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Xu S, Carpenter MC, Spreng RL, Neidich SD, Sarkar S, Tenney D, Goodman D, Sawant S, Jha S, Dunn B, Juliana McElrath M, Bekker V, Mudrak SV, Flinko R, Lewis GK, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Ackerman ME. Impact of adjuvants on the biophysical and functional characteristics of HIV vaccine-elicited antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:90. [PMID: 35927399 PMCID: PMC9352797 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can alter the magnitude, characteristics, and persistence of the humoral response to protein vaccination. HIV vaccination might benefit from tailored adjuvant choice as raising a durable and protective response to vaccination has been exceptionally challenging. Analysis of trials of partially effective HIV vaccines have identified features of the immune response that correlate with decreased risk, including high titers of V1V2-binding IgG and IgG3 responses with low titers of V1V2-binding IgA responses and enhanced Fc effector functions, notably antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). However, there has been limited opportunity to compare the effect of different adjuvants on these activities in humans. Here, samples from the AVEG015 study, a phase 1 trial in which participants (n = 112) were immunized with gp120SF-2 and one of six different adjuvants or combinations thereof were assessed for antibody titer, biophysical features, and diverse effector functions. Three adjuvants, MF59 + MTP-PE, SAF/2, and SAF/2 + MDP, increased the peak magnitude and durability of antigen-specific IgG3, IgA, FcγR-binding responses and ADCP activity, as compared to alum. While multiple adjuvants increased the titer of IgG, IgG3, and IgA responses, none consistently altered the balance of IgG to IgA or IgG3 to IgA. Linear regression analysis identified biophysical features including gp120-specific IgG and FcγR-binding responses that could predict functional activity, and network analysis identified coordinated aspects of the humoral response. These analyses reveal the ability of adjuvants to drive the character and function of the humoral response despite limitations of small sample size and immune variability in this human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Spreng
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott D Neidich
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - DeAnna Tenney
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brooke Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Bridging Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Neutralizing and Effector Antibody Responses in Rabbit and Rhesus Macaque Animal Models. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02119-18. [PMID: 30842326 PMCID: PMC6498063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02119-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonneutralizing antibody functions have been associated with reduced infection risk, or control of virus replication, for HIV-1 and related viruses. It is therefore critical to evaluate development of these responses throughout all stages of preclinical testing. Rabbits are conventionally used to evaluate the ability of vaccine candidates to safely elicit antibodies that bind and neutralize HIV-1. However, it remained unexplored how effectively rabbits model the development of nonneutralizing antibody responses in primates. We administered identical HIV-1 vaccine regimens to rabbits and rhesus macaques and performed detailed comparisons of vaccine-induced antibody responses. We demonstrated that nonneutralizing HIV-specific antibody responses can be studied in the rabbit model and have identified aspects of these responses that are common, and those that are unique, to rabbits and rhesus macaques. Our findings will help determine how to best utilize preclinical rabbit and rhesus macaque models to accelerate HIV vaccine candidate testing in human trials. Studies in animal models are essential prerequisites for clinical trials of candidate HIV vaccines. Small animals, such as rabbits, are used to evaluate promising strategies prior to further immunogenicity and efficacy testing in nonhuman primates. Our goal was to determine how HIV-specific vaccine-elicited antibody responses, epitope specificity, and Fc-mediated functions in the rabbit model can predict those in the rhesus macaque (RM) model. Detailed comparisons of the HIV-1-specific IgG response were performed on serum from rabbits and RM given identical modified vaccinia virus Ankara-prime/gp120-boost immunization regimens. We found that vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody, gp120-binding antibody levels and immunodominant specificities, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of HIV-1 virions, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses against gp120-coated target cells were similar in rabbits and RM. However, we also identified characteristics of humoral immunity that differed across species. ADCC against HIV-infected target cells was elicited in rabbits but not in RM, and we observed differences among subdominantly targeted epitopes. Human Fc receptor binding assays and analysis of antibody-cell interactions indicated that rabbit vaccine-induced antibodies effectively recruited and activated human natural killer cells, while vaccine-elicited RM antibodies were unable to activate either human or RM NK cells. Thus, our data demonstrate that both Fc-independent and Fc-dependent functions of rabbit antibodies can be measured with commonly used in vitro assays; however, the ability of immunogenicity studies performed in rabbits to predict responses in RM will vary depending on the particular immune parameter of interest. IMPORTANCE Nonneutralizing antibody functions have been associated with reduced infection risk, or control of virus replication, for HIV-1 and related viruses. It is therefore critical to evaluate development of these responses throughout all stages of preclinical testing. Rabbits are conventionally used to evaluate the ability of vaccine candidates to safely elicit antibodies that bind and neutralize HIV-1. However, it remained unexplored how effectively rabbits model the development of nonneutralizing antibody responses in primates. We administered identical HIV-1 vaccine regimens to rabbits and rhesus macaques and performed detailed comparisons of vaccine-induced antibody responses. We demonstrated that nonneutralizing HIV-specific antibody responses can be studied in the rabbit model and have identified aspects of these responses that are common, and those that are unique, to rabbits and rhesus macaques. Our findings will help determine how to best utilize preclinical rabbit and rhesus macaque models to accelerate HIV vaccine candidate testing in human trials.
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Sicca F, Neppelenbroek S, Huckriede A. Effector mechanisms of influenza-specific antibodies: neutralization and beyond. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:785-795. [PMID: 30145912 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibodies directed against influenza virus execute their protective function by exploiting a variety of effector mechanisms. Neutralizing antibodies have been thoroughly studied because of their pivotal role in preventing influenza virus infection and their presence in host serum is correlated with protection. Influenza antibodies can also exploit non-neutralizing effector mechanisms, which until recently have been largely overlooked. AREAS COVERED Here, we discuss the antibody response to influenza virus in its entire breadth. Neutralizing antibodies mostly target variable epitopes on influenza surface proteins and interfere with virus binding, fusion, or egress. Non-neutralizing antibodies instead usually target conserved epitopes which can be located on surface as well as internal proteins. They drive viral clearance via interaction of their Fc region with components of the innate immune system such as immune effector cells (e.g. NK cells, macrophages) or the complement system. EXPERT COMMENTARY Recent research has unraveled that influenza-specific antibodies target multiple proteins and make use of diverse effector mechanisms. Often these antibodies are cross-reactive among virus strains of the same subtype or even between subtypes. As such they are induced early in life and are boosted by regular encounters with virus or vaccine. Designing strategies to optimally exploit these pre-existing antibodies may represent the key for the development of new broadly protective influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sicca
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sam Neppelenbroek
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Buchbinder SP, Grunenberg NA, Sanchez BJ, Seaton KE, Ferrari G, Moody MA, Frahm N, Montefiori DC, Hay CM, Goepfert PA, Baden LR, Robinson HL, Yu X, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Huang Y, Tomaras GD. Immunogenicity of a novel Clade B HIV-1 vaccine combination: Results of phase 1 randomized placebo controlled trial of an HIV-1 GM-CSF-expressing DNA prime with a modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine boost in healthy HIV-1 uninfected adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179597. [PMID: 28727817 PMCID: PMC5519050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A phase 1 trial of a clade B HIV vaccine in HIV-uninfected adults evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a DNA prime co-expressing GM-CSF (Dg) followed by different numbers and intervals of modified vaccinia Ankara Boosts (M). Both vaccines produce virus-like particles presenting membrane-bound Env. Methods Four US sites randomized 48 participants to receiving 1/10th the DNA dose as DgDgMMM given at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months, or full dose DgDgM_M or DgDgMM_M regimens, given at 0, 2, 4, and 8 months, and 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months, respectively. Peak immunogenicity was measured 2 weeks post-last vaccination. Results All regimens were well tolerated and safe. Full dose DgDgM_M and DgDgMM_M regimens generated Env-specific IgG to HIV-1 Env in >90%, IgG3 in >80%, and IgA in <20% of participants. Responses to gp140 and gp41 targets were more common and of higher magnitude than to gp120 and V1V2. The gp41 antibody included reactivity to the conserved immunodominant region with specificities known to mediate virus capture and phagocytosis and did not cross-react with a panel of intestinal flora antigens. The 3rd dose of MVA increased the avidity of elicited antibody (7.5% to 39%), the ADCC response to Bal gp120 (14% to 64%), and the one-year durability of the IgG3 responses to gp41 by 4-fold (13% vs. 3.5% retention of peak response). The co-expressed GM-CSF did not enhance responses over those in trials testing this vaccine without GM-CSF. Conclusion This DNA/MVA prime-boost regimen induced durable, functional humoral responses that included ADCC, high antibody avidity, and Env IgG1 and IgG3 binding responses to the immunodominant region of gp41. The third, spaced MVA boost improved the overall quality of the antibody response. These products without co-expressed GM-CSF but combined with protein boosts will be considered for efficacy evaluation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01571960
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole A. Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brittany J. Sanchez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Hay
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Xuesong Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Abstract
It is clear that antibodies can play a pivotal role in preventing the transmission of HIV-1 and large efforts to identify an effective antibody-based vaccine to quell the epidemic. Shortly after HIV-1 was discovered as the cause of AIDS, the search for epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies became the driving strategy for an antibody-based vaccine. Neutralization escape variants were discovered shortly thereafter, and, after almost three decades of investigation, it is now known that autologous neutralizing antibody responses and their selection of neutralization resistant HIV-1 variants can lead to broadly neutralizing antibodies in some infected individuals. This observation drives an intensive effort to identify a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, there has been less systematic study of antibody specificities that must rely mainly or exclusively on other protective mechanisms, although non-human primate (NHP) studies as well as the RV144 vaccine trial indicate that non-neutralizing antibodies can contribute to protection. Here we propose a novel strategy to identify new epitope targets recognized by these antibodies for which viral escape is unlikely or impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gohain N, Tolbert WD, Orlandi C, Richard J, Ding S, Chen X, Bonsor DA, Sundberg EJ, Lu W, Ray K, Finzi A, Lewis GK, Pazgier M. Molecular basis for epitope recognition by non-neutralizing anti-gp41 antibody F240. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36685. [PMID: 27827447 PMCID: PMC5101508 DOI: 10.1038/srep36685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) specific to the HIV envelope (Env) glycoproteins present at the surface of virus sensitized or infected cells plays a role in the effective adaptive immune response to HIV. Here, we explore the molecular basis for the epitope at the disulfide loop region (DLR) of the principal immunodominant domain of gp41, recognized by the well-known nnAb F240. Our structural studies reveal details of the F240-gp41 interface and describe a structure of DLR that is distinct from known conformations of this region studied in the context of either CD4-unliganded Env trimer or the gp41 peptide in the unbound state. These data coupled with binding and functional analyses indicate that F240 recognizes non-trimeric Env forms which are significantly overexpressed on intact virions but poorly represented at surfaces of cells infected with infectious molecular clones and endogenously-infected CD4 T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. Furthermore, although we detect ADCC activities of F240 against cells spinoculated with intact virions, our data suggest that these activities result from F240 recognition of gp41 stumps or misfolded Env variants present on virions rather than its ability to recognize functional gp41 transition structures emerging on trimeric Env post CD4 receptor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Gohain
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xishan Chen
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daniel A Bonsor
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Division of Basic Science of the Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Division of Basic Science of the Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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7
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McElrath MJ. Mucosal Immunity and Vaccines Against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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