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Correale P, Botta C, Ciliberto D, Pastina P, Ingargiola R, Zappavigna S, Tassone P, Pirtoli L, Caraglia M, Tagliaferri P. Immunotherapy of colorectal cancer: new perspectives after a long path. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:1281-1292. [PMID: 27993089 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant therapeutic improvement has been achieved in the last 10 years, the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients remains in a range of 28 to 30 months. Presently, systemic treatment includes combination chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan together with a backbone of 5-fluorouracil/levofolinate, alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies to VEGFA (bevacizumab) or EGF receptor (cetuximab and panitumumab). The recent rise of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the therapeutic scenario has renewed scientific interest in the investigation of immunotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. According to our experience and view, here, we review the immunological strategies investigated for the treatment of this disease, including the use of tumor target-specific cancer vaccines, chemo-immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Correale
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciliberto
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pastina
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rossana Ingargiola
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & General Pathology, Second Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & General Pathology, Second Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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Willberg CB, Garrison KE, Jones RB, Meiklejohn DJ, Spotts G, Liegler TJ, Ostrowski MA, Karlsson AC, Hecht FM, Nixon DF. Rapid progressing allele HLA-B35 Px restricted anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T cells recognize vestigial CTL epitopes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10249. [PMID: 20422053 PMCID: PMC2858076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The HLA-B*35-Px allele has been associated with rapid disease progression in HIV-1 infection, in contrast to the HLA-B*35-Py allele. Methodology/Principal Findings Immune responses to two HLA-B*35 restricted HIV-1 specific CTL epitopes and their variants were followed longitudinally during early HIV-1 infection in 16 HLA-B*35+ individuals. Subjects expressing HLA-B*35-Px alleles showed no difference in response to the consensus epitopes compared to individuals with HLA-B*35-Py alleles. Surprisingly, all the HLA-B*35-Px+ individuals responded to epitope-variants even in the absence of a consensus response. Sequencing of the viral population revealed no evidence of variant virus in any of the individuals. Conclusions/Significance This demonstrates a novel phenomenon that distinguishes individuals with the HLA-B*35-Px rapid progressing allele and those with the HLA-B*35-Py slower progressing allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Willberg
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Keith E. Garrison
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duncan J. Meiklejohn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald Spotts
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teri J. Liegler
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Virology, The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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