochemical basis for the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions of ethyl pyruvate and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:151-9. [PMID: 20230800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is an important metabolic intermediate, and also is an effective scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pharmacological administration of pyruvate has been shown to improve organ function in animal models of oxidant-mediated cellular injury. However, pyruvate is relatively unstable in aqueous solutions, which could limit the therapeutic potential of this compound. Ethyl pyruvate (EP), a simple derivative of pyruvic acid, is also an ROS scavenger, but seems to exert pharmacological effects, such as suppression of inflammation, which are at least quantitatively different and in some instances are qualitatively distinct from those exerted by pyruvate anion. Treatment with EP has been shown to improve survival and/or ameliorate organ dysfunction in a wide variety of pre-clinical models of acute illnesses, such as severe sepsis, acute pancreatitis and stroke. Using other animal models, some studies have demonstrated that more prolonged treatment with EP can ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease or slow the rate of growth of malignant tumors. In a clinical trial of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, treatment with EP was shown to be safe, but it failed to improve outcome. The true therapeutic potential of EP and related compounds remains to be elucidated. In this review, some of the biochemical mechanisms, which might be responsible for the pharmacological effects of EP, are discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Role of PPAR-delta in the development of zymosan-induced multiple organ failure: an experiment mice study. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:12. [PMID: 20167109 PMCID: PMC2844385 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression in many important biological processes. It is expressed ubiquitously, especially white adipose tissue, heart, muscle, intestine, placenta and macrophages but many of its functions are unknown. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids activate PPAR-beta/delta, but physiological ligands have not yet been identified. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR-beta/delta activation, through the use of GW0742 (0,3 mg/kg 10% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) i.p), a synthetic high affinity ligand, on the development of zymosan-induced multiple organ failure (MOF). Methods Multiple organ failure (MOF) was induced in mice by administration of zymosan (given at 500 mg/kg, i.p. as a suspension in saline). The control groups were treated with vehicle (0.25 ml/mouse saline), while the pharmacological treatment was the administration of GW0742 (0,3 mg/kg 10% DMSO i.p. 1 h and 6 h after zymosan administration). MOF and systemic inflammation in mice was assessed 18 hours after administration of zymosan. Results Treatment with GW0742 caused a significant reduction of the peritoneal exudate formation and of the neutrophil infiltration caused by zymosan resulting in a reduction in myeloperoxidase activity. The PPAR-beta/delta agonist, GW0742, at the dose of 0,3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO, also attenuated the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by zymosan. In pancreas, lung and gut, immunohistochemical analysis of some end points of the inflammatory response, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR), TNF- and IL-1as well as FasL, Bax, Bcl-2 and apoptosis, revealed positive staining in sections of tissue obtained from zymosan-injected mice. On the contrary, these parameters were markedly reduced in samples obtained from mice treated with GW0742 Conclusions In this study, we have shown that GW0742 attenuates the degree of zymosan-induced non-septic shock in mice.
Collapse
|
17
|
|