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Bencivenga D, Stampone E, Vastante A, Barahmeh M, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. An Unanticipated Modulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors: The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081346. [PMID: 35456025 PMCID: PMC9028986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now definitively established that a large part of the human genome is transcribed. However, only a scarce percentage of the transcriptome (about 1.2%) consists of RNAs that are translated into proteins, while the large majority of transcripts include a variety of RNA families with different dimensions and functions. Within this heterogeneous RNA world, a significant fraction consists of sequences with a length of more than 200 bases that form the so-called long non-coding RNA family. The functions of long non-coding RNAs range from the regulation of gene transcription to the changes in DNA topology and nucleosome modification and structural organization, to paraspeckle formation and cellular organelles maturation. This review is focused on the role of long non-coding RNAs as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors’ (CDKIs) levels and activities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes necessary for the tuned progression of the cell division cycle. The control of their activity takes place at various levels. Among these, interaction with CDKIs is a vital mechanism. Through CDKI modulation, long non-coding RNAs implement control over cellular physiology and are associated with numerous pathologies. However, although there are robust data in the literature, the role of long non-coding RNAs in the modulation of CDKIs appears to still be underestimated, as well as their importance in cell proliferation control.
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Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163760. [PMID: 34442055 PMCID: PMC8397216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A family history of melanoma greatly increases the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer whose incidence has been steadily increasing worldwide. Familial melanomas account for about 10% of all malignant melanomas and display an inheritance pattern consistent with the presence of pathogenic germline mutations, among which those involving CDKN2A are the best characterized. In recent years, a growing number of genes, such as MC1R, MITF, CDK4, POT1, TERT, ACD, TERF2IP, and BAP1, have been implicated in familial melanoma. The fact that individuals harboring these germline mutations along with their close blood relatives have a higher risk of developing multiple primary melanomas as well as other internal organ malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer, makes cascade genetic testing and surveillance of these families of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, due to a polygenic inheritance mechanism involving multiple low-risk alleles, genetic modifiers, and environmental factors, it is still very difficult to predict the presence of these mutations. It is, however, known that germline mutation carriers can sometimes develop specific clinical traits, such as high atypical nevus counts and specific dermoscopic features, which could theoretically help clinicians predict the presence of these mutations in prone families. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the high- and intermediate-penetrance genes primarily linked to familial melanoma, highlighting their most frequently associated non-cutaneous malignancies and clinical/dermoscopic phenotypes.
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Horn IP, Marks DL, Koenig AN, Hogenson TL, Almada LL, Goldstein LE, Romecin Duran PA, Vera R, Vrabel AM, Cui G, Rabe KG, Bamlet WR, Mer G, Sicotte H, Zhang C, Li H, Petersen GM, Fernandez-Zapico ME. A rare germline CDKN2A variant (47T>G; p16-L16R) predisposes carriers to pancreatic cancer by reducing cell cycle inhibition. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100634. [PMID: 33823155 PMCID: PMC8121974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in CDKN2A, encoding the tumor suppressor p16, are responsible for a large proportion of familial melanoma cases and also increase risk of pancreatic cancer. We identified four families through pancreatic cancer probands that were affected by both cancers. These families bore a germline missense variant of CDKN2A (47T>G), encoding a p16-L16R mutant protein associated with high cancer occurrence. Here, we investigated the biological significance of this variant. When transfected into p16-null pancreatic cancer cells, p16-L16R was expressed at lower levels than wild-type (WT) p16. In addition, p16-L16R was unable to bind CDK4 or CDK6 compared with WT p16, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation assays and also was impaired in its ability to inhibit the cell cycle, as demonstrated by flow cytometry analyses. In silico molecular modeling predicted that the L16R mutation prevents normal protein folding, consistent with the observed reduction in expression/stability and diminished function of this mutant protein. We isolated normal dermal fibroblasts from members of the families expressing WT or L16R proteins to investigate the impact of endogenous p16-L16R mutant protein on cell growth. In culture, p16-L16R fibroblasts grew at a faster rate, and most survived until later passages than p16-WT fibroblasts. Further, western blotting demonstrated that p16 protein was detected at lower levels in p16-L16R than in p16-WT fibroblasts. Together, these results suggest that the presence of a CDKN2A (47T>G) mutant allele contributes to an increased risk of pancreatic cancer as a result of reduced p16 protein levels and diminished p16 tumor suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Horn
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David L Marks
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda N Koenig
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tara L Hogenson
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luciana L Almada
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lauren E Goldstein
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paola A Romecin Duran
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Renzo Vera
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anne M Vrabel
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gaofeng Cui
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kari G Rabe
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - William R Bamlet
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Georges Mer
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hugues Sicotte
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Rao M, Shi B, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Li X, Zhang M, Liu X, Sun X. The positive correlation between drug addiction and drug dosage in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells is underpinned by activation of ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 31:1026-1037. [PMID: 32868647 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a kind of highly invasive and deadly diseases. The BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) such as vemurafenib could achieve a high response rate in melanoma patients with BRAF mutation. However, melanoma cells could easily develop resistance as well as addiction to BRAFi. Based on the drug addiction, intermittent treatment has been proposed to select against BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Because different dosages of BRAFi might be used in patients, it is necessary to know about the relationship between drug dosage and the degree of addiction. To address the problem, four drug-resistant melanoma cell sublines (A375/R0.5, A375/R2.0, M14/R0.5 and M14/R2.0) were established by continuously exposure of melanoma A375 or M14 cells to 0.5 or 2.0 μM vemurafenib. Vemurafenib withdrawal resulted in much stronger suppression on clone formation in A375/R2.0 and M14/R2.0, compared with A375/R0.5 and M14/R0.5, respectively. Meanwhile, stronger upregulation of ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway could be observed in A375/R2.0 and M14/R2.0. Further detection showed that some proinflammatory cytokines downstream of ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway were upregulated after drug withdrawal, and the conditioned medium collected from the resistant A375 cells could inhibit clone formation. Furthermore, vemurafenib withdrawal resulted in suppressed cell proliferation rather than cell senescence, with stronger effect on A375/R2.0 compared with A375/R0.5. This study suggested that the depth of vemurafenib addiction in resistant melanoma cells is positively correlated to the drug dosage, which might be underpinned by the ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway and the related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minla Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | - Benyan Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Bao'an District, Songgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | | | - Yilin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- The Second Clinical School
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- The Second Clinical School
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | - Mingmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
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CDKN2A Polymorphism in Melanoma Patients in Colombian Population: A Case-Control Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7458917. [PMID: 33102592 PMCID: PMC7576359 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7458917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, with poor prognosis in advanced stages. The incidence and mortality rates have increased in recent years. Single nucleotide polymorphisms p.R24P, p.M53I, p.G101W, p.V126D, and p.A148T in the CDKN2A (HGNC ID: 1787) gene have been associated with the development of melanoma in different populations; however, this association has not been studied in Colombia. Methods Cutaneous melanoma patients and healthy controls (85 cases and 166 controls) were included in this study. These subjects were screened through HRM-qPCR assay and detected variants in exon 1 and 2 of CDKN2A gene and confirmed with Sanger sequencing. Chi-square test was used to compare allele and genotype distributions between cases and controls. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to determine the association between polymorphisms and haplotypes with melanoma susceptibility. Statistical and haplotype analyses were performed using Stata® and R-Studio®. Results Fifty-four percent of women were identified both in cases and controls. The frequencies of melanoma subtypes were 36,47% lentigo maligna, 24,71% acral lentiginous, 23,53% superficial extension, and 15,29% nodular. Variants in the CDKN2A gene were 11.76% in cases and 8.43% in controls. The most frequent was p.A148T in 5.88% of cases and in 4.82% of controls. GGTTG haplotype showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls (p value = 0.04). Conclusion CDKN2A polymorphisms p.G101W, p.R24P, p.M53I, and A148T are not associated with melanoma susceptibility in the Colombian population; further studies regarding genetic interaction and additive effects between more variants are required.
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Cilluffo D, Barra V, Di Leonardo A. P14 ARF: The Absence that Makes the Difference. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070824. [PMID: 32698529 PMCID: PMC7397060 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
P14ARF is a tumor suppressor encoded by the CDKN2a locus that is frequently inactivated in human tumors. P14ARF protein quenches oncogene stimuli by inhibiting cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. P14ARF functions can be played through interactions with several proteins. However, the majority of its activities are notoriously mediated by the p53 protein. Interestingly, recent studies suggest a new role of p14ARF in the maintenance of chromosome stability. Here, we deepened this new facet of p14ARF which we believe is relevant to its tumor suppressive role in the cell. To this aim, we generated a monoclonal HCT116 cell line expressing the p14ARF cDNA cloned in the piggyback vector and then induced aneuploidy by treating HCT116 cells with the CENP-E inhibitor GSK923295. P14ARF ectopic re-expression restored the near-diploid phenotype of HCT116 cells, confirming that p14ARF counteracts aneuploid cell generation/proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Cilluffo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (D.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Viviana Barra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (D.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Aldo Di Leonardo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (D.C.); (V.B.)
- Centro di Oncobiologia Sperimentale (C.O.B.S.) via San Lorenzo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09123897340
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