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Obeid JM, Erdag G, Smolkin ME, Deacon DH, Patterson JW, Chen L, Bullock TN, Slingluff CL. PD-L1, PD-L2 and PD-1 expression in metastatic melanoma: Correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and clinical outcome. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1235107. [PMID: 27999753 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1235107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 can have dramatic therapeutic benefit in some patients; however, the prognostic associations of PD-1 and its ligands, in the absence of therapeutic blockade have not been definitively addressed. In particular, associations of PD-L2 with immune infiltrates and with outcome have yet to be explored. We hypothesized that surface expression of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 by melanoma cells would be associated with immune cell infiltration and with overall patient survival, independent of checkpoint blockade therapy. We also characterized the heterogeneity of their distribution within a tumor and within tumors of the same patient. Tissue microarrays of metastatic melanoma samples from 147 patients were quantified for CD8+, CD45, CD4+, CD3, CD163, CD20, CD138, FoxP3, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 markers by immunohistochemistry. Relationships between the proportions of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressing tumor cells with the immune cell count, distribution (immunotype) and patient survival were studied. Expressions of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 correlated significantly with increasing densities of immune cells in the tumor specimens and with immunotype. Positive PD-L2 expression was associated with improved overall survival and the simultaneous positive expression of both PD-1 ligands showed a higher association with survival. Significant heterogeneity of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressions within tumors were observed, however, they were less pronounced with PD-L2. In conclusion, both are markers of immune infiltration and PD-L2, alone or in combination with PD-L1, is a marker for prognosis in metastatic melanoma patients. Larger tumor samples yield more reliable assessments of PD-L1/L2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Obeid
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gulsun Erdag
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark E Smolkin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Health Science Center , Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Donna H Deacon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James W Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center , Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Leiping Chen
- University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timothy N Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center , Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Liu J, Liu Y, Wang W, Wang C, Che Y. Expression of immune checkpoint molecules in endometrial carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1947-1952. [PMID: 26640578 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main obstacle in the development of an effective tumor vaccine is the inherent ability of tumors to evade immune responses. Tumors often use common immune mechanisms and regulators to evade the immune system. The present study aimed to analyze the expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1, PD-L2, B7-H4, galectin-1 and galectin-3 in tissue samples from patients with endometrial carcinoma, in order to detect the immunosuppressive environment of endometrial carcinomas. The levels of IDO, PD-L1, PD-L2 and B7-H4 were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods, and the levels of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in tumor lysates were determined using ELISA. PD-L2 was expressed at low levels in the majority of tumor samples. IDO expression was detected in 38, 63 and 43% of primary endometrial carcinoma, recurrent endometrial carcinoma, and metastatic endometrial carcinoma specimens, respectively. Positive expression rates for PD-L1 were 83% in primary endometrial carcinoma, 68% in recurrent endometrial carcinoma, and 100% in metastatic endometrial carcinoma, whereas B7-H4 expression was detected in 100% of both primary endometrial carcinoma and recurrent endometrial carcinoma samples, and in 96% of metastatic endometrial carcinoma specimens. The expression levels of galectin-1 and galectin-3 were not significantly different between the normal and tumor specimens. The results of the present study suggest that the interaction between PD-1/PD-L1 and B7-H4 may be a potential target for immune intervention in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Furthermore, the results may provide the basis for immunosuppressant therapy in the treatment of patients with uterine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Wuliang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Che
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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