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Dobrovolskienė N, Balevičius R, Mlynska A, Žilionytė K, Aleksander Krasko J, Strioga M, Lieknina I, Pjanova D, Pašukonienė V. Immunomodulatory properties of bacteriophage derived dsRNA of different size and their use as anticancer vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2024; 42:512-521. [PMID: 38184395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy is one of the strategies to combat cancer invoking a patient's immune system. This form of anticancer immunotherapy employs adjuvants to enhance the immune response, triggering mechanisms of innate immunity and thus increase immunotherapeutic efficiency. A conventional adjuvant for DCs maturation during production of anticancer vaccines is bacterial LPS. Nevertheless, synthetic dsRNAs were also shown to stimulate different receptors on innate immune cells and to activate immune responses through induction of cytokines via toll-like receptors. In our study we investigated the potential of Larifan as dsRNA of natural origin to stimulate maturation of DCs with proinflammatory (possible antitumoral) activity and to compare these immunostimulatory properties between Larifan's fractions with different molecular lengths. To explore the suitability of this product for therapy, it is necessary to study the properties of its different fractions and compare them to standard adjuvants. We investigated the effect of Larifan's fractions on immune system stimulation in vivo by monitoring the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Murine DCs produced in vitro using Larifan and its fractions together with tumor antigens during production were also characterized. All Larifan fractions resulted in inducing high expression of immunogenic markers CD40, CD80, CD86, CCR7, MHC II and lower secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, compared to the maturation with LPS in mDCs. The lowest expression of tolerogenic gene Ido1 and highest expression of the immunogenic genes Clec7a, Tnf, Icosl, Il12rb2, Cd209a were characteristic to the unfractionated dsRNA and short fraction FR15. In the mouse model the best overall survival rate was observed in mice treated with medium-length FR9 and FR15. We can state that both Larifan and its fractions were superior to LPS as vaccine adjuvants in stimulating phenotype and functional activity of mature DCs. DCs maturation using these factors induces a valuable anticancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Dobrovolskienė
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ramojus Balevičius
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Agata Mlynska
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Karolina Žilionytė
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jan Aleksander Krasko
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Strioga
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ilva Lieknina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Street 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia.
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Street 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Ratsupites street 5., Riga LV-1067, Latvia.
| | - Vita Pašukonienė
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Sultan H, Salazar AM, Celis E. Poly-ICLC, a multi-functional immune modulator for treating cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101414. [PMID: 33011064 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have become the first line of treatment for many cancer types. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of patients benefits from these therapies. This low rate of success can be attributed to 3 main barriers: 1) low frequency of anti-tumor specific T cells; 2) lack of infiltration of the anti-tumor specific T cells into the tumor parenchyma and 3) accumulation of highly suppressive cells in the tumor mass that inhibit the effector function of the anti-tumor specific T cells. Thus, the identification of immunomodulators that can increase the frequency and/or the infiltration of antitumor specific T cells while reducing the suppressive capacity of the tumor microenvironment is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of T cell immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the potential of poly-ICLC as a multi-functional immune modulator for treating cancer and its impact on the 3 above mentioned barriers. We describe the unique capacity of poly-ICLC in stimulating 2 separate pattern recognition receptors, TLR3 and cytosolic MDA5 and the consequences of these activations on cytokines and chemokines production. We emphasize the role of poly-ICLC as an adjuvant in the setting of peptide-based cancer vaccines and in situ tumor vaccination by mimicking natural immune responses to infections. Finally, we summarize the impact of poly-ICLC in enhancing T infiltration into the tumor parenchyma and address the implication of this finding in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Sultan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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3
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Liu Y, Mo CF, Luo XY, Li H, Guo HJ, Sun H, Hu S, Li LM, Wang YT, Yang SX, Chang S, Zou Q. Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Induces Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Expression by Activating the Interferon Regulatory Factor 3. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:304-320. [PMID: 31865314 DOI: 10.1159/000504321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a sensor of endogenous cell necrosis during the process of acute inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and can negatively regulate the pathogenesis of inflammation. However, whether and how activation of TLR3 can regulate IL-1Ra expression has not been clarified. Here, we show that poly(I:C) induces IL-1Ra expression in primarily cultured human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and other types of cells. Induction of IL-1Ra by poly(I:C) was dependent on TLR3, but was independent of melanoma differentiation--associated protein 5 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) directly binds to the IL-1Ra promoter and promotes IL-1Ra expression in response to poly(I:C) stimulation. Induction of IL-1Ra by poly(I:C) was abolished by the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling, attenuated by the inhibition of the PI3K-Akt signaling, enhanced by inhibition of the ERK1/2 or MSK1/2 activation, but was independent of the p38 MAPK signaling. Treatment with poly(I:C) or Sendai virus elevated the levels of serum IL-1Ra in wild-type, but not in TLR3-/- or IRF3-/- mice. Our findings may provide new insights into the intrinsic anti-inflammatory function of TLR3 and double-stranded RNA-induced IL-Ra expression by TLR3 and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Fen Mo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Yan Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Cancer Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui-Jie Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Mei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Tang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Xia Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Teaching Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China, .,Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China,
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4
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Bianchi F, Pretto S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Exploiting poly(I:C) to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:747-756. [PMID: 28881163 PMCID: PMC5678690 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1373220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 belong to the Toll-like receptors family, it is mainly expressed on immune cells where it senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiates innate immune response. TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) was developed to mimic pathogens infection and boost immune system activation to promote anti-cancer therapy. Accordingly, TLR agonists were included in the National Cancer Institute list of immunotherapeutic agents with the highest potential to cure cancer. Besides well known effects on immune cells, poly(I:C) was also shown, in experimental models, to directly induce apoptosis in cancer cells expressing TLR3. This review presents the current knowledge on the mechanism of poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Experimental evidences on positive or negative regulators of TLR3-mediated apoptosis induced by poly(I:C) are reported and strategies are proposed to successfully promote this event in cancer cells. Cancer cells apoptosis is an additional arm offered by poly(I:C), besides activation of immune system, for the treatment of various type of cancer. A further dissection of TLR3 signaling would contribute to greater resolution of the critical steps that impede full exploitation of the poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis. Experimental evidences about negative regulator of poly(I:C)-induced apoptotic program should be considered in combinations with TLR3 agonists in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bianchi
- a Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Department of Research, Epidemiologia e Medicina Molecolare , via Amadeo 42, Milan , Italy.,b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
| | - Samantha Pretto
- b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- a Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Department of Research, Epidemiologia e Medicina Molecolare , via Amadeo 42, Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Balsari
- a Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Department of Research, Epidemiologia e Medicina Molecolare , via Amadeo 42, Milan , Italy.,b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
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Aravantinou M, Frank I, Hallor M, Singer R, Tharinger H, Kenney J, Gettie A, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Salazar A, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Robbiani M, Derby N. PolyICLC Exerts Pro- and Anti-HIV Effects on the DC-T Cell Milieu In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161730. [PMID: 27603520 PMCID: PMC5014349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239ΔNef (SIVΔNef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of α4β7 and CD169, and induced type I IFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro- and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIVΔNef-infected animals, SIVΔNef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIVΔNef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Magnus Hallor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
- Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rachel Singer
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hugo Tharinger
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
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6
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Dauletbaev N, Cammisano M, Herscovitch K, Lands LC. Stimulation of the RIG-I/MAVS Pathway by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Upregulates IFN-β in Airway Epithelial Cells with Minimal Costimulation of IL-8. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:2829-41. [PMID: 26283481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological stimulation of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β in the airways may help to counter deleterious virus-induced exacerbations in chronic inflammatory lung diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] is a known inducer of IFN-β but also costimulates an inflammatory response. The latter response is undesirable given the pre-existing airway inflammation in these diseases. The objective of our study was to identify conditions for poly(I:C) to selectively upregulate IFN-β in airway epithelial cells without a concomitant inflammatory response. The inflammatory response was gauged by production of the chemokine IL-8. Using cell lines and primary airway epithelial cells (both submerged and well-differentiated), we observed that pure poly(I:C) stimulated IFN-β mainly through the TLR3/TRIF pathway and IL-8 through an unidentified pathway. The magnitude of the IL-8 response stimulated by pure poly(I:C) matched or even exceeded that of IFN-β. Furthermore, this IL-8 response could not be pharmacologically downregulated without affecting IFN-β. In contrast, we show that stimulation of the RIG-I/MAVS pathway, such as when poly(I:C) is delivered intracellularly in a complex with liposomes or via nucleofection, selectively stimulates IFN-β with low IL-8 costimulation. The magnitude of IFN-β stimulation by liposome-encapsulated poly(I:C) is markedly diminished in well-differentiated cells. In conclusion, it is feasible to augment IFN-β production in airway epithelial cells without excessive costimulation of IL-8 if the RIG-I/MAVS pathway is stimulated, such as via liposomal delivery of poly(I:C). Better cytoplasmic delivery vehicles are needed to efficiently stimulate this pathway in well-differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Dauletbaev
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Maria Cammisano
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Kassey Herscovitch
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Larry C Lands
- Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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7
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Wang S, Liu D, Jin R, Zhu Y, Xu A. Differential responses of normal human melanocytes to intra- and extracellular dsRNA. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:391-9. [PMID: 25803620 PMCID: PMC4485883 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral factor has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. To elucidate the effects of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on melanocytes and to explore the underlying mechanisms, primary cultured normal human melanocytes were treated with synthetic viral dsRNA analog poly(I:C). The results demonstrated that poly(I:C)-triggered apoptosis when transfected into melanocytes, while extracellular poly(I:C) did not have that effect. Intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death was decreased by RIG-I or MDA5 siRNA, but not by TLR3 siRNA. Both intracellular and extracellular poly(I:C) induced the expression of IFNB, TNF, IL6, and IL8. However, extracellular poly(I:C) demonstrated a much weaker induction capacity of cytokine genes than intracellular poly(I:C). Further analysis revealed that phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3, IRF7, and TAK1 was differentially induced by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). NFκB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 decreased the induction of all the cytokines by poly(I:C), suggesting the ubiquitous role of NFκB in the process. Poly(I:C) treatment also induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melanocytes. Both JNK and p38 inhibitors showed suppression on the cytokine induction by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). However, only the JNK inhibitor decreased the intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death. Taken together, this study provides the possible mechanism of viral factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiquan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongyin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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8
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Martins KAO, Bavari S, Salazar AM. Vaccine adjuvant uses of poly-IC and derivatives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:447-59. [PMID: 25308798 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or 'danger signals,' that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern vaccines. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) is a synthetic dsRNA that can activate multiple elements of the host defense in a pattern that parallels that of a viral infection. When properly combined with an antigen, it can be utilized as a PAMP-adjuvant, resulting in modulation and optimization of the antigen-specific immune response. We briefly review the preclinical and clinical uses of poly-IC and two poly-IC derivatives, poly-IC12U (Ampligen) and poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), as vaccine adjuvants.
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Discordant biological and toxicological species responses to TLR3 activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1062-1072. [PMID: 24486326 PMCID: PMC7093871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved type 1 membrane proteins that initiate a multiplicity of transient gene transcriptions, resulting in innate and adaptive immune responses. These essential immune responses are triggered by common TLR pattern recognition receptors of microbial products expressed through the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal Toll/IL-1 domain. Toll/IL-1 adapter protein cascades are induced by an activated Toll/IL-1 to induce transient transcription responses. All TLRs, with the exception of TLR3, use an MyD88 adapter to Toll/IL-1 to initiate a proinflammatory cascade. TLR3 uses the toll receptor 3/4 induction factor adapter to initiate a different cytosolic adapter cascade with double-stranded RNA agonists. This non-MyD88 pathway induces both NF-κB and type 1 interferon responses. By using a TLR3-restricted double-stranded RNA agonist, rintatolimod, we demonstrate significant unexpected differences in toxic responses between rats and primates. The mechanism of this differential response is consistent with a relative down-regulation of the NF-κB inflammatory cytokine induction pathway in the cynomolgus monkey and humans, but not observed systemically in rat. Our findings suggest evaluation of TLR3 agonists in drug therapy.
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Mian MF, Ahmed AN, Rad M, Babaian A, Bowdish D, Ashkar AA. Length of dsRNA (poly I:C) drives distinct innate immune responses, depending on the cell type. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1025-36. [PMID: 23911868 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0312125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly I:C, a synthetic dsRNA analogue, has been used extensively for decades to study innate responses in vivo and in different cell types. We have found substantial variability while using poly I:C from different sources. In this study we found that poly I:C from 2 commercial sources induced sharply opposite responses in myeloid and fibroblasts, depending on the length of the poly I:C. Although short poly I:C (≈ 1-1.5 kb) induced greater amounts of TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-β and a stronger antiviral response in myeloid cells, it was a poor inducer in fibroblasts. By contrast, long poly I:C (>5 kb) preferentially elicited higher cytokine and antiviral responses in fibroblasts and showed diminished responses in myeloid cells. Poly I:C activated NF-κB and STAT-1 signaling in a length- and cell-type-dependent fashion. Mechanistically, short poly I:C was better internalized in the myeloid cells and long poly I:C in the fibroblasts. Finally, long poly I:C required SR-A, whereas short poly I:C required RIG-I and Raftlin. We provide evidence that the length of dsRNA drives distinct innate responses in different cell lineages. These findings may augment in selecting the appropriate poly I:C type to design cell-type-specific potent adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases or cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Firoz Mian
- 2.Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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11
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Intranasal administration of dsRNA analog poly(I:C) induces interferon-α receptor-dependent accumulation of antigen experienced T cells in the airways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51351. [PMID: 23236482 PMCID: PMC3517467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytoidylic acid (pIC), a synthetic dsRNA, acts as an adjuvant that boosts immune responses and protection. Intranasal (IN) administration of pIC has recently been used to adjuvant influenza virus vaccines; however, the effects of IN pIC administration on pulmonary T cell responses remain unclear. Here we show that a single IN administered dose of dsRNA into mice induced local Th1 chemokine production in the lungs and airways, and generated a biphasic and sustained migration of T lymphocytes to the airways. Furthermore, IN pIC-induced chemokine production and T cell recruitment to the airways were interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) signaling dependent. The effect of dsRNA on T cell recruitment to the airways was also dependent on the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) pIC, as a low molecular weight (LMW) pIC preparation known to only interact with TLR3 did not elicit the same effect on T cell migration to the airways, suggesting that the observed effects were dependent upon dsRNA recognition by multiple pattern recognition receptors (PPRs). IN pIC was additionally capable of stimulating low levels of T cell proliferation in the draining lymph nodes approximately 4–6 days after treatment that preceded a small population of de-novo T cells found in the airways by day 10. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the adjuvant effect of IN pIC that results in enhanced T cell proliferation and sustained T cell recruitment to the airways requires multiple PRRs and IFNAR signaling.
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12
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Abstract
Besides their well known functions in storage and translation of information nucleic acids have emerged as a target of pattern recognition receptors that drive activation of innate immunity. Due to the paucity of building block monomers used in nucleic acids, discrimination of host and microbial nucleic acids as a means of self/foreign discrimination is a complicated task. Pattern recognition receptors rely on discrimination by sequence, structural features and spatial compartmentalization to differentiate microbial derived nucleic acids from host ones. Microbial nucleic acid detection is important for the sensing of infectious danger and initiating an immune response to microbial attack. Failures in the underlying recognitions systems can have severe consequences: thus, inefficient recognition of microbial nucleic acids may increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. On the other hand, excessive immune responses as a result of failed self/foreign discrimination are associated with autoimmune diseases. This review gives a general overview over the underlying concepts of nucleic acid sensing by Toll-like receptors. Within this general framework, we focus on bacterial RNA and synthetic RNA oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dalpke
- Heidelberg University, Department of Infectious Diseases - Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Paul-Clark MJ, George PM, Gatheral T, Parzych K, Wright WR, Crawford D, Bailey LK, Reed DM, Mitchell JA. Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of pattern recognition receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:200-15. [PMID: 22627269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologists have used pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for decades as a stimulus for studying mediators involved in inflammation and for the screening of anti-inflammatory compounds. However, in the view of immunologists, LPS was too non-specific for studying the mechanisms of immune signalling in infection and inflammation, as no receptors had been identified. This changed in the late 1990s with the discovery of the Toll-like receptors. These 'pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs) were able to recognise highly conserved sequences, the so called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in or on pathogens. This specificity of particular PAMPs and their newly defined receptors provided a common ground between pharmacologists and immunologists for the study of inflammation. PRRs also recognise endogenous agonists, the so called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can result in sterile inflammation. The signalling pathways and ligands of many PRRs have now been characterised and there is no doubt that this rich vein of research will aid the discovery of new therapeutics for infectious conditions and chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Paul-Clark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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14
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Amarante MK, Watanabe MAE. Toll-like receptor 3: involvement with exogenous and endogenous RNA. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:557-73. [PMID: 21073327 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.525723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens is assigned to an evolutionarily conserved family of receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The investigation of RNA-based immunology has been reinvigorated with the observation that TLR3s interact with RNA (dsRNA of viral origin, poly (I:C) and endogenous RNA). Many RNAs, therefore, join the list of endogenous ligands for TLRs. The further finding that nucleoside modification alters RNA-mediated TLR signaling presents a mechanism for the long-observed differences in immunogenicity. The involvement of RNA modification in the pathogenesis of diseases, and its implications in the therapeutics, are still being studied, and will have important implications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Karine Amarante
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetic-Immunology, Biological Science Center, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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15
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Gauzzi M, Del Cornò M, Gessani S. Dissecting TLR3 signalling in dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2010; 215:713-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Avril T, Saikali S, Vauleon E, Jary A, Hamlat A, De Tayrac M, Mosser J, Quillien V. Distinct effects of human glioblastoma immunoregulatory molecules programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on tumour-specific T cell functions. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 225:22-33. [PMID: 20493562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising new treatment for patients suffering from glioma, in particular glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, tumour cells use different mechanisms to escape the immune responses induced by the treatment. As many other tumours, gliomas express or secrete several immunosuppressive molecules that regulate immune cell functions. In this study, we first analysed FasL, HLA-G, IDO, PDL-1 and TGF-beta1, -beta2 and -beta3 expression by transcriptomic microarray analysis in a series of 20 GBM samples and found respectively 15%, 60%, 85%, 30%, 70%, 80% and 35% of positive specimens. mRNA expression was then confirmed in 10 GBM primary cell lines and 2 immortalised cell lines U251 and U87MG. Furthermore, the protein expression of PDL-1, IDO activity and TGF-beta2 secretion were found on most of the untreated GBM primary cell lines. Remarkably, treatment with IFN-gamma increased the PDL-1 cell surface expression and the IDO activity, but reduced the TGF-beta2 secretion of GBM cell lines. We finally analysed the immunosuppressive effects of IDO, PDL-1 and TGF-beta1-3 by measuring IFN-gamma production and cell cytotoxicity activity of tumour antigen-specific T cells. PDL-1 partially affected the IFN-gamma production of antigen-specific T cells in response to GBM primary cell lines, and IDO inhibited lymphocyte proliferation induced by lectins. None of these molecules directly affected the T cell cytotoxicity function. Due to the functional role of PDL-1 and IDO molecules expressed by GBM cells, one could expect that blocking these molecules in the immunotherapy strategies would reinforce the efficiency of these treatments of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Avril
- Département de Biologie, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Krummen M, Balkow S, Shen L, Heinz S, Loquai C, Probst HC, Grabbe S. Release of IL-12 by dendritic cells activated by TLR ligation is dependent on MyD88 signaling, whereas TRIF signaling is indispensable for TLR synergy. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:189-99. [PMID: 20360404 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0408228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that certain combinations of TLR ligands act in synergy to induce the release of IL-12 by DCs. In this study, we sought to define the critical parameters underlying TLR synergy. Our data show that TLR ligands act synergistically if MyD88- and TRIF-dependent ligands are combined. TLR4 uses both of these adaptor molecules, thus activation via TLR4 proved to be a synergistic event on its own. TLR synergy did not affect all aspects of DC activation but enhanced primarily the release of certain cytokines, particularly IL-12, whereas the expression of costimulatory molecules remained unchanged. Consequently, synergistic activation of DC did not affect their ability to induce T cell proliferation but resulted in T(H)1-biased responses in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we examined the impact of TLR ligand combinations on primary DC in vitro but observed only modest effects with a combination of CpG + Poly (I:C). However, noticeable synergy in terms of IL-12 production by DCs was detectable in vivo after systemic administration of CpG + Poly (I:C). Finally, we show that synergy is partially dependent on IFNAR signaling but does not require the release of IFNs to the enviroment, suggesting an autocrine action of type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Krummen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Jin B, Sun T, Yu XH, Liu CQ, Yang YX, Lu P, Fu SF, Qiu HB, Yeo AET. Immunomodulatory effects of dsRNA and its potential as vaccine adjuvant. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:690438. [PMID: 20671921 PMCID: PMC2910503 DOI: 10.1155/2010/690438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
dsRNA can be detected by pattern recognition receptors, for example, TLR3, MDA-5, NLRP3 to induce proinflammatory cytokines responsible for innate/adaptive immunity. Recognized by endosomal TLR3 in myeloid DCs (mDCs), dsRNA can activate mDCs into mature antigen presenting cells (mAPCs) which in turn present antigen epitopes with MHC-I molecules to naïve T cells. Coadministration of protein and synthetic dsRNA analogues can elicit an antigen-specific Th1-polarized immune response which stimulates the CD8+ CTL response and possibly dampen Th17 response. Synthetic dsRNA analogues have been tested as vaccine adjuvant against viral infections in animal models. However, a dsRNA receptor, TLR3 can be expressed in tumor cells while other members of TLR family, for example, TLR4 and TLR2 have been shown to promote tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Thus, the promising potential of dsRNA analogues as a tumor therapeutic vaccine adjuvant should be evaluated cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Naval General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Rd., Beijing 100048, China.
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