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Khazem F, Zetoune AB. Decoding high mobility group A2 protein expression regulation and implications in human cancers. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:322. [PMID: 39085703 PMCID: PMC11291832 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group A2 (HMGA2) oncofetal proteins are a distinct category of Transcription Factors (TFs) known as "architectural factors" due to their lack of direct transcriptional activity. Instead, they modulate the three-dimensional structure of chromatin by binding to AT-rich regions in the minor grooves of DNA through their AT-hooks. This binding allows HMGA2 to interact with other proteins and different regions of DNA, thereby regulating the expression of numerous genes involved in carcinogenesis. Consequently, multiple mechanisms exist to finely control HMGA2 protein expression at various transcriptional levels, ensuring precise concentration adjustments to maintain cellular homeostasis. During embryonic development, HMGA2 protein is highly expressed but becomes absent in adult tissues. However, recent studies have revealed its re-elevation in various cancer types. Extensive research has demonstrated the involvement of HMGA2 protein in carcinogenesis at multiple levels. It intervenes in crucial processes such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell stemness, and DNA damage repair mechanisms, ultimately promoting cancer cell survival. This comprehensive review provides insights into the HMGA2 protein, spanning from the genetic regulation to functional protein behavior. It highlights the significant mechanisms governing HMGA2 gene expression and elucidates the molecular roles of HMGA2 in the carcinogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Khazem
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
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Ren R, Ma K, Jiang Y, Chen J, Kou Y, Ge Z, Chen Z, Wei X, Yu L. Endothelial miR-196b-5p regulates angiogenesis via the hypoxia/miR-196b-5p/HMGA2/HIF1α loop. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C407-C419. [PMID: 36534502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00309.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is involved in development, reproduction, wound healing, homeostasis, and other pathophysiological events. Imbalanced angiogenesis predisposes patients to various pathological processes, such as angiocardiopathy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be important in regulating cellular processing and physiological events including angiogenesis. However, the role of miRNAs that regulate angiogenesis (angiomiRs) is not fully understood. Here, we observed a downregulation of the miR-196 family in endothelial cells upon hypoxia. Functionally, miR-196b-5p inhibited the angiogenic functions of endothelial cells in vitro and suppressed angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs and skin wound healing in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-196b-5p bound onto the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) mRNA and repressed the translation of HMGA2, which in turn represses HIF1α accumulation in endothelial cells upon hypoxia. Together, our results establish the role of endothelial miR-196b-5p as an angiomiR that negatively regulates endothelial growth in angiogenesis via the hypoxia/miR-196b-5p/HMGA2/HIF1α loop. miR-196b-5p and its regulatory loop could be an important addition to the molecular mechanisms underlying angiogenesis and may serve as potential targets for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhe Ren
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences-iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefan Ma
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences-iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqing Jiang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences-iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences-iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Kou
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences-iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyang Wei
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyang Yu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences-iCell Biotechnology Regenerative Biomedicine Laboratory, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, People's Republic of China
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