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Bardales-Zuta VH, Fernández-Rodríguez LJ, Romero-Goicochea C. Arterial blood analysis of healthy residents in Huamachuco, Peru (3,164 m): a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2023; 12:885. [PMID: 37881331 PMCID: PMC10594050 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.134567.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Given that arterial blood gas is affected by altitude and ethnicity, establishing reliable reference standards for these values requires analysis of arterial blood at different elevations and locations. Our objective was to measure the arterial blood gases of healthy young volunteers in Huamachuco, Peru, at 3,164 m above sea level. This is likely the first study of arterial blood gas analysis of healthy Northern Peruvians living at high altitude. Methods: Healthy residents of Huamachuco were recruited for this cross-sectional convenience sample study and arterial blood was drawn by standard procedures. People with obesity, diabetes, high levels of physical activity and a history of using selected substances were excluded. The samples were analyzed on-site in less than 15 minutes using a Stat Profile Prime CCS analyzer (Nova Biomedical). Results: Data from 46 participants (17 male, 29 female) were included in the study. The median values for arterial blood pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ionized calcium, glucose, lactate, hematocrit, oxygen saturation, and bicarbonate were 7.42, 9.3 kPa (70 mmHg), 4.5 kPa (33.5 mmHg), 1.04 mM, 5.19 mM, 1.8 mM, 50 %, 94 %, and 21.6 mM, respectively. We also found a lower prevalence of diabetes among highlanders compared to the Peruvian population. Conclusions: The results determined here were comparable to other results determined at different altitudes in the Americas, although arterial blood oxygen was slightly higher than predicted. These results indicate that Northern Peruvians have an Andean-style adaptation to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Bardales-Zuta
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru
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Steele AR, Ainslie PN, Stone R, Tymko K, Tymko C, Howe CA, MacLeod D, Anholm JD, Gasho C, Tymko MM. Global REACH 2018: Characterizing Acid-Base Balance Over 21 Days at 4,300 m in Lowlanders. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:185-191. [PMID: 35231184 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steele, Andrew R., Philip N. Ainslie, Rachel Stone, Kaitlyn Tymko, Courtney Tymko, Connor A. Howe, David MacLeod, James D. Anholm, Christopher Gasho, and Michael M. Tymko. Global REACH 2018: characterizing acid-base balance over 21 days at 4,300 m in lowlanders. High Alt Med Biol. 23:185-191, 2022. Introduction: High altitude exposure results in hyperventilatory-induced respiratory alkalosis, followed by metabolic compensation to return arterial blood pH (pHa) toward sea level values. However, previous work has limited sample sizes, short-term exposure, and pharmacological confounders (e.g., acetazolamide). The purpose of this investigation was to characterize acid-base balance after rapid ascent to high altitude (i.e., 4,300 m) in lowlanders. We hypothesized that despite rapid bicarbonate ([HCO3-]) excretion during early acclimatization, partial respiratory alkalosis would still be apparent as reflected in elevations in pHa compared with sea level after 21 days of acclimatization to 4,300 m. Methods: In 16 (3 female) healthy volunteers not taking any medications, radial artery blood samples were collected and analyzed at sea level (150 m; Lima, Peru), and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after rapid automobile (∼8 hours) ascent to high altitude (4,300 m; Cerro de Pasco, Peru). Results and Discussion: Although reductions in [HCO3-] occurred by day 3 (p < 0.01), they remained stable thereafter and were insufficient to fully normalize pHa back to sea level values over the subsequent 21 days (p < 0.01). These data indicate that only partial compensation for respiratory alkalosis persists throughout 21 days at 4,300 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Steele
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel Stone
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Tymko
- Department of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Courtney Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David MacLeod
- Human Pharmacology and Physiology Lab, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James D Anholm
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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