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Hou W, Chen J, Wang Y. MRPL35 Induces Proliferation, Invasion, and Glutamine Metabolism in NSCLC Cells by Upregulating SLC7A5 Expression. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2024; 18:e13799. [PMID: 38987867 PMCID: PMC11236733 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35 (MRPL35) has been reported to contribute to the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, the functions and mechanisms of MRPL35 on glutamine metabolism in NSCLC remain unclear. METHODS The detection of mRNA and protein of MRPL35, ubiquitin-specific protease 39 (USP39), and solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5) was conducted using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were evaluated using the MTT assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay, respectively. Glutamine metabolism was analyzed by detecting glutamine consumption, α-ketoglutarate level, and glutamate production. Cellular ubiquitination analyzed the deubiquitination effect of USP39 on MRPL35. An animal experiment was conducted for in vivo analysis. RESULTS MRPL35 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and high MRPL35 expression predicted poor outcome in NSCLC patients. In vitro analyses suggested that MRPL35 knockdown suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, and glutamine metabolism. Moreover, MRPL35 silencing hindered tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, USP39 stabilized MRPL35 expression by deubiquitination and then promoted NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, and glutamine metabolism. In addition, MRPL35 positively affected SLC7A5 expression in NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the anticancer effects of MRPL35 silencing could be rescued by SLC7A5 overexpression in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION MRPL35 expression was stabilized by USP39-induced deubiquitination in NSCLC cells, and knockdown of MRPL35 suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, and glutamine metabolism in vitro and impeded tumor growth in vivo by upregulating SLC7A5, providing a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- Respiratory DepartmentShaanxi Provincial Nuclear Industry 215 HospitalXianyangChina
| | - Juan Chen
- Respiratory DepartmentShaanxi Provincial Nuclear Industry 215 HospitalXianyangChina
| | - Yaoyuan Wang
- Respiratory DepartmentShaanxi Provincial Nuclear Industry 215 HospitalXianyangChina
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2
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Igaki H, Nakamura S, Yamazaki N, Kaneda T, Takemori M, Kashihara T, Murakami N, Namikawa K, Nakaichi T, Okamoto H, Iijima K, Chiba T, Nakayama H, Nagao A, Sakuramachi M, Takahashi K, Inaba K, Okuma K, Nakayama Y, Shimada K, Nakagama H, Itami J. Acral cutaneous malignant melanoma treated with linear accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy system: a case report of first patient. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1272507. [PMID: 37901311 PMCID: PMC10613025 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1272507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first patient treatment for cutaneous malignant melanoma using a linear accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) system. A single-center open-label phase I clinical trial had been conducted using the system since November 2019. A patient with a localized node-negative acral malignant melanoma and the largest diameter of the tumor ≤ 15 cm who refused primary surgery and chemotherapy was enrolled. After administering boronophenylalanine (BPA), a single treatment of BNCT with the maximum dose of 18 Gy-Eq delivered to the skin was performed. The safety and efficacy of the accelerator-based BNCT system for treating localized cutaneous malignant melanoma were evaluated. The first patient with cutaneous malignant melanoma in situ on the second finger of the left hand did not develop dose-limiting toxicity in the clinical trial. After BNCT, the treatment efficacy was gradually observed, and the patient achieved PR within 6 months and CR within 12 months. Moreover, during the follow-up period of 12 months after BNCT, the patient did not exhibit a recurrence without any treatment-related grade 2 or higher adverse events. Although grade 1 adverse events of dermatitis, dry skin, skin hyperpigmentation, edema, nausea, and aching pain were noted in the patient, those adverse events were relieved without any treatment. This case report shows that the accelerator-based BNCT may become a promising treatment modality for cutaneous malignant melanoma. We expect further clinical trials to reveal the efficacy and safety of the accelerator-based BNCT for cutaneous malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Igaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kaneda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihiro Takemori
- Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tairo Kashihara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Murakami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jutendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Namikawa
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Nakaichi
- Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okamoto
- Division of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Iijima
- Division of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jutendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Chiba
- Division of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- Division of Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nagao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Sakuramachi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Inaba
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kae Okuma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakayama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jun Itami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Shin-Matsudo Accuracy Radiation Therapy Center, Shin-Matsudo Central General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Shi Z, Kaneda-Nakashima K, Ohgaki R, Xu M, Okanishi H, Endou H, Nagamori S, Kanai Y. Inhibition of cancer-type amino acid transporter LAT1 suppresses B16-F10 melanoma metastasis in mouse models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13943. [PMID: 37626086 PMCID: PMC10457391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter highly expressed in various cancers to support their growth. Although high LAT1 expression is closely associated with cancer metastasis, its role in this process remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of LAT1 inhibition on cancer metastasis using B16-F10 melanoma mouse models. Our results demonstrated that nanvuranlat (JPH203), a high-affinity LAT1-selective inhibitor, suppressed B16-F10 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Similarly, LAT1 knockdown reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. LAT1 inhibitors and LAT1 knockdown diminished B16-F10 lung metastasis in a lung metastasis model. Furthermore, nanvuranlat and LAT1 knockdown suppressed lung, spleen, and lymph node metastasis in an orthotopic metastasis model. We discovered that the LAT1 inhibitor reduced the cell surface expression of integrin αvβ3. Our findings revealed that the downregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, induced by LAT1 inhibitors, decreased the expression of integrin αvβ3, contributing to the suppression of metastasis. These results highlight the critical role of LAT1 in cancer metastasis and suggest that LAT1 inhibition may serve as a potential target for anti-metastasis cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Shi
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kaneda-Nakashima
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Division of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 2-4, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okanishi
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endou
- J-Pharma Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Center for SI Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Wetzel TJ, Erfan SC, Figueroa LD, Wheeler LM, Ananieva EA. Crosstalk between arginine, glutamine, and the branched chain amino acid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1186539. [PMID: 37274280 PMCID: PMC10235471 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1186539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine, glutamine, and the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a focus of increased interest in the field of oncology due to their importance in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), these amino acids serve to support the elevated biosynthetic and energy demands of cancer cells, while simultaneously maintaining the growth, homeostasis, and effector function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. To escape immune destruction, cancer cells utilize a variety of mechanisms to suppress the cytotoxic activity of effector T cells, facilitating T cell exhaustion. One such mechanism is the ability of cancer cells to overexpress metabolic enzymes specializing in the catabolism of arginine, glutamine, and the BCAAs in the TME. The action of such enzymes supplies cancer cells with metabolic intermediates that feed into the TCA cycle, supporting energy generation, or providing precursors for purine, pyrimidine, and polyamine biosynthesis. Armed with substantial metabolic flexibility, cancer cells redirect amino acids from the TME for their own advantage and growth, while leaving the local infiltrating effector T cells deprived of essential nutrients. This review addresses the metabolic pressure that cancer cells exert over immune cells in the TME by up-regulating amino acid metabolism, while discussing opportunities for targeting amino acid metabolism for therapeutic intervention. Special emphasis is given to the crosstalk between arginine, glutamine, and BCAA metabolism in affording cancer cells with metabolic dominance in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elitsa A. Ananieva
- Ananieva Laboratory, Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, United States
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5
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Terada S, Tsunetoh S, Tanaka Y, Tanaka T, Kashiwagi H, Takata T, Kawabata S, Suzuki M, Ohmichi M. Boron uptake of boronophenylalanine and the effect of boron neutron capture therapy in cervical cancer cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110792. [PMID: 37062147 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies about boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cervical cancer. The present study evaluated the biodistribution of boronophenylalanine (BPA) and the effect of BNCT on cervical cancer cell lines. BPA exposure and neutron irradiation of cervical cancer cell lines resulted in decreased survival fraction compared to irradiation only. In vivo cervical cancer tumor boron concentration was highest at 2.5 h after BPA intraperitoneal administration, and higher than in the other organs. BNCT may be effective against cervical carcinoma.
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Missiaen R, Lesner NP, Simon MC. HIF: a master regulator of nutrient availability and metabolic cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112067. [PMID: 36808622 PMCID: PMC10015374 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in hypoxia-dependent regulation of tumor cell metabolism has been thoroughly investigated and covered in reviews. However, there is limited information available regarding HIF-dependent regulation of nutrient fates in tumor and stromal cells. Tumor and stromal cells may generate nutrients necessary for function (metabolic symbiosis) or deplete nutrients resulting in possible competition between tumor cells and immune cells, a result of altered nutrient fates. HIF and nutrients in the tumor microenvironment (TME) affect stromal and immune cell metabolism in addition to intrinsic tumor cell metabolism. HIF-dependent metabolic regulation will inevitably result in the accumulation or depletion of essential metabolites in the TME. In response, various cell types in the TME will respond to these hypoxia-dependent alterations by activating HIF-dependent transcription to alter nutrient import, export, and utilization. In recent years, the concept of metabolic competition has been proposed for critical substrates, including glucose, lactate, glutamine, arginine, and tryptophan. In this review, we discuss how HIF-mediated mechanisms control nutrient sensing and availability in the TME, the competition for nutrients, and the metabolic cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindert Missiaen
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Lesner
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Nakaichi T, Nakamura S, Ito K, Takahashi K, Takemori M, Kashihara T, Kunito K, Murakami N, Iijima K, Chiba T, Nakayama H, Mikasa S, Nishio T, Okamoto H, Itami J, Kurihara H, Igaki H. Analyzing spatial distribution between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-boronophenylalanine positron emission tomography to investigate selection indicators for boron neutron capture therapy. EJNMMI Phys 2022; 9:89. [PMID: 36536190 PMCID: PMC9763526 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-022-00514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-FDG PET is often utilized to determine BNCT selection due to the limited availability of 18F-BPA PET, which is performed by synthesizing 18F into the boron drug used for BNCT, although the uptake mechanisms between those are different. Additionally, only a few non-spatial point parameters, such as maximum SUV (SUVmax), have reported a correlation between those in previous studies. This study aimed to investigate the spatial accumulation pattern between those PET images in tumors, which would be expected to either show higher uptake on 18F-BPA PET or be utilized in clinical, to verify whether 18F-FDG PET could be used as a selection indicator for BNCT. METHODS A total of 27 patients with 30 lesions (11 squamous cell carcinoma, 9 melanoma, and 10 rhabdomyosarcoma) who received 18F-FDG and 18F-BPA PET within 2 weeks were enrolled in this study. The ratio of metabolic tumor volumes (MTVs) to GTV, histogram indices (skewness/kurtosis), and the correlation of total lesion activity (TLA) and non-spatial point parameters (SUVmax, SUVpeak, SUVmin, maximum tumor-to-normal tissue ratio (Tmax/N), and Tmin/N) were evaluated. After local rigid registration between those images, distances of locations at SUVmax and the center of mass with MTVs on each image and similarity indices were also assessed along its coordinate. RESULTS In addition to SUVmax, SUVpeak, and Tmax/N, significant correlations were found in TLA. The mean distance in SUVmax was [Formula: see text] and significantly longer than that in the center of mass with MTVs. The ratio of MTVs to GTV, skewness, and kurtosis were not significantly different. However, the similarities of MTVs were considerably low. The similarity indices of Dice similarity coefficient, Jaccard coefficient, and mean distance to agreement for MTV40 were [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] cm, respectively. Furthermore, it was worse in MTV50. In addition, spatial accumulation patterns varied in cancer types. CONCLUSIONS Spatial accumulation patterns in tumors showed low similarity between 18F-FDG and 18F-BPA PET, although the various non-spatial point parameters were correlated. In addition, the spatial accumulation patterns were considerably different in cancer types. Therefore, the selection for BNCT using 18F-FDG PET should be compared carefully with using 18F-FBPA PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Nakaichi
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Medical Physics Laboratory, Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kimiteru Ito
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kana Takahashi
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Mihiro Takemori
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.265074.20000 0001 1090 2030Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551 Japan
| | - Tairo Kashihara
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kouji Kunito
- Euro MediTech Co., Ltd., 2-20-4, Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022 Japan
| | - Naoya Murakami
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kotaro Iijima
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Takahito Chiba
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.265074.20000 0001 1090 2030Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.265074.20000 0001 1090 2030Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551 Japan
| | - Shohei Mikasa
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Teiji Nishio
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Medical Physics Laboratory, Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okamoto
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Jun Itami
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurihara
- grid.414944.80000 0004 0629 2905Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakano, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Igaki
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Division of Research and Development for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan ,grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
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Isohashi K, Kanai Y, Aihara T, Hu N, Fukushima K, Baba I, Hirokawa F, Kakino R, Komori T, Nihei K, Hatazawa J, Ono K. Exploration of the threshold SUV for diagnosis of malignancy using 18F-FBPA PET/CT. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2022; 6:35. [DOI: 10.1186/s41824-022-00156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The goal of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of 18F-FBPA PET/CT for malignant tumors. Findings from 18F-FBPA and 18F-FDG PET/CT were compared with pathological diagnoses in patients with malignant tumors or benign lesions.
Methods
A total of 82 patients (45 males, 37 females; median age, 63 years; age range, 20–89 years) with various types of malignant tumors or benign lesions, such as inflammation and granulomas, were examined by 18F-FDG and 18F-FBPA PET/CT. Tumor uptake of FDG or FBPA was quantified using the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). The final diagnosis was confirmed by cytopathology or histopathological findings of the specimen after biopsy or surgery. A ROC curve was constructed from the SUVmax values of each PET image, and the area under the curve (AUC) and cutoff values were calculated.
Results
The SUVmax for 18F-FDG PET/CT did not differ significantly for malignant tumors and benign lesions (10.9 ± 6.3 vs. 9.1 ± 2.7 P = 0.62), whereas SUVmax for 18F-FBPA PET/CT was significantly higher for malignant tumors (5.1 ± 3.0 vs. 2.9 ± 0.6, P < 0.001). The best SUVmax cutoffs for distinguishing malignant tumors from benign lesions were 11.16 for 18F-FDG PET/CT (sensitivity 0.909, specificity 0.390) and 3.24 for 18F-FBPA PET/CT (sensitivity 0.818, specificity 0.753). ROC analysis showed significantly different AUC values for 18F-FDG and 18F-FBPA PET/CT (0.547 vs. 0.834, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
18F-FBPA PET/CT showed superior diagnostic ability over 18F-FDG PET/CT in differential diagnosis of malignant tumors and benign lesions. The results of this study suggest that 18F-FBPA PET/CT diagnosis may reduce false-positive 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnoses.
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9
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Transcriptomic data analysis of melanocytes and melanoma cell lines of LAT transporter genes for precise medicine. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/bioal-2022-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a two-step treatment that can be used in some types of cancers. It involves administering a compound containing boron atoms to the patient and irradiating the affected area of the body with a neutron beam. The success of the therapy depends mainly on the delivery of the boron isotope (10B) to the tumor using an appropriate boron carrier. One of the boron carriers used is boronophenylalanine (BPA). Therefore, in research on the use of boron carriers, it is also important to know the mechanisms of its uptake by cells. Aim: To study the expression of LAT family genes in two melanoma (high melanotic WM115 and low melanotic WM266-4) cell lines and melanocytes (HEMa-Lp) which are responsible for the transport the BPA into cells. Methods: To normalize data from the transcriptomic analysis, the ratio of the median method was used. This allowed the samples to be compared with each other. Comparison metrics included log-fold change (LFC) values. The heatmap of LFC values and the cluster map were created. These graphs show the similarities and differences between the samples. Results: Transcriptomic data show that in melanocytes, LFC for SLC7A5 (LAT1) and SLC3A2 (4Fhc) was higher than in melanoma cell lines, which corresponded with their melanin content. Conclusion: Our results indicate overexpression of BPA transporter genes in normal cells (melanocytes), which may suggest the highest level of these proteins in melanocytes compared to less melanotic melanoma. Therefore, for BNCT, the use of BPA as the 10B carrier will require additional qualifying tests of amino acid transporter expression for patients and specific tumors to develop a personalized BNCT.
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10
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Evaluation of the Key Advantages between Two Modalities of Boronophenylalanine Administration for Clinical Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Using an Animal Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172736. [PMID: 36078143 PMCID: PMC9454519 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), boronophenylalanine (BPA) administrations through one-step infusion (OSI) and two-step infusion (TSI) are the most widely used. This study compared the advantages of OSI and TSI using a human oral squamous cell carcinoma-bearing animal model. OSI was administered at a high-dose rate of 20 mg/kg/min for 20 min (total dose: 400 mg/kg) as the first step infusion. TSI was a prolonged infusion at a low-dose rate of 1.67 mg/kg/min for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min (total dose: 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg) following the first step infusion. The sigmoid Emax model was used to evaluate the boron accumulation effect in the tumor. The advantages of TSI were observed to be greater than those of OSI. The observed advantages of TSI were as follows: a stable level of boron concentration in blood; tumor to blood boron ratio (T/B); tumor to muscle boron ratio (T/M); and skin to blood boron ratio (S/B). The boron accumulation effect in tumors increased to 68.98%. Thus, effective boron concentration in these tumor cells was achieved to enhance the lethal damage in BNCT treatment. Boron concentration in the blood was equal to that in the skin. Therefore, the equivalent dose was accurately estimated for the skin.
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11
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Srisongkram T, Bahrami K, Järvinen J, Timonen J, Rautio J, Weerapreeyakul N. Development of Sesamol Carbamate-L-Phenylalanine Prodrug Targeting L-Type Amino Acid Transporter1 (LAT1) as a Potential Antiproliferative Agent against Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158446. [PMID: 35955600 PMCID: PMC9369069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesamol is a compound reported to have anti-melanogenesis and anti-melanoma actions. Sesamol, however, has low intracellular drug concentration and fast excretion, which can limit its benefits in the clinic. To overcome this drawback and increase intracellular delivery of sesamol into the target melanoma, research has focused on L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-mediated prodrug delivery into melanoma cells. The sesamol prodrug was designed by conjugating sesamol with L-phenylalanine at the para position with a carbamate bond. LAT1 targeting was evaluated vis-à-vis a competitive [14C]-leucine uptake inhibition. The sesamol prodrug has a higher [14C]-leucine uptake inhibition than sesamol in human LAT1-transfected HEK293 cells. Moreover, the sesamol prodrug was taken up by LAT1-mediated transport into SK-MEL-2 cells more effectively than sesamol. The sesamol prodrug underwent complete hydrolysis, releasing the active sesamol at 72 h, which significantly exerted its cytotoxicity (IC50 of 29.3 µM) against SK-MEL-cells more than sesamol alone. Taken together, the strategy for LAT1-mediated prodrug delivery has utility for the selective uptake of sesamol, thereby increasing its intracellular concentration and antiproliferation activity, targeting melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells that overexpress the LAT1 protein. The sesamol prodrug thus warrants further evaluation in an in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapong Srisongkram
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Katayun Bahrami
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (K.B.); (J.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (K.B.); (J.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Juri Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (K.B.); (J.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (K.B.); (J.J.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (N.W.)
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (N.W.)
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12
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Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Thapa M, Redtenbacher AS, Catalano L, Capelôa T, Vazeille T, Emberger M, Felder TK, Feichtinger RG, Koelblinger P, Dallmann G, Sonveaux P, Lang R, Kofler B. Ketogenic diets slow melanoma growth in vivo regardless of tumor genetics and metabolic plasticity. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:12. [PMID: 35851093 PMCID: PMC9290281 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence supports the use of low-carbohydrate/high-fat ketogenic diets as an adjunctive cancer therapy. However, it is unclear which genetic, metabolic, or immunological factors contribute to the beneficial effect of ketogenic diets. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ketogenic diets on the progression and metabolism of genetically and metabolically heterogeneous melanoma xenografts, as well as on the development of melanoma metastases in mice with a functional immune system. Methods Mice bearing BRAF mutant, NRAS mutant, and wild-type melanoma xenografts as well as mice bearing highly metastatic melanoma allografts were fed with a control diet or ketogenic diets, differing in their triglyceride composition, to evaluate the effect of ketogenic diets on tumor growth and metastasis. We performed an in-depth targeted metabolomics analysis in plasma and xenografts to elucidate potential antitumor mechanisms in vivo. Results We show that ketogenic diets effectively reduced tumor growth in immunocompromised mice bearing genetically and metabolically heterogeneous human melanoma xenografts. Furthermore, the ketogenic diets exerted a metastasis-reducing effect in the immunocompetent syngeneic melanoma mouse model. Targeted analysis of plasma and tumor metabolomes revealed that ketogenic diets induced distinct changes in amino acid metabolism. Interestingly, ketogenic diets reduced the levels of alpha-amino adipic acid, a biomarker of cancer, in circulation to levels observed in tumor-free mice. Additionally, alpha-amino adipic acid was reduced in xenografts by ketogenic diets. Moreover, the ketogenic diets increased sphingomyelin levels in plasma and the hydroxylation of sphingomyelins and acylcarnitines in tumors. Conclusions Ketogenic diets induced antitumor effects toward melanoma regardless of the tumors´ genetic background, its metabolic signature, and the host immune status. Moreover, ketogenic diets simultaneously affected multiple metabolic pathways to create an unfavorable environment for melanoma cell proliferation, supporting their potential as a complementary nutritional approach to melanoma therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-022-00288-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Anna-Sophia Redtenbacher
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tânia Capelôa
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Vazeille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas K Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - René G Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Koelblinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Gregorio JD, Petricca S, Iorio R, Toniato E, Flati V. MITOCHONDRIAL AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN CANCER CELLS. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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14
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Kurozumi S, Kaira K, Matsumoto H, Kurosumi M, Yokobori T, Kanai Y, Sekine C, Honda C, Katayama A, Furuya M, Shiino S, Makiguchi T, Mongan NP, Rakha EA, Oyama T, Fujii T, Shirabe K, Horiguchi J. Association of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) with the immune system and prognosis in invasive breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2742. [PMID: 35177712 PMCID: PMC8854643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), also referred to as SLC7A5, is believed to regulate tumor metabolism and be associated with tumor proliferation. In invasive breast cancer, we clinicopathologically investigated the utility of LAT1 expression. LAT1 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemistry analyses in 250 breast cancer patients undergoing long-term follow-up. We assessed the relationships between LAT1 expression and patient outcomes and clinicopathological factors. Breast cancer-specific survival stratified by LAT1 expression was assessed. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive patients with metastasis received trastuzumab therapy. The density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was evaluated according to the International Working Group guidelines. In the current study, high LAT1 expression was significantly correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, high histological grade, increased TILs, and programmed death ligand 1 positivity. Among the ER-positive and HER2-negative patients, high LAT1 was an independent indicator of poor outcomes (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-7.62; p = 0.023). Moreover, high LAT1 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor in luminal B-like breast cancer with aggressive features (HR = 3.39; 95% CI 1.35-8.52; p = 0.0094). In conclusion, high LAT1 expression could be used to identify a subgroup of invasive breast cancer characterized by aggressive behavior and high tumor immunoreaction. Our findings suggest that LAT1 might be a candidate therapeutic target for breast cancer patients, particularly those with luminal B-like type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasagu Kurozumi
- Department of Breast Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, 852, Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-8520, Japan. .,Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Sekine
- Department of Breast Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, 852, Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-8520, Japan
| | - Chikako Honda
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Katayama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mio Furuya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sho Shiino
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Takaya Makiguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takaaki Fujii
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jun Horiguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, 852, Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-8520, Japan
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Route of intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity of sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112528. [PMID: 34906777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular uptake concentration determines drug absorption, drug activity, and toxicity. Sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin are promising bioactive components from Sesame indicum L. Their respective intracellular uptake pathway and cytotoxicity were evaluated using melanoma and non-cancerous cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were built to identify the molecular features affecting drug uptake in cells. The respective intracellular uptake pathway for sesamol vs. sesamin and sesamolin was carrier-mediated vs. passive transport. Topological polar surface area (PSA) and 2D autocorrections increase the intracellular concentration (C/M ratio) of these compounds. Sesamol has the lowest C/M ratio compared to sesamin and sesamolin, but only sesamol inhibits the cell viability of melanoma and provides an inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50) against melanoma cells. The slightly aqueous solubility of sesamin and sesamolin, therefore, limits testing of their cytotoxicity. In conclusion, sesamol has the potential to inhibit melanoma cell growth, but requires improvement of the C/M ratio to increase its physicochemical properties. Thus, in order to investigate the cytotoxicity of sesamin and sesamolin against melanoma cells a solubility enhancer is needed.
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Sawazaki H, Arai Y, Ito Y, Sato K, Tsuda H, Yamaga T, Sakurai H. Expression of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 is a Predictive Biomarker of Intravesical Recurrence in Patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:603-611. [PMID: 34458203 PMCID: PMC8387640 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s326249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a Na+-independent amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in various cancer types. We evaluated the prognostic value of LAT1 expression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 119 consecutive patients who underwent initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Of these, 75 patients with NMIBC were included in this study. Patients were classified into two groups according to the proportion of LAT1-positive cells, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Associations between LAT1 expression and clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Cox multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of intravesical recurrence (IVR). The LAT1 integrated risk model was compared with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk model to evaluate the predictive ability for IVR based on the c-index. Results The median follow-up was 37 months. Twenty-eight patients (37.3%) had IVR. LAT1 expression was not correlated with any other clinicopathological factors. Patients with high LAT1 expression had a worse IVR-free survival than that of patients with low LAT1 expression (P = 0.038). Cox multivariate analyses indicated that tumor multiplicity and high LAT1 expression were independent predictors of IVR. The LAT1 integrated risk model had a significantly improved performance over the EORTC model for assessing recurrence risk (c-index: 0.695, improvement: 0.091, P = 0.001). When patients were stratified into three groups according to the score calculated by the LAT1 integrated risk model, the 2-year IVR-free survival rates were 93.3% in patients with 0 points, 66.9% for those with 2 points, and 37.5% for those with 4 points. Conclusion High LAT1 expression was an independent predictor of IVR in patients with NMIBC. The LAT1 integrated risk model had good predictability for IVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutake Sawazaki
- Department of Urology, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Higashimurayama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Arai
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Pathology, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Kimiya Sato
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
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17
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Kanai Y. Amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) as a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107964. [PMID: 34390745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require a massive supply of nutrients, including sugars and amino acids-the upregulation of transporters for each nutrient contributes to meet the demand. Distinct from glucose transporters, amino acid transporters include ones whose expression is specific to cancer cells. For example, LAT1 (SLC7A5) displays protein expression mostly limited to the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The exceptions are the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier, where immunohistochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown LAT1 expression, although their levels are supposed to be lower than those in cancers. The expression of LAT1 has been reported in cancers from various tissue origins, where high LAT1 expression is related to the poor prognosis of patients. LAT1 is essential for cancer cell growth because the pharmacologic inhibition and knockdown/knockout of LAT1 suppress the proliferation of cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. The inhibition of LAT1 suppresses protein synthesis by downregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway and mobilizing the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway in cancer cells. LAT1 is, thus, a candidate molecular target for the diagnosis and therapeutics of cancers. 18F-labeled 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine (FAMT) is used as a LAT1-specific PET probe for cancer detection due to the LAT1 specificity of α-methyl aromatic amino acids. FAMT accumulation is cancer-specific and avoids non-cancer lesions, including inflammation, confirming the cancer-specific expression of LAT1 in humans. Due to the cancer-specific nature, LAT1 can also be used for cancer-specific delivery of anti-tumor agents such as l-para-boronophenylalanine used for boron neutron capture therapy and α-emitting nuclide-labeled LAT1 substrates developed for nuclear medicine treatment. Based on the importance of LAT1 in cancer progression, high-affinity LAT1-specific inhibitors have been developed for anti-tumor drugs. JPH203 (KYT0353) is such a compound designed based on the structure-activity relationship of LAT1 ligands. It is one of the highest-affinity inhibitors with less affecting other transporters. It suppresses tumor growth in vivo without significant toxicity in preclinical studies at doses enough to suppress tumor growth. In the phase-I clinical trial, JPH203 appeared to provide promising activity. Because the mechanisms of action of LAT1 inhibitors are novel, with or without combination with other anti-tumor drugs, they could contribute to the treatment of cancers that do not respond to current therapy. The LAT1-specific PET probe could also be used as companion diagnostics of the LAT1-targeting therapies to select patients to whom therapeutic benefits could be expected. Recently, the cryo-EM structure of LAT1 has been solved, which would facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic interaction of ligands and the binding site, and further designing new compounds with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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18
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Zhang C, Xu J, Xue S, Ye J. Prognostic Value of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) in Various Cancers: A Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:523-536. [PMID: 32410110 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is overexpressed in various types of cancer and has been thought to assist cancer progression through its uptake of neutral amino acids. However, the prognostic role of LAT1 in human cancers remains uncharacterized. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to determine the prognostic significance of LAT1 in various cancers. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang databases to collect relevant cohort studies investigating the prognostic value of LAT1 expression in patients with cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to clarify the association between the LAT1 expression and the survival of patients with cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated to appraise the correlation between LAT1 and the clinicopathological characteristics in patients with cancer. RESULTS A total of 32 eligible articles, including 34 cohorts and 6410 patients, were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Our results demonstrated that high LAT1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.41-1.96, P < 0.001), cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.31-2.05, P < 0.001), disease-free survival (HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.31-1.83, P < 0.001), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.37, P = 0.026) in patients with cancer. In addition, we found that the elevated expression level of LAT1 was significantly related to certain phenotypes of tumor aggressiveness, such as tumor size, clinical stage, T stage, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, tumor differentiation, Ki-67, CD34, CD98, p53, and system ASC amino acid transporter-2. CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of LAT1 is associated with poor prognosis in human cancers and may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmeng Zhang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Ye
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wiriyasermkul P, Moriyama S, Kongpracha P, Nagamori S. [Drug Discovery Targeting an Amino Acid Transporter for Diagnosis and Therapy]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:501-510. [PMID: 33790117 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients are essential for all living organisms. Because growing cancer cells have strong metabolic demands, nutrient transporters are constitutively increased to facilitate the nutrient uptake. Among these nutrient transporters, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), which transports large neutral amino acids including essential amino acids, is critical for cancer growth. Therefore, LAT1 has been considered as an attractive target for diagnosis and therapy of cancers. We have developed several lines of compounds for cancer diagnosis and therapy. To diagnose cancer by using positron emission tomography (PET) probes, we have created amino acid derivatives which are selectively transported by LAT1 and accumulated in cancer cells. In addition to amino acid derivatives as the LAT1 inhibitors, we also have made non-amino acid small compounds as anti-cancer drugs which inhibit LAT1 function and suppress tumor growth. The LAT1 targeting anti-cancer drug showed low toxicity but strong effects on various types of cancer cells in animal models. The novel PET probe is approved for clinical research and the new anti-cancer drug has been under clinical trial. Small compounds targeting the amino acid transporter bring us new tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University
| | - Pornparn Kongpracha
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University
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20
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Saito Y, Soga T. Amino acid transporters as emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2958-2965. [PMID: 34091991 PMCID: PMC8353895 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are indispensable nutrients for both normal and cancer cells. Cancer cells are unable to synthesize essential amino acids as well as some non‐essential amino acids adequately to support rapid proliferation, and must take up amino acids from the surroundings. To meet the increased demand for the amino acid needed for proliferation, high levels of amino acid transporters are expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Cancer cells utilize amino acids to synthesize proteins and nucleotides, as well as to obtain energy. In addition, amino acids are known to play pathological roles in cancer cells. Interestingly, breast cancer cells limit the use of amino acids for cell proliferation based on amino acid availability, which depends on estrogen receptor status. Here, we present a summarized literature review of novel amino acid functions in cancer cells. This review organizes the available knowledge on 2 amino acid transporters, SLC7A5 and SLC7A11, which are considered essential for breast cancer cell growth in a cell‐dependent manner. In particular, we propose the glutamine recycling model to clarify the mechanism underlying aberrant SLC7A5 activation. Finally, we overview the pathological significances of SLC7A5 and SLC7A11 in cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Saito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
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Ohnishi K, Misawa M, Sikano N, Nakai K, Suzuki M. Enhancement of Cancer Cell-Killing Effects of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy by Manipulating the Expression of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1. Radiat Res 2021; 196:17-22. [PMID: 33956158 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00214.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether the cancer cell-killing effects of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) are enhanced by manipulating the expression levels of l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) of human cancer cells, which transports boronophenylalanine into cells. We transfected pCMV/LAT1-GFP plasmids into a T98G glioblastoma cell line and selected several clones. Confocal laser microscopic observation was performed to confirm the stable overexpression of LAT1 in the plasma membranes of the clones. Western blot was used to analyze the cellular accumulation of LAT1 protein in the clones. Relative intracellular uptake of boronophenylalanine (BPA) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of 14C-BPA using a radioactive iodine (RI) tracer method. Sensitivity to neutron and gamma (γ)-ray fluences generated by a research reactor facility at Kyoto University was assayed using colony formation assay. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged LAT1 was observed in the plasma membranes of the LAT1-overexpressing clones and the cellular accumulation of GFP-tagged LAT1 was largely increased in these clones. Intracellular uptake of BPA was 1.5-5.0 times greater among the clones than that in a control clone. The LAT1-overexpressing clones and transiently LAT1-lipofected T98G cells showed clearly enhanced sensitivity to neutron and γ-ray fluences compared to the control clone when they were treated with 10BPA. The sensitivity of cancer cells to the fluences was well correlated with the expression level of LAT1 in the cells and the level of BPA uptake. These results suggest that overexpression of LAT1 in cancer cells results in enhanced anticancer effects of BNCT, and BNCT combined with gene therapy is beneficial for tumors with low LAT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaki Misawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoto Sikano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Nakai
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Shariftabrizi A, Pillenahalli Maheshwarappa R, Kahn D, Pollard J. 18F-Fluciclovine-Avid Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastasis of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Clin Nucl Med 2021; 46:e97-e99. [PMID: 33031240 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A 63-year-old man with recent diagnosis of high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma was referred to our Nuclear Medicine Department for 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT to rule out metastasis in the setting of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen levels. The patient had previous history of nodular melanoma of the right cheek treated 6 years back with surgery and adjuvant radiation. Surveillance 18F-FDG PET/CT for melanoma 1 month back had revealed enlarged FDG-avid mediastinal para-aortic lymph nodes, which on endoscopic biopsy had revealed melanoma metastasis. On current fluciclovine PET/CT, the same enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes showed fluciclovine uptake, suggesting false-positive uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Kahn
- From the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System
| | - Janet Pollard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
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Wei Z, Liu X, Cheng C, Yu W, Yi P. Metabolism of Amino Acids in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:603837. [PMID: 33511116 PMCID: PMC7835483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has been widely recognized as a hallmark of malignancy. The uptake and metabolism of amino acids are aberrantly upregulated in many cancers that display addiction to particular amino acids. Amino acids facilitate the survival and proliferation of cancer cells under genotoxic, oxidative, and nutritional stress. Thus, targeting amino acid metabolism is becoming a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer patients. In this review, we will systematically summarize the recent progress of amino acid metabolism in malignancy and discuss their interconnection with mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, epigenetic modification, tumor growth and immunity, and ferroptosis. Finally, we will highlight the potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lopes C, Pereira C, Medeiros R. ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020203. [PMID: 33429909 PMCID: PMC7828050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-084-000; Fax: +351-225-084-001
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer—North (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada da Circunvalação, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
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Venkateswaran G, Dedhar S. Interplay of Carbonic Anhydrase IX With Amino Acid and Acid/Base Transporters in the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602668. [PMID: 33240897 PMCID: PMC7680889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are challenged with a hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironment. Hence, hypoxic tumor cells coordinatively increase the expression of nutrient transporters and pH regulators to adapt and meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membrane-bound enzyme that plays a vital role in pH regulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous studies have established the importance of CAIX in mediating tumor progression and metastasis. To understand the mechanism of CAIX in mediating tumor progression, we performed an unbiased proteomic screen to identify the potential interactors of CAIX in the TME using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique. In this review, we focus on the interactors from this BioID screen that are crucial for nutrient and metabolite transport in the TME. We discuss the role of transport metabolon comprising CAIX and bicarbonate transporters in regulating intra- and extracellular pH of the tumor. We also discuss the role of amino acid transporters that are high confidence interactors of CAIX, in optimizing favorable metabolic state for tumor progression, and give our perspective on the coordinative interplay of CAIX with the amino acid transporters in the hypoxic TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Venkateswaran
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Li D, Fu L, Zhang X, Bao Y, Zheng L. Review of the Correlation of LAT1 With Diseases: Mechanism and Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:564809. [PMID: 33195053 PMCID: PMC7606929 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.564809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT1 is a member of the system L transporter family. The main role of the LAT1 is to transport specific amino acids through cell membranes to provide nutrients to cells and participate in several metabolic pathways. It also contributes to the transport of hormones and some drugs, which are essential for the development and treatment of some diseases. In recent years, many studies have shown that LAT1 is related to cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. However, the specific mechanism underlying the influence of LAT1 on such conditions remains unclear. Through the increasing number of studies on LAT1, we have obtained a preliminary understanding on the function of LAT1 in diseases. These studies also provide a theoretical basis for finding treatments for LAT1-related diseases, such as cancer. This review summarizes the function and mechanism of LAT1 in different diseases and the treatment of LAT1-related diseases. It also provides support for the development of novel and reliable disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Fu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yigang Bao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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LAT-1 and GLUT-1 Carrier Expression and Its Prognostic Value in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102968. [PMID: 33066332 PMCID: PMC7602091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent about 70% of all NETs; however, improvement in their outcomes has yet to be achieved. Here, we aimed to analyze the role of metabolic players such as the amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), regulated by the oxygen-sensing mechanism Von Hippel Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF), in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). We also aimed to correlate them with tumor malignancy and progression. We confirmed that specific mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, such as LAT-1 and GLUT-1, are increased in GEP-NETs, whereas pVHL is decreased. Our results suggest that these biomarkers could have a potential role in NET pathophysiology which might be related to their proliferation and metastatic capacity. Abstract Cancer cells develop mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, including key nutrient carriers, such as amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), regulated by the oxygen-sensing Von Hippel Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF) transcriptional pathway. We aimed to analyze these metabolic players in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) and correlate them with tumor malignancy and progression. LAT-1, GLUT-1, and pVHL expression was analyzed in 116 GEP-NETs and 48 peritumoral tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. LAT-1 was stably silenced using specific shRNA in the human NET BON cell line. LAT-1 expression was significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to non-tumor tissue in both gastrointestinal (67% vs. 44%) and pancreatic NETs (54% vs. 31%). Similarly, GLUT-1 was substantially elevated in gastrointestinal (74% vs. 19%) and pancreatic (58% vs. 4%) NETs. In contrast, pVHL expression was decreased (85% vs. 58%) in pancreatic NETs. Tumors with metastases at diagnosis displayed increased LAT-1 and GLUT-1 and decreased pVHL expression (p < 0.001). In accordance with these data, silencing LAT-1 curtailed cell proliferation in BON cells. These findings suggest that specific mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, such as LAT-1 and GLUT-1, are increased in GEP-NETs, whereas pVHL is decreased. These markers might be related to the proliferation and metastatic capacity of these tumors.
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Scalise M, Console L, Rovella F, Galluccio M, Pochini L, Indiveri C. Membrane Transporters for Amino Acids as Players of Cancer Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092028. [PMID: 32899180 PMCID: PMC7565710 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells perform a metabolic rewiring to sustain an increased growth rate and compensate for the redox stress caused by augmented energy metabolism. The metabolic changes are not the same in all cancers. Some features, however, are considered hallmarks of this disease. As an example, all cancer cells rewire the amino acid metabolism for fulfilling both the energy demand and the changed signaling routes. In these altered conditions, some amino acids are more frequently used than others. In any case, the prerequisite for amino acid utilization is the presence of specific transporters in the cell membrane that can guarantee the absorption and the traffic of amino acids among tissues. Tumor cells preferentially use some of these transporters for satisfying their needs. The evidence for this phenomenon is the over-expression of selected transporters, associated with specific cancer types. The knowledge of the link between the over-expression and the metabolic rewiring is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanism of reprogramming in cancer cells. The continuous growth of information on structure-function relationships and the regulation of transporters will open novel perspectives in the fight against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Filomena Rovella
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM) via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-8449-2939
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Alles SR, Gomez K, Moutal A, Khanna R. Putative roles of SLC7A5 (LAT1) transporter in pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 8:100050. [PMID: 32715162 PMCID: PMC7369351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), also known as SLC7A5, is an essential amino acid transporter that forms a heterodimeric complex with the glycoprotein cell-surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc (CD98, SLC3A2)). Within nociceptive pathways, LAT1 is expressed in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Although LAT1 expression is upregulated following spinal cord injury, little is known about LAT1 in neuropathic pain. To date, only circumstantial evidence supports LAT1/4F2hc's role in pain. Notably, LAT1's expression and regulation link it to key cell types and pathways implicated in pain. Transcriptional regulation of LAT1 expression occurs via the Wnt/frizzled/β-catenin signal transduction pathway, which has been shown to be involved in chronic pain. The LAT1/4F2hc complex may also be involved in pain pathways related to T- and B-cells. LAT1's expression induces activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis, which is involved in inflammation and neuropathic pain. Similarly, hypoxia and cancer induce activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha, promoting not only LAT1's expression but also mTORC1's activation. Perhaps the strongest evidence linking LAT1 to pain is its interactions with key voltage-gated ion channels connected to nociception, namely the voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 and the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7. Through functional regulation of these channels, LAT1 may play a role in governing the excitatory to inhibitory ratio which is altered in chronic neuropathic pain states. Remarkably, the most direct role for LAT1 in pain is to mediate the influx of gabapentin and pregabalin, two first-line neuropathic pain drugs, that indirectly inhibit high voltage-activated calcium channel auxiliary subunit α2δ-1. In this review, we discuss the expression, regulation, relevant signaling pathways, and protein interactions of LAT1 that may link it to the development and/or maintenance of pain. We hypothesize that LAT1 expressed in nociceptive pathways may be a viable new target in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R.A. Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1657 East Helen Street Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- Regulonix Holding Inc., Tucson, AZ, United States
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30
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Prognostic value of LAT-1 status in solid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233629. [PMID: 32469987 PMCID: PMC7259771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) plays a significant role in tumor progression. However, it remains unclear whether high LAT1 expression correlates with poor prognosis of solid tumor patients. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the potential of LAT1 in predicting the prognosis of tumor patients. Methods and findings A total of 4,579 cases were analyzed from 35 qualified studies. In patients with solid tumors, elevated expression of LAT1 is associated with poor prognosis (overall survival [OS]: pooled hazard ratio (HR) = 1.848, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.620–2.108, P < 0.001; disease free survival [DFS]: pooled HR = 1.923, 95% CI = 1.585–2.333, P < 0.001; progression free survival [PFS]: pooled HR = 1.345, 95% CI = 1.133–1.597, P = 0.001). Furthermore, in subgroup analysis, we found an association between high LAT1 expression and poor OS in non-small cell lung cancer (HR = 1.554, 95% CI = 1.345–1.794, P < 0.001), pancreatic cancer (HR = 2.052, 95% CI = 1.613–2.724, P < 0.001) and biliary tract cancer (HR = 2.253, 95% CI = 1.562–3.227, P < 0.001). Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis indicate the reliability and potential of using LAT1 expression as a predictive biomarker in solid cancers prior to treatment. However, further studies with larger sample sizes would be beneficial for fully evaluating the predictive value of LAT1 expression for clinical applications.
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Li R, Zhang J, Guo J, Xu Y, Duan K, Zheng J, Wan H, Yuan Z, Chen H. Application of Nitroimidazole-Carbobane-Modified Phenylalanine Derivatives as Dual-Target Boron Carriers in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:202-211. [PMID: 31763850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has received extensive attention as noninvasive cell-level oncotherapy for treating solid cancer tumors. However, boron-containing drugs such as l-boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate have low boron content and/or poor tumor-targeting ability, limiting their application. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of nontoxic, dual-target boron carriers (B139, B142, and B151) with the ability to accumulate specifically in tumor cells. We found that the B139 uptake into hypoxic tumor regions was high, with a 70-fold boron content compared to BPA. In addition, in vivo observation showed that B139 can be trapped in tumor cells for a prolonged period and maintains an effective therapeutic concentration, with a peak boron concentration of 50.7 μg/g and a high tumor: blood boron ratio of >3, achieving ideal BNCT conditions. Cytotoxicity evaluation in mice further proved that B139 is safe and reliable. Therefore, B139 has great potential for BNCT application as a dual-target, safe, and efficient boron carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jingxuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Kunyuan Duan
- Department of Pharmacy , Qujing Medical College , Qujing 655000 , China
| | - Jinrong Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhenwei Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
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Characterization of the expression of LAT1 as a prognostic indicator and a therapeutic target in renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16776. [PMID: 31748583 PMCID: PMC6868143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is abundantly expressed in various types of cancer, and it has been thought to assist cancer progression through its activity for uptake of neutral amino acids. However, the roles of LAT1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prognosis and treatment remain uncharacterized. Therefore, we first retrospectively examined the LAT1 expression profile and its associations with clinical factors in RCC tissues (n = 92). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that most of the tissues examined (92%) had cancer-associated LAT1 expression. Furthermore, the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were shorter in patients with high LAT1 expression levels than in those with low LAT1 expression levels (P = 0.018 and 0.014, respectively), and these associations were further strengthened by the results of univariate and multivariate analyses. Next, we tested the effects of JPH203, which is a selective LAT1 inhibitor, on RCC-derived Caki-1 and ACHN cells. It was found that JPH203 inhibited the growth of these cell types in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, JPH203 clearly suppressed their migration and invasion activities. Thus, our results show that LAT1 has a great potential to become not only a prognosis biomarker but also a therapeutic target in RCC clinical settings.
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Role of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) for the Selective Cytotoxicity of Sesamol in Human Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213869. [PMID: 31717859 PMCID: PMC6865181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesamol is effective against melanoma cells with less damage to normal cells. The underlying selective cytotoxicity of sesamol in melanoma vs. non-cancerous cells is undefined. Melanoma cells differ from normal cells by over-expression of the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). We sought to clarify the transport mechanism on selective cytotoxicity of sesamol in melanoma cells. A human melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-2) and African monkey epithelial cell line (Vero) were used to study the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of sesamol. The intracellular concentration of sesamol was quantified by UV-HPLC. The cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red uptake assay. Sesamol showed a higher distribution volume and uptake clearance in SK-MEL-2 than Vero cells. Sesamol was distributed by both carrier-mediated and passive transport by having greater carrier-mediated transport into SK-MEL-2 cells than Vero cells. Higher mRNA expression and function of LAT1 over LAT2 were evident in SK-MEL-2 cells compared to Vero cells. Sesamol uptake and sesamol cytotoxicity were inhibited by the LAT1 inhibitor, suggesting LAT1 had a role in sesamol transport and its bioactivity in melanoma. The LAT1-mediated transport of sesamol is indicative of how it engages cytotoxicity in melanoma cells with promising therapeutic benefits.
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Cibrian D, Castillo-González R, Fernández-Gallego N, de la Fuente H, Jorge I, Saiz ML, Punzón C, Ramírez-Huesca M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Fresno M, Daudén E, Fraga-Fernandez J, Vazquez J, Aragonés J, Sánchez-Madrid F. Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 in innate and adaptive T cells efficiently controls skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:199-214.e11. [PMID: 31605740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a frequent inflammatory skin disease that is mainly mediated by IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-17 cytokines. Although psoriasis is a hyperproliferative skin disorder, the possible role of amino acid transporters has remained unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the role of the essential amino acid transporter L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 (SLC7A5) in psoriasis. METHODS LAT1 floxed mice were crossed to Cre-expressing mouse strains under the control of keratin 5, CD4, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ. We produced models of skin inflammation induced by imiquimod (IMQ) and IL-23 and tested the effect of inhibiting LAT1 (JPH203) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR [rapamycin]). RESULTS LAT1 expression is increased in keratinocytes and skin-infiltrating lymphocytes of psoriatic lesions in human subjects and mice. LAT1 deletion in keratinocytes does not dampen the inflammatory response or their proliferation, which could be maintained by increased expression of the alternative amino acid transporters LAT2 and LAT3. Specific deletion of LAT1 in γδ and CD4 T cells controls the inflammatory response induced by IMQ. LAT1 deletion or inhibition blocks expansion of IL-17-secreting γ4+δ4+ and CD4 T cells and dampens the release of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-22 in the IMQ-induced model. Moreover, inhibition of LAT1 blocks expansion of human γδ T cells and IL-17 secretion by human CD4 T cells. IL-23 and IL-1β stimulation upregulates LAT1 expression and induces mTOR activation in IL-17+ γδ and TH17 cells. Deletion or inhibition of LAT1 efficiently controls IL-23- and IL-1β-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR activation independent of T-cell receptor signaling. CONCLUSION Targeting LAT1-mediated amino acid uptake is a potentially useful immunosuppressive strategy to control skin inflammation mediated by the IL-23/IL-1β/IL-17 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-González
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernández-Gallego
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jorge
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Laura Saiz
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CIC-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Daudén
- Dermatology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Vazquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Aragonés
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Reasearch Unit, Hospital de La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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The L-Type Amino Acid Transporter LAT1-An Emerging Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102428. [PMID: 31100853 PMCID: PMC6566973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic proliferation is a major hallmark of tumor cells. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are highly dependent on nutrients in order to duplicate their cell mass during each cell division. In particular, essential amino acids are indispensable for proliferating cancer cells. Their uptake across the cell membrane is tightly controlled by membrane transporters. Among those, the L-type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been repeatedly found overexpressed in a vast variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer and highlight preclinical studies and drug developments underlying the potential of LAT1 as therapeutic target.
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Shen L, Qian C, Cao H, Wang Z, Luo T, Liang C. Upregulation of the solute carrier family 7 genes is indicative of poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:235. [PMID: 30558624 PMCID: PMC6297957 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The solute carrier (SLC) 7 family genes comprise 14 members and function as cationic amino acid/glycoprotein transporters in many cells, they are essential for the maintenance of amino acid nutrition and survival of tumor cells. This study was conducted to analyze the associations of SLC7 family gene expression with mortality in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods Clinical features, somatic mutations, and SLC7 family gene expression data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Linear regression model analysis was performed to analyze the correlations between SLC7 family gene expression and clinicopathologic features. Kaplan-Meier survival and logistic regression analyses were performed to characterize the associations between gene expression and patients’ overall survival. Results Patient mortality was negatively associated with age and tumor size but positively increased cancer stage and absence of thyroiditis in PTC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with high SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 expression levels exhibited poorer survival than those with low SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 expression levels (P < 0.05 for all cases). Logistic regression analysis showed that SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 were associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 8.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3–55.91; OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.18–17.31; and OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.18–17.31, respectively. Conclusion Upregulation of SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 expression was associated with poor prognosis in PTC patients, and SLC7 gene expression levels are potentially useful prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunhua Qian
- Department of Endocrinolgy and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tingxian Luo
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunli Liang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Chien HC, Colas C, Finke K, Springer S, Stoner L, Zur AA, Venteicher B, Campbell J, Hall C, Flint A, Augustyn E, Hernandez C, Heeren N, Hansen L, Anthony A, Bauer J, Fotiadis D, Schlessinger A, Giacomini KM, Thomas AA. Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7358-7373. [PMID: 30048132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) transports essential amino acids across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into cancer cells. To utilize LAT1 for drug delivery, potent amino acid promoieties are desired, as prodrugs must compete with millimolar concentrations of endogenous amino acids. To better understand ligand-transporter interactions that could improve potency, we developed structural LAT1 models to guide the design of substituted analogues of phenylalanine and histidine. Furthermore, we evaluated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for both enantiomers of naturally occurring LAT1 substrates. Analogues were tested in cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays to determine potency and uptake rate. Surprisingly, LAT1 can transport amino acid-like substrates with wide-ranging polarities including those containing ionizable substituents. Additionally, the rate of LAT1 transport was generally nonstereoselective even though enantiomers likely exhibit different binding modes. Our findings have broad implications to the development of new treatments for brain disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Karissa Finke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Seth Springer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Laura Stoner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Arik A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Brooklynn Venteicher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Jerome Campbell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Colton Hall
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Andrew Flint
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Evan Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Christopher Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Nathan Heeren
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Abby Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Justine Bauer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
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Ding K, Tan S, Huang X, Wang X, Li X, Fan R, Zhu Y, Lobie PE, Wang W, Wu Z. GSE1 predicts poor survival outcome in gastric cancer patients by SLC7A5 enhancement of tumor growth and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3949-3964. [PMID: 29367342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a malignancy with poor survival outcome. We herein report that GSE1, a proline-rich protein, possesses a role in the progression of human gastric cancer. The expression of GSE1 was observed to be much higher in human gastric cancer tissues compared with normal gastric tissues, and GSE1 expression correlated positively with lymph node metastasis, histological grade, depth of invasion, and clinical stage in gastric cancer patients. Moreover, GSE1 expression was also associated with decreased post-operative relapse-free survival and overall survival in the cohort. The forced expression of GSE1 in gastric cancer cell lines resulted in increased cell proliferation, increased colony formation, enhanced cell migration, and invasion. Furthermore, forced expression of GSE1 also increased tumor size and enhanced lung metastasis in xenograft models. The depletion of endogenous GSE1 with shRNAs decreased the oncogenicity and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo In addition, GSE1 was determined to be a direct target of miR-200b and miR-200c. Furthermore, GSE1 positively regulated the downstream gene SLC7A5 (also known as LAT-1), which was scanned and verified from mRNA sequencing. GSE1 therefore possesses an oncogenic role in human gastric cancer, and targeted therapeutic approaches to inhibit GSE1 function in gastric cancer warrant further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuo Ding
- From the Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 372 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.,the Department of Pathology and
| | - Sheng Tan
- the Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xing Huang
- the Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.,the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- the Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | | | - Rong Fan
- the Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- the Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- the Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Division of Life Sciences and Health, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, and.,the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Wenbin Wang
- From the Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 372 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China,
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Microvessel Density in Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Skin Cancer 2017; 2017:2049140. [PMID: 29441208 PMCID: PMC5758941 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2049140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a meta-analysis, in order to appraise the effect of microvessel density (MVD) on the survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma. Methods This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A systematic literature search in electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials) was performed. Fixed Effects or Random Effects model was used, based on the Cochran Q test. Results In total 9 studies (903 patients) were included. Pooled HR for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 2.62 (95% CI: 0.71–9.60, p = 0.15) and 2.64 (95% CI: 0.82–8.47, p = 0.10), respectively. Odds ratios of overall survival between high and low MVD groups, at 12 (1.45, 95% CI: 0.16–13.24), 36 (2.93, 95% CI: 0.63–13.59), and 60 (4.09, 95% CI: 0.85–19.77) months did not reach statistical significance. Significant superiority of low MVD group, in terms of DFS, at all time intervals (OR: 4.69, p < 0.0001; OR: 2.18, p = 0.004; OR: 7.46, p = 0.01, resp.) was documented. Discussion MVD does not affect the HR of OS and DFS. A strong correlation with DFS rates at 12, 36, and 60 months was recorded.
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Scalise M, Pochini L, Galluccio M, Console L, Indiveri C. Glutamine Transport and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer Cell Growth. Front Oncol 2017; 7:306. [PMID: 29376023 PMCID: PMC5770653 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that cancer is a metabolic disease is now well acknowledged: many cancer cell types rely mostly on glucose and some amino acids, especially glutamine for energy supply. These findings were corroborated by overexpression of plasma membrane nutrient transporters, such as the glucose transporters (GLUTs) and some amino acid transporters such as ASCT2, LAT1, and ATB0,+, which became promising targets for pharmacological intervention. On the basis of their sodium-dependent transport modes, ASCT2 and ATB0+ have the capacity to sustain glutamine need of cancer cells; while LAT1, which is sodium independent will have the role of providing cancer cells with some amino acids with plausible signaling roles. According to the metabolic reprogramming of many types of cancer cells, glucose is mainly catabolized by aerobic glycolysis in tumors, while the fate of Glutamine is completed at mitochondrial level where the enzyme Glutaminase converts Glutamine to Glutamate. Glutamine rewiring in cancer cells is heterogeneous. For example, Glutamate is converted to α-Ketoglutarate giving rise to a truncated form of Krebs cycle. This reprogrammed pathway leads to the production of ATP mainly at substrate level and regeneration of reducing equivalents needed for cells growth, redox balance, and metabolic energy. Few studies on hypothetical mitochondrial transporter for Glutamine are reported and indirect evidences suggested its presence. Pharmacological compounds able to inhibit Glutamine metabolism may represent novel drugs for cancer treatments. Interestingly, well acknowledged targets for drugs are the Glutamine transporters of plasma membrane and the key enzyme Glutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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Zhan B, Wen S, Lu J, Shen G, Lin X, Feng J, Huang H. Identification and causes of metabonomic difference between orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61264-61281. [PMID: 28977862 PMCID: PMC5617422 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal tumors. However, the methodological differences between orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft (OX and SX) models will cause confusion in understanding its pathological mechanism and clinical relevance. In this study, SX and OX models were established by implanting Panc-1 and BxPC-3 cell strains under skin and on the pancreas of mice, respectively. The tumor tissue and serum samples were collected for1H NMR spectroscopy followed by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. As results, no obvious metabonomic difference was demonstrated in serum between the two models, however, the model- and cell strain-specific metabonomic differences were observed in tumor tissues. According to the KEGG analysis, ABC transporters, glycerophospholipid metabolism, purine metabolism and central carbon metabolism were identified to be the most significant components involved in metabonomic differences. Considering the methodological discrepancy in SX and OX models, such differences should be contributed to tumor microenvironment. In general, SX are not equivalent to OX models at molecular level. Subcutaneous transplantation displayed its inherent limitations though it offered a simple, inexpensive, reproducible and quantifiable advantage. And orthotopic transplantation may be favorable to simulate PDAC in patients due to its similar pathogenesis to human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Zhan
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shi Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xianchao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Heguang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Parks SK, Cormerais Y, Pouysségur J. Hypoxia and cellular metabolism in tumour pathophysiology. J Physiol 2017; 595:2439-2450. [PMID: 28074546 DOI: 10.1113/jp273309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are optimised for growth and survival via an ability to outcompete normal cells in their microenvironment. Many of these advantageous cellular adaptations are promoted by the pathophysiological hypoxia that arises in solid tumours due to incomplete vascularisation. Tumour cells are thus faced with the challenge of an increased need for nutrients to support the drive for proliferation in the face of a diminished extracellular supply. Among the many modifications occurring in tumour cells, hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) act as essential drivers of key pro-survival pathways via the promotion of numerous membrane and cytosolic proteins. Here we focus our attention on two areas: the role of amino acid uptake and the handling of metabolic acid (CO2 /H+ ) production. We provide evidence for a number of hypoxia-induced proteins that promote cellular anabolism and regulation of metabolic acid-base levels in tumour cells including amino-acid transporters (LAT1), monocarboxylate transporters, and acid-base regulating carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and bicarbonate transporters (NBCs). Emphasis is placed on current work manipulating multiple CA isoforms and NBCs, which is at an interesting crossroads of gas physiology as they are regulated by hypoxia to contribute to the cellular handling of CO2 and pHi regulation. Our research combined with others indicates that targeting of HIF-regulated membrane proteins in tumour cells will provide promising future anti-cancer therapeutic approaches and we suggest strategies that could be potentially used to enhance these tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Parks
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Yann Cormerais
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.,Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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Hayashi K, Anzai N. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting L-type amino acid transporters for cancer treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:21-29. [PMID: 28144396 PMCID: PMC5241523 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) mainly assist the uptake of neutral amino acids into cells. Four LATs (LAT1, LAT2, LAT3 and LAT4) have so far been identified. LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been attracting much attention in the field of cancer research since it is commonly up-regulated in various cancers. Basic research has made it increasingly clear that LAT1 plays a predominant role in malignancy. The functional significance of LAT1 in cancer and the potential therapeutic application of the features of LAT1 to cancer management are described in this review.
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18F-FBPA as a tumor-specific probe of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): a comparison study with 18F-FDG and 11C-Methionine PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 44:321-331. [PMID: 27550420 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of L-4-borono-2-18F-fluoro-phenylalanine (18F-FBPA) as a tumor-specific probe, in comparison to 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine (Met), focusing on its transport selectivity by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), which is highly upregulated in cancers. METHODS Cellular analyses of FBPA were performed to evaluate the transportablity and Km value. PET studies were performed in rat xenograft models of C6 glioma (n = 12) and in rat models of turpentine oil-induced subcutaneous inflammation (n = 9). The kinetic parameters and uptake values on static PET images were compared using the one-tissue compartment model (K1, k2) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). RESULTS The cellular analyses showed that FBPA had a lower affinity to a normal cell-type transporter LAT2 and induced less efflux through LAT2 among FBPA, Met, and BPA, while the efflux through LAT1 induced by FBPA was similar among the three compounds. The Km value of 18F-FBPA for LAT1 (196.8 ± 11.4 μM) was dramatically lower than that for LAT2 (2813.8 ± 574.5 μM), suggesting the higher selectivity of 18F-FBPA for LAT1. K1 and k2 values were significantly smaller in 18F-FBPA PET (K1 = 0.04 ± 0.01 ml/ccm/min and k2 = 0.07 ± 0.01 /min) as compared to 11C-Met PET (0.22 ± 0.09 and 0.52 ± 0.10, respectively) in inflammatory lesions. Static PET analysis based on the SUVmax showed significantly higher accumulation of 18F-FDG in the tumor and inflammatory lesions (7.2 ± 2.1 and 4.6 ± 0.63, respectively) as compared to both 18F-FBPA (3.2 ± 0.40 and 1.9 ± 0.19) and 11C-Met (3.4 ± 0.43 and 1.6 ± 0.11). No significant difference was observed between 18F-FBPA and 11C-Met in the static PET images. CONCLUSION This study shows the utility of 18F-FBPA as a tumor-specific probe of LAT1 with low accumulation in the inflammatory lesions.
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Shimizu A, Kaira K, Yasuda M, Asao T, Ishikawa O. Clinical and Pathological Significance of ER Stress Marker (BiP/GRP78 and PERK) Expression in Malignant Melanoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:111-116. [PMID: 27502501 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein of 78 kD (GRP78) also referred to as immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP/GRP78) plays an important role in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The level of BiP/GRP78 is highly elevated in various human cancers. The purpose of this study is to examine the prognostic significance of BiP/GRP78 expression in patients with malignant melanoma. A total of 133 malignant melanoma patients were analyzed, and tumor specimens were stained by immunohistochemistry for BiP/GRP78, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), Ki-67, p53 and microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD34. BiP/GRP78 and PERK were highly expressed in 40 % (53/133) and 78 % (104/133), respectively. BiP/GRP78 disclosed a significant relationship with PERK expression, thickness, T factor, N factor, disease staging, cell proliferation (Ki-67) and MVD (CD34). By multivariate analysis, the high expression of BiP/GRP78 was identified as an independent prognostic factor for predicting poor survival against malignant melanoma. The increased BiP/GRP78 expression was clarified as an independent prognostic marker for predicting worse outcome. ER stress marker, BiP/GRP78 could be a powerful molecular target for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahito Yasuda
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Augustyn E, Finke K, Zur AA, Hansen L, Heeren N, Chien HC, Lin L, Giacomini KM, Colas C, Schlessinger A, Thomas AA. LAT-1 activity of meta-substituted phenylalanine and tyrosine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2616-2621. [PMID: 27106710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transporter protein Large-neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT-1, SLC7A5) is responsible for transporting amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine as well as thyroid hormones, and it has been exploited as a drug delivery mechanism. Recently its role in cancer has become increasingly appreciated, as it has been found to be up-regulated in many different tumor types, and its expression levels have been correlated with prognosis. Substitution at the meta position of aromatic amino acids has been reported to increase affinity for LAT-1; however, the SAR for this position has not previously been explored. Guided by newly refined computational models of the binding site, we hypothesized that groups capable of filling a hydrophobic pocket would increase binding to LAT-1, resulting in improved substrates relative to parent amino acid. Tyrosine and phenylalanine analogs substituted at the meta position with halogens, alkyl and aryl groups were synthesized and tested in cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays to determine activity. Contrary to our initial hypothesis we found that lipophilicity was correlated with diminished substrate activity and increased inhibition of the transporter. The synthesis and SAR of meta-substituted phenylalanine and tyrosine analogs is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Karissa Finke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Arik A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Nathan Heeren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
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Shimizu A, Kaira K, Yasuda M, Asao T, Ishikawa O. Decreased expression of class III β-tubulin is associated with unfavourable prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:29-34. [PMID: 26426765 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) has been recognized as being associated with resistance to taxane-based regimens in several cancers. However, little is known about the clinicopathological significance of TUBB3 expression in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic significance of TUBB3 expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma. A total of 106 patients with surgically resected cutaneous malignant melanoma were assessed. Tumour sections were immunohistochemically stained for TUBB3, Ki-67 and microvessel density with CD34. TUBB3 was highly expressed in 80% (85/106) of patients. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the high expression of TUBB3 and any variables. On univariate analysis, ulceration, disease stage, TUBB3 and CD34 revealed a significant relationship with overall survival and progression-free survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed that a low TUBB3 expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The decreased expression of TUBB3 could be a significant marker for predicting unfavourable prognosis in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Departments of aDermatology bOncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Shimizu A, Kaira K, Mori K, Kato M, Shimizu K, Yasuda M, Takahashi A, Oyama T, Asao T, Ishikawa O. Prognostic significance of β2-adrenergic receptor expression in malignant melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5971-8. [PMID: 26596834 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies cite β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) antagonists as novel therapeutic agents for melanoma, as they may reduce the disease progression. The β2AR has shown to be expressed in malignant melanoma. However, it remains unclear whether the β2AR expression has a clinical and pathological significance in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. We herein conducted a clinicopathological study to investigate the protein expression of β2AR in malignant melanoma of the skin and its prognostic significance. One hundred thirty-three patients with surgically resected cutaneous malignant melanoma were evaluated. Tumor sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for β2AR, Ki-67, the microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD34, and p53. β2AR was highly expressed in 44.4 % (59 out of 133) of the patients. The expression of β2AR was significantly associated with the tumor thickness, ulceration, T factor, N factor, disease stage, tumor size, cell proliferation (Ki-67), and MVD (CD34). Using Spearman's rank test, the β2AR expression was correlated with Ki-67 (r = 0.278; 95 % CI, 0.108 to 0.432; P = 0.001), CD34 (r = 0.445; 95 %CI, 0.293 to 0.575; P < 0.001), and the tumor size (r = 0.226; 95 % CI, 0.053 to 0.386; P = 0.008). Using a univariate analysis, the tumor thickness, ulceration, disease stage, β2AR, Ki-67, and CD34 had a significant relationship with the overall and progression-free survivals. A multivariable analysis confirmed that β2AR was an independent prognostic factor for predicting a poor overall survival (HR 1.730; 95 % CI 1.221-2.515) and progression-free survival (HR 1.576; 95 % CI 1.176-2.143) of malignant melanoma of the skin. β2AR can serve as a promising prognostic factor for predicting a worse outcome after surgical treatment and may play an important role in the development and aggressiveness of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Keita Mori
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
| | - Madoka Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahito Yasuda
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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