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Boudousquié C, Boand V, Lingre E, Dutoit L, Balint K, Danilo M, Harari A, Gannon PO, Kandalaft LE. Development and Optimization of a GMP-Compliant Manufacturing Process for a Personalized Tumor Lysate Dendritic Cell Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010025. [PMID: 31947581 PMCID: PMC7157441 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell therapies, there is a considerable interest in using personalized autologous dendritic cell (DC) vaccines in combination with T cell-targeting immunotherapies to potentially maximize the therapeutic impact of DC vaccines. Here, we describe the development and optimization of a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant manufacturing process based on tumor lysate as a tumor antigen source for the production of an oxidized tumor cell lysate loaded DC (OC-DC) vaccine. The manufacturing process required one day for lysate preparation and six days for OC-DC vaccine production. Tumor lysate production was standardized based on an optimal tumor digestion protocol and the immunogenicity was improved through oxidation using hypochloric acid prior to freeze-thaw cycles resulting in the oxidized tumor cell lysate (OC-L). Next, monocytes were selected using the CliniMACS prodigy closed system and were placed in culture in cell factories in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Immature DCs were loaded with OC-L and matured using MPLA-IFNγ. After assessing the functionality of the OC-DC cells (IL12p70 secretion and COSTIM assay), the OC-DC vaccine was cryopreserved in multiple doses for single use. Finally, the stability of the formulated doses was tested and validated. We believe this GMP-compliant DC vaccine manufacturing process will facilitate access of patients to personalized DC vaccines, and allow for multi-center clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boudousquié
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Valérie Boand
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
| | - Emilie Lingre
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
| | - Laeticia Dutoit
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
| | - Klara Balint
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
| | - Maxime Danilo
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
| | - Lana E. Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.B.); (E.L.); (L.D.); (K.B.); (A.H.); (P.O.G.)
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (L.E.K.)
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Brabants E, Heyns K, De Smet S, Devreker P, Ingels J, De Cabooter N, Debacker V, Dullaers M, VAN Meerbeeck JP, Vandekerckhove B, Vermaelen KY. An accelerated, clinical-grade protocol to generate high yields of type 1-polarizing messenger RNA-loaded dendritic cells for cancer vaccination. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1164-1181. [PMID: 30122654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many efforts have been devoted to improve the performance of dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines. Ideally, a DC vaccine should induce robust type 1-polarized T-cell responses and efficiently expand antigen (Ag)-specific cytotoxic T-cells, while being applicable regardless of patient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. Production time should be short, while maximally being good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant. We developed a method that caters to all of these demands and demonstrated the superiority of the resulting product compared with DCs generated using a well-established "classical" protocol. METHODS Immunomagnetically purified monocytes were cultured in a closed system for 3 days in GMP-compliant serum-free medium and cytokines, and matured for 24 h using monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA)+ interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Mature DCs were electroporated with messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding full-length antigen and cryopreserved. "Classical" DCs were cultured for 8 days in flasks, with one round of medium and cytokine supplementation, and matured with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) + prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during the last 2 days. RESULTS Four-day MPLA/IFN-γ-matured DCs were superior to 8-day TNF-α/PGE2-matured DCs in terms of yield, co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory molecule expression, resilience to electroporation and cryopreservation and type 1-polarizing cytokine and chemokine release after cell thawing. Electroporated and cryopreserved DCs according to our protocol efficiently present epitopes from tumor antigen-encoding mRNA, inducing a strong expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells with full cytolytic capacity. CONCLUSION We demonstrate using a GMP-compliant culture protocol the feasibility of generating high yields of mature DCs in a short time, with a superior immunogenic profile compared with 8-day TNF-α/PGE2-matured DCs, and capable of inducing vigorous cytotoxic T-cell responses to antigen from electroporated mRNA. This method is now being applied in our clinical trial program.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brabants
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - K Heyns
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S De Smet
- Cell Therapy Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Devreker
- Cell Therapy Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Ingels
- Cell Therapy Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N De Cabooter
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiencies Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Lung Diseases;-Immunodeficiencies; and-Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Debacker
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiencies Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Lung Diseases;-Immunodeficiencies; and-Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Dullaers
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiencies Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Lung Diseases;-Immunodeficiencies; and-Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P VAN Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, Department of Pulmonology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B Vandekerckhove
- Cell Therapy Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Y Vermaelen
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Induction of anti-tumor immunity by dendritic cells transduced with FAT10 recombinant adenovirus in mice. Cell Immunol 2014; 293:17-21. [PMID: 25461613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive and rapidly fatal malignancy representing the common cancer worldwide. The specific cellular gene involved in carcinogenesis has not been fully identified. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10, a recently reported to be over-expressed in 90% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinomas, and might be regarded as an ideal target for HCC therapy. In the present study, we utilized DCs transduced with FAT10 recombinant adenovirus to elicit CTLs in vitro. In addition, the Trimera mice were immunized with the transduced DCs to elicit the immune response in vivo. The results demonstrated that transduced DCs could effectively induce specific CTL response against HCC without lysing autologous lymphocytes, but also significantly inhibit the tumor growth and prolong the life span of tumor bearing mice. These results suggest that FAT10 recombinant adenovirus transduced DCs might be a promising therapeutical strategy for treatment of HCC.
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Eyrich M, Schreiber SC, Rachor J, Krauss J, Pauwels F, Hain J, Wölfl M, Lutz MB, de Vleeschouwer S, Schlegel PG, Van Gool SW. Development and validation of a fully GMP-compliant production process of autologous, tumor-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:946-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Stimulating surface molecules, Th1-polarizing cytokines, proven trafficking--a new protocol for the generation of clinical-grade dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:492-506. [PMID: 23480952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Dendritic cells (DC) have been vigorously investigated as an immunological basis for therapeutic vaccination against cancer and infections, even among patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. METHODS Effective induction of cell-mediated immunity strongly depends on the ability of DC to (i) migrate to the draining lymphoid organs mediated by chemokine receptors, (ii) prime T cells through high expression of costimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complexes and (iii) secret Th1-polarizing cytokines such as Interleukin-12 (IL-12). However, there is no protocol to generate fully matured and functional DC according to methodical requirements of current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) guidelines. RESULTS We established a protocol conforming to CGMP standards that permits the generation of fully matured and functional DC on the basis of cell culture in adherence bags with the use of serum-free media with a maturation cocktail, containing tumor necrosis factor-alpha/Interferon-alpha/polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Our DC superiorly display three critical features for an effective induction of cell-mediated immunity without evidence of exhaustion, along with its ability to prime infectious or tumor-specific T cells in a short-term cell culture. CONCLUSIONS Our newly developed protocol offers an attractive method to produce fully matured Th1-polarizing DC with proven migratory and stimulatory capacity for any clinical application according to CGMP standards.
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Interaction of tumor cells with the immune system: implications for dendritic cell therapy and cancer progression. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Fučíková J, Rožková D, Ulčová H, Budinský V, Sochorová K, Pokorná K, Bartůňková J, Špíšek R. Poly I: C-activated dendritic cells that were generated in CellGro for use in cancer immunotherapy trials. J Transl Med 2011; 9:223. [PMID: 22208910 PMCID: PMC3259090 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For clinical applications, dendritic cells (DCs) need to be generated using GMP-approved reagents. In this study, we tested the characteristics of DCs generated in two clinical grade culture media and activated by three maturation stimuli, Poly I: C, LPS and the mixture of proinflammatory cytokines in order to identify the optimal combination of culture media and activation stimulus for the clinical use. Method We tested DCs generation using two GMP-certified culture media, CellGro and RPMI+5% human AB serum and evaluated DCs morphology, viability and capapability to mature. We tested three maturation stimuli, PolyI:C, LPS and the mixture of proinflammatory cytokines consisting of IL-1, IL-6, TNF and prostaglandin E2. We evaluated the capacity of activated DCs to induce antigen-specific T cells and regulatory T lymphocytes. Results Cell culture in CellGro resulted in a higher yield of immature DCs resulting from increased number of adherent monocytes. DCs that were generated in CellGro and activated using Poly I:C were the most efficient in expanding antigen-specific T cells compared to the DCs that were generated in other media and activated using LPS or the cocktail of proinflammatory cytokines. A comparison of all tested combinations revealed that DCs that were generated in CellGro and activated using Poly I:C induced low numbers of regulatory T cells. Conclusion In this study, we identified monocyte-derived DCs that were generated in CellGro and activated using Poly I:C as the most potent clinical-grade DCs for the induction of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chiang CLL, Maier DA, Kandalaft LE, Brennan AL, Lanitis E, Ye Q, Levine BL, Czerniecki BJ, Powell DJ, Coukos G. Optimizing parameters for clinical-scale production of high IL-12 secreting dendritic cells pulsed with oxidized whole tumor cell lysate. J Transl Med 2011; 9:198. [PMID: 22082029 PMCID: PMC3283529 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cell population for activating tumor-specific T cells. Due to the wide range of methods for generating DCs, there is no common protocol or defined set of criteria to validate the immunogenicity and function of DC vaccines. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs were generated during 4 days of culture with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4, and pulsed with tumor lysate produced by hypochlorous acid oxidation of tumor cells. Different culture parameters for clinical-scale DC preparation were investigated, including: 1) culture media; 2) culture surface; 3) duration of activating DCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma; 4) method of DC harvest; and 5) cryomedia and final DC product formulation. RESULTS DCs cultured in CellGenix DC media containing 2% human AB serum expressed higher levels of maturation markers following lysate-loading and maturation compared to culturing with serum-free CellGenix DC media or AIM-V media, or 2% AB serum supplemented AIM-V media. Nunclon™Δ surface, but not Corning(®) tissue-culture treated surface and Corning(®) ultra-low attachment surface, were suitable for generating an optimal DC phenotype. Recombinant trypsin resulted in reduced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and II expression on mature lysate-loaded DCs, however presentation of MHC Class I peptides by DCs was not impaired and cell viability was higher compared to cell scraping. Preservation of DCs with an infusible cryomedia containing Plasma-Lyte A, dextrose, sodium chloride injection, human serum albumin, and DMSO yielded higher cell viability compared to using human AB serum containing 10% DMSO. Finally, activating DCs for 16 hours with LPS and IFN-γ stimulated robust mixed leukocyte reactions (MLRs), and high IL-12p70 production in vitro that continued for 24 hours after the cryopreserved DCs were thawed and replated in fresh media. CONCLUSIONS This study examined criteria including DC phenotype, viability, IL-12p70 production and the ability to stimulate MLR as metrics of whole oxidized tumor lysate-pulsed DC immunogenicity and functionality. Development and optimization of this unique method is now being tested in a clinical trial of autologous oxidized tumor lysate-pulsed DC in clinical-scale in recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal or fallopian tube cancer (NCT01132014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L-L Chiang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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