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Ng'uni T, Chasara C, Ndhlovu ZM. Major Scientific Hurdles in HIV Vaccine Development: Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590780. [PMID: 33193428 PMCID: PMC7655734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of HIV as a causative agent of AIDS, the expectation was to rapidly develop a vaccine; but thirty years later, we still do not have a licensed vaccine. Progress has been hindered by the extensive genetic variability of HIV and our limited understanding of immune responses required to protect against HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, valuable knowledge accrued from numerous basic and translational science research studies and vaccine trials has provided insight into the structural biology of the virus, immunogen design and novel vaccine delivery systems that will likely constitute an effective vaccine. Furthermore, stakeholders now appreciate the daunting scientific challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine, hence the increased advocacy for collaborative efforts among academic research scientists, governments, pharmaceutical industry, philanthropy, and regulatory entities. In this review, we highlight the history of HIV vaccine development efforts, highlighting major challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Bekker LG, Tatoud R, Dabis F, Feinberg M, Kaleebu P, Marovich M, Ndung'u T, Russell N, Johnson J, Luba M, Fauci AS, Morris L, Pantaleo G, Buchbinder S, Gray G, Vekemans J, Kim JH, Levy Y, Corey L, Shattock R, Makanga M, Williamson C, Dieffenbach C, Goodenow MM, Shao Y, Staprans S, Warren M, Johnston MI. The complex challenges of HIV vaccine development require renewed and expanded global commitment. Lancet 2020; 395:384-388. [PMID: 31806257 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Francois Dabis
- France Recherche Nord and Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites, Paris, France
| | - Mark Feinberg
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mary Marovich
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nina Russell
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Maureen Luba
- AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France; INSERM U955, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robin Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Makanga
- European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Dieffenbach
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maureen M Goodenow
- The Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Rojas Sánchez P, Cobos A, Navaro M, Ramos JT, Pagán I, Holguín Á. Impact of Clinical Parameters in the Intrahost Evolution of HIV-1 Subtype B in Pediatric Patients: A Machine Learning Approach. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2715-2726. [PMID: 29044435 PMCID: PMC5647794 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the factors modulating the genetic diversity of HIV-1 populations is essential to understand viral evolution. This study analyzes the relative importance of clinical factors in the intrahost HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) evolution and in the fixation of drug resistance mutations (DRM) during longitudinal pediatric HIV-1 infection. We recovered 162 partial HIV-1B pol sequences (from 3 to 24 per patient) from 24 perinatally infected patients from the Madrid Cohort of HIV-1 infected children and adolescents in a time interval ranging from 2.2 to 20.3 years. We applied machine learning classification methods to analyze the relative importance of 28 clinical/epidemiological/virological factors in the HIV-1B evolution to predict HIV-1B genetic diversity (d), nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations (dN, dS) and DRM presence. Most of the 24 HIV-1B infected pediatric patients were Spanish (91.7%), diagnosed before 2000 (83.3%), and all were antiretroviral therapy experienced. They had from 0.3 to 18.8 years of HIV-1 exposure at sampling time. Most sequences presented DRM. The best-predictor variables for HIV-1B evolutionary parameters were the age of HIV-1 diagnosis for d, the age at first antiretroviral treatment for dN and the year of HIV-1 diagnosis for ds. The year of infection (birth year) and year of sampling seemed to be relevant for fixation of both DRM at large and, considering drug families, to protease inhibitors (PI). This study identifies, for the first time using machine learning, the factors affecting more HIV-1B pol evolution and those affecting DRM fixation in HIV-1B infected pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rojas Sánchez
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS and CIBER-ESP (Madrid Cohort of HIV-1 Infected Children and Adolescents Integrated in the Pediatric Branch of the Spanish National AIDS Network (CoRISPe), Madrid, Spain.,Transcription-associated genome instability Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Cobos
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Navaro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-CORISPe, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomas Ramos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad Complutense-CORISPe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - África Holguín
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS and CIBER-ESP (Madrid Cohort of HIV-1 Infected Children and Adolescents Integrated in the Pediatric Branch of the Spanish National AIDS Network (CoRISPe), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has been demonstrated that extensive virus diversification and antibody coevolution are necessary to give rise to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the envelope protein of HIV-1. Here, we discuss recent progress of vaccine design approaches aiming on strategies to initiate and guide B-cell development toward this outcome, as well as their evaluation in mouse models engineered to express human antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS Several specially tailored transgenic mouse strains have been developed to test the concept of engaging and guiding B-cell development by sequential immunizations. Currently available models display prerearranged or nonrearranged germline or mature VDJH and VJL loci of CD4-binding-site-specific (VRC01, 3BNC60) and high-mannose-patch-specific (PGT121) broadly neutralizing antibodies, or even the complete human V(D)J segments. Data generated in these knock-in mouse models elegantly prove the feasibility of the concept when using a carefully selected panel of engineered envelope proteins. SUMMARY Recent studies in knock-in transgenic mouse models provide a proof-of-concept that germline B-cell receptor targeting followed by sequential immunization can engage the respective naïve precursor B cells and guide B-cell receptor development toward broadly neutralizing reactivity.
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