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Moodie Z, Andersen-Nissen E, Grunenberg N, Dintwe OB, Omar FL, Kee JJ, Bekker LG, Laher F, Naicker N, Jani I, Mgodi NM, Hunidzarira P, Sebe M, Miner MD, Polakowski L, Ramirez S, Nebergall M, Takuva S, Sikhosana L, Heptinstall J, Seaton KE, De Rosa S, Diazgranados CA, Koutsoukos M, Van Der Meeren O, Barnett SW, Kanesa-thasan N, Kublin JG, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Mngadi K, Goepfert P. Safety and immunogenicity of a subtype C ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) vaccine prime plus bivalent subtype C gp120 vaccine boost adjuvanted with MF59 or alum in healthy adults without HIV (HVTN 107): A phase 1/2a randomized trial. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004360. [PMID: 38502656 PMCID: PMC10986991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvants are widely used to enhance and/or direct vaccine-induced immune responses yet rarely evaluated head-to-head. Our trial directly compared immune responses elicited by MF59 versus alum adjuvants in the RV144-like HIV vaccine regimen modified for the Southern African region. The RV144 trial of a recombinant canarypox vaccine vector expressing HIV env subtype B (ALVAC-HIV) prime followed by ALVAC-HIV plus a bivalent gp120 protein vaccine boost adjuvanted with alum is the only trial to have shown modest HIV vaccine efficacy. Data generated after RV144 suggested that use of MF59 adjuvant might allow lower protein doses to be used while maintaining robust immune responses. We evaluated safety and immunogenicity of an HIV recombinant canarypox vaccine vector expressing HIV env subtype C (ALVAC-HIV) prime followed by ALVAC-HIV plus a bivalent gp120 protein vaccine boost (gp120) adjuvanted with alum (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/alum) or MF59 (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59) or unadjuvanted (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/no-adjuvant) and a regimen where ALVAC-HIV+gp120 adjuvanted with MF59 was used for the prime and boost (ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 coadministration). METHODS AND FINDINGS Between June 19, 2017 and June 14, 2018, 132 healthy adults without HIV in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique were randomized to receive intramuscularly: (1) 2 priming doses of ALVAC-HIV (months 0 and 1) followed by 3 booster doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 (months 3, 6, and 12), n = 36; (2) 2 priming doses of ALVAC-HIV (months 0 and 1) followed by 3 booster doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/alum (months 3, 6, and 12), n = 36; (3) 4 doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 coadministered (months 0, 1, 6, and 12), n = 36; or (4) 2 priming doses of ALVAC-HIV (months 0 and 1) followed by 3 booster doses of ALVAC-HIV+gp120/no adjuvant (months 3, 6, and 12), n = 24. Primary outcomes were safety and occurrence and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of vaccine-induced gp120-specific IgG and IgA binding antibodies at month 6.5. All vaccinations were safe and well-tolerated; increased alanine aminotransferase was the most frequent related adverse event, occurring in 2 (1.5%) participants (1 severe, 1 mild). At month 6.5, vaccine-specific gp120 IgG binding antibodies were detected in 100% of vaccinees for all 4 vaccine groups. No significant differences were seen in the occurrence and net MFI of vaccine-specific IgA responses between the ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59-prime-boost and ALVAC-HIV+gp120/alum-prime-boost groups or between the ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59-prime-boost and ALVAC-HIV+gp120/MF59 coadministration groups. Limitations were the relatively small sample size per group and lack of evaluation of higher gp120 doses. CONCLUSIONS Although MF59 was expected to enhance immune responses, alum induced similar responses to MF59, suggesting that the choice between these adjuvants may not be critical for the ALVAC+gp120 regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION HVTN 107 was registered with the South African National Clinical Trials Registry (DOH-27-0715-4894) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03284710).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - One B. Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jia J. Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nivashnee Naicker
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; and Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saude, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nyaradzo M. Mgodi
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Portia Hunidzarira
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Shelly Ramirez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Nebergall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Simbarashe Takuva
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lerato Sikhosana
- Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Diazgranados
- Formerly Sanofi-Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Susan W. Barnett
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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2
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Martin TM, Robinson ST, Huang Y. Discovery medicine - the HVTN's iterative approach to developing an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing vaccine. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:290-299. [PMID: 37712873 PMCID: PMC10552837 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past two decades, there has been an explosion in the discovery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and associated vaccine strategies to induce them. This abundance of approaches necessitates a system that accurately and expeditiously identifies the most promising regimens. We herein briefly review the background science of bnAbs, provide a description of the first round of phase 1 discovery medicine studies, and suggest an approach to integrate these into a comprehensive HIV-1-neutralizing vaccine. RECENT FINDINGS With recent preclinical success including induction of early stage bnAbs in mouse knockin models and rhesus macaques, successful priming of VRC01-class bnAbs with eOD-GT8 in a recent study in humans, and proof-of-concept that intravenous infusion of VRC01 prevents sexual transmission of virus in humans, the stage is set for a broad and comprehensive bnAb vaccine program. Leveraging significant advances in protein nanoparticle science, mRNA technology, adjuvant development, and B-cell and antibody analyses, the HVTN has reconfigured its HIV-1 vaccine strategy by developing the Discovery Medicine Program to test promising vaccine candidates targeting six key epitopes. SUMMARY The HVTN Discovery Medicine program is testing multiple HIV-1-neutralizing vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Martin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Ratnapriya S, Perez-Greene E, Schifanella L, Herschhorn A. Adjuvant-mediated enhancement of the immune response to HIV vaccines. FEBS J 2021; 289:3317-3334. [PMID: 33705608 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition will likely require an effective vaccine that elicits antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs), which are the sole target of neutralizing antibodies and a main focus of vaccine development. Adjuvants have been widely used to augment the magnitude and longevity of the adaptive immune responses to immunizations with HIV-1 Envs and to guide the development of specific immune responses. Here, we review the adjuvants that have been used in combination with HIV-1 Envs in several preclinical and human clinical trials in recent years. We summarize the interactions between the HIV-1 Envs and adjuvants, and highlight the routes of vaccine administration for various formulations. We then discuss the use of combinations of different adjuvants, the potential effect of adjuvants on the elicitation of antibodies enriched in somatic hypermutation and containing long complementarity-determining region 3 of the antibody heavy chain, and the elicitation of non-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ratnapriya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eva Perez-Greene
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,The College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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4
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Skeate JG, Segerink WH, Garcia MD, Fernandez DJ, Prins R, Lühen KP, Voss FO, Da Silva DM, Kast WM. Theta-Defensins Inhibit High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Through Charge-Driven Capsid Clustering. Front Immunol 2020; 11:561843. [PMID: 33154746 PMCID: PMC7586039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.561843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) genotypes results in a large number of anogenital and head and neck cancers worldwide. Although prophylactic vaccination coverage has improved, there remains a need to develop methods that inhibit viral transmission toward preventing the spread of HPV-driven disease. Defensins are a class of innate immune effector peptides that function to protect hosts from infection by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Previous work utilizing α and β defensins from humans has demonstrated that the α-defensin HD5 is effective at inhibiting the most common high-risk genotype, HPV16. A third class of defensin that has yet to be explored are θ-defensins: small, 18-amino acid cyclic peptides found in old-world monkeys whose unique structure makes them both highly cationic and resistant to degradation. Here we show that the prototype θ-defensin, rhesus theta defensin 1, inhibits hrHPV infection through a mechanism involving capsid clustering that inhibits virions from binding to cell surface receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wouter H Segerink
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mauricio D Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruben Prins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kim P Lühen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Féline O Voss
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Ayaz F, Demirbag B, Ocakoglu K. Immunoactive photosensitizers had photodynamic immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects on mammalian macrophages. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102034. [PMID: 33017658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic compounds have great potential in biological applications. Their controlled and localized activation with specific wavelength of light provides opportunities to potentially evade the side effects of today's cancer therapies. Biologically compatible photosensitizers can be used in therapy against cancer, infections as well as inflammatory and immune disorders. In this study, we examined chlorophyll derivatives for anti-microbial, immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory activities. Under dark conditions, these chlorophyll derivatives had strong anti-microbial activities on gram positive S.aureus and gram negative E.coli. Photo activation of the chlorophyll derivatives did not alter their anti-microbial activities on gram negative or gram positive bacteria. In order to examine how these anti-microbial chlorophyll derivatives might effect immune reaction of macrophages, they were tested on mammalian macrophages. They had immunostimulatory activities on them in the dark conditions since they led to increased TNF and IL6 cytokine production even in the absence of stimulants lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Photo-activation of the compounds led to decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF and IL6, production by LPS or LTA activated macrophages. Therefore, these molecules can be used to regulate the immune response in the patients with bacterial infection while leading to death of bacteria. Light induced activation of the compounds could enable localized and controlled activation of their anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, Mersin, 33110, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Demirbag
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, Mersin, 33110, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, 33400, Tarsus, Turkey.
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6
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Hompe ED, Mangold JF, Kumar A, Eudailey JA, McGuire E, Haynes BF, Moody MA, Wright PF, Fouda GG, Giorgi EE, Gao F, Permar SR. Induction of Neutralizing Responses against Autologous Virus in Maternal HIV Vaccine Trials. mSphere 2020; 5:e00254-20. [PMID: 32493720 PMCID: PMC7273346 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00254-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A maternal vaccine capable of boosting neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses directed against circulating viruses in HIV-infected pregnant women could effectively decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV. However, it is not known if an HIV envelope (Env) vaccine administered to infected pregnant women could enhance autologous virus neutralization and thereby reduce this risk of vertical HIV transmission. Here, we assessed autologous virus NAb responses in maternal plasma samples obtained from AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (AVEG) protocols 104 and 102, representing historical phase I safety and immunogenicity trials of recombinant HIV Env subunit vaccines administered to HIV-infected pregnant women (ClinicalTrials registration no. NCT00001041). Maternal HIV Env-specific plasma binding and neutralizing antibody responses were characterized before and after vaccination in 15 AVEG 104 (n = 10 vaccine recipients, n = 5 placebo recipients) and 2 AVEG 102 (n = 1 vaccine recipient, n = 1 placebo recipient) participants. Single-genome amplification (SGA) was used to obtain HIV env gene sequences of autologous maternal viruses for pseudovirus production and neutralization sensitivity testing in pre- and postvaccination plasma of HIV-infected pregnant vaccine recipients (n = 6 gp120, n = 1 gp160) and placebo recipients (n = 3). We detected an increase in Env subunit MN gp120-specific IgG binding in the group of vaccine recipients between the first immunization visit and the last visit at delivery (P = 0.027, 2-sided Wilcoxon test). While no difference was observed in the levels of autologous virus neutralization potency between groups, in both groups maternal plasma collected at delivery more effectively neutralized autologous viruses from early pregnancy than late pregnancy. Immunization strategies capable of further enhancing these autologous virus NAb responses in pregnant women will be important to block vertical transmission of HIV.IMPORTANCE Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) has effectively reduced but not eliminated the burden of mother-to-child transmission of HIV across the globe, as an estimated 160,000 children were newly infected with HIV in 2018. Thus, additional preventive strategies beyond ART will be required to close the remaining gap and end the pediatric HIV epidemic. A maternal active immunization strategy that synergizes with maternal ART could further reduce infant HIV infections. In this study, we found that two historic HIV Env vaccines did not enhance the ability of HIV-infected pregnant women to neutralize autologous viruses. Therefore, next-generation maternal HIV vaccine candidates must employ alternate approaches to achieve potent neutralizing antibody and perhaps nonneutralizing antibody responses to effectively impede vertical virus transmission. Moreover, these approaches must reflect the broad diversity of HIV strains and widespread availability of ART worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza D Hompe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jesse F Mangold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua A Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin McGuire
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Villarreal R, Casale TB. Commonly Used Adjuvant Human Vaccines: Advantages and Side Effects. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2953-2957. [PMID: 32360184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are a cost-effective and successful means for preventing disease. Routine health vaccine administration begins in early childhood and extends into the elderly; however, there is evidence to suggest that the immunologic and protective response to vaccination is less potent in older individuals. In recent years, newer adjuvant vaccines have been developed to improve humoral and cell-mediated immune response after vaccination. Despite the use of adjuvants in vaccines for many decades, there is limited teaching in postgraduate medical education regarding the adjuvants found in human vaccines. We summarize the current literature cited in PubMed from January 1980 to December 2019. Studies examined included those supporting the use of adjuvants in human vaccines, the mechanisms via which they enhance the immunologic response, and the reported side effects that are associated with the use of adjuvant vaccines. Overall, the data show that newer adjuvant vaccines lead to improved humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infections in populations, including those with decreased response to typical vaccines without adjuvants. Side effects related to adjuvants in vaccines were reported. Research aimed at improving vaccine effectiveness and minimizing side effects continues to be underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Villarreal
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
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8
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Apostólico JDS, Lunardelli VAS, Yamamoto MM, Cunha-Neto E, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS. Poly(I:C) Potentiates T Cell Immunity to a Dendritic Cell Targeted HIV-Multiepitope Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:843. [PMID: 31105693 PMCID: PMC6492566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are implicated in resistance to HIV and have been considered for the development of an effective vaccine. Despite their safety profile, subunit vaccines need to be delivered combined with an adjuvant. In the last years, in vivo antigen targeting to dendritic cells (DCs) using chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the DC endocytic receptor DEC205/CD205 was shown to support long-term T cell immunity. Here, we evaluated the ability of different adjuvants to modulate specific cellular immune response when eight CD4+ HIV-derived epitopes (HIVBr8) were targeted to DEC205+ DCs in vivo. Immunization with two doses of αDECHIVBr8 mAb along with poly(I:C) induced Th1 cytokine production and higher frequency of HIV-specific polyfunctional and long-lived T cells than MPL or CpG ODN-assisted immunization. Although each adjuvant elicited responses against the 8 epitopes present in the vaccine, the magnitude of the T cell response was higher in the presence of poly(I:C). Moreover, poly(I:C) up regulated the expression of costimulatory molecules in both cDC1 and cDC2 DCs subsets. In summary, the use of poly(I:C) in a vaccine formulation that targets multiple epitopes to the DEC205 receptor improved the potency and the quality of HIV-specific responses when compared to other vaccine-adjuvant formulations. This study highlights the importance of the rational selection of antigen/adjuvant combination to potentiate the desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), School of Medicine-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Vaccines, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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van Diepen MT, Chapman R, Moore PL, Margolin E, Hermanus T, Morris L, Ximba P, Rybicki EP, Williamson AL. The adjuvant AlhydroGel elicits higher antibody titres than AddaVax when combined with HIV-1 subtype C gp140 from CAP256. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208310. [PMID: 30557314 PMCID: PMC6296668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the HIV-1 epidemic in southern Africa still rising, a prophylactic vaccine against the region’s most prolific subtype (subtype C) would be a significant step forward. In this paper we report on the effect of 2 different adjuvants, AddaVax and AlhydroGel, formulated with HIV-1 subtype C gp140, on the development of binding and neutralising antibody titres in rabbits. AddaVax is a squalene-based oil-in-water nano-emulsion (similar to MF59) which can enhance both cellular and humoral immune responses, whilst AlhydroGel (aluminium hydroxide gel) mainly drives a Th2 response. The gp140 gene tested was derived from the superinfecting virus (SU) from participant CAP256 in the CAPRISA 002 Acute infection cohort. The furin cleavage site of the Env protein was replaced with a flexible linker and an I559P mutation introduced. Lectin affinity purified soluble Env protein was mainly trimeric as judged by molecular weight using BN-PAGE and contained intact broadly neutralising epitopes for the V3-glycan supersite (monoclonal antibodies PGT128 and PGT135), the CD4 binding site (VRC01) and the V2-glycan (PG9) but not for the trimer-specific monoclonal antibodies PG16, PGT145 and CAP256-VRC26_08. When this soluble Env protein was tested in rabbits, AlhydroGel significantly enhanced soluble Env and V1V2 binding antibodies when compared to AddaVax. Finally, AlhydroGel resulted in significantly higher neutralization titres for a subtype C Tier 1A virus (MW965.26) and increased neutralization breadth to Tier 1A and 1B viruses. However, no autologous Tier 2 neutralisation was observed. These data suggest that adjuvant selection is critical for developing a successful vaccine and AlhydroGel should be further investigated. Additional purification of trimeric native-like CAP256 Env and/or priming with DNA or MVA might enhance the induction of neutralizing antibodies and possible Tier 2 HIV-1 neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T. van Diepen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosamund Chapman
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Margolin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Phindile Ximba
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kim JH, Namgung B, Jeon YJ, Song WS, Lee J, Kang SG, Yoon SI. Helicobacter pylori flagellin: TLR5 evasion and fusion-based conversion into a TLR5 agonist. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:872-878. [PMID: 30301528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a flagellated bacterium of the Epsilonproteobacteria class that causes peptic ulcers. Flagellin is a primary structural protein that assembles into the flagellar filament. Flagellins from bacteria that belong to the Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes groups are detected by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the host, triggering the innate immune response, and thus have been studied for the development of vaccines against diverse infections through fusion with protein antigens. However, H. pylori flagellin (hFlg) does not stimulate TLR5, allowing H. pylori to evade TLR5-mediated immune surveillance. The unresponsiveness of TLR5 to hFlg, along with the tendency of the hFlg protein to precipitate, limits the utility of hFlg for H. pylori vaccine development. Here, we report a soluble hFlg derivative protein that activates TLR5. We performed expression and purification screens with full-length and fragment hFlg proteins and identified the hypervariable domains as the soluble part of hFlg. The hypervariable domains of hFlg were engineered into a TLR5 agonist through fusion with the TLR5-activating Bacillus subtilis flagellin. Furthermore, based on comparative sequence and mutation analyses, we reveal that hFlg evolved to evade TLR5 detection by modifying residues that correspond to a TLR5-activation hot spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Namgung
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Jeon
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Seok Song
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Il Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Bezu L, Kepp O, Cerrato G, Pol J, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide-based vaccines in anticancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1511506. [PMID: 30524907 PMCID: PMC6279318 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1511506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based anticancer vaccination aims at stimulating an immune response against one or multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) following immunization with purified, recombinant or synthetically engineered epitopes. Despite high expectations, the peptide-based vaccines that have been explored in the clinic so far had limited therapeutic activity, largely due to cancer cell-intrinsic alterations that minimize antigenicity and/or changes in the tumor microenvironment that foster immunosuppression. Several strategies have been developed to overcome such limitations, including the use of immunostimulatory adjuvants, the co-treatment with cytotoxic anticancer therapies that enable the coordinated release of damage-associated molecular patterns, and the concomitant blockade of immune checkpoints. Personalized peptide-based vaccines are also being explored for therapeutic activity in the clinic. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical progress in the use of peptide-based vaccines as anticancer therapeutics.Abbreviations: CMP: carbohydrate-mimetic peptide; CMV: cytomegalovirus; DC: dendritic cell; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; HPV: human papillomavirus; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; MHP: melanoma helper vaccine; NSCLC: non-small cell lung carcinoma; ODD: orphan drug designation; PPV: personalized peptide vaccination; SLP: synthetic long peptide; TAA: tumor-associated antigen; TNA: tumor neoantigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucillia Bezu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Cerrato
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Borriello F, van Haren SD, Levy O. First International Precision Vaccines Conference: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Next-Generation Vaccines. mSphere 2018; 3:e00214-18. [PMID: 30068557 PMCID: PMC6070736 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00214-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent a remarkable success in the history of medicine since they have prevented and, in some instances, eradicated a range of infectious diseases. However, for many existing vaccines, immunogenicity is limited, requiring multiple booster doses, and we are still unable to target many pathogens due to intrinsic features of the microorganism, such as genetic/antigenic variability between strains, and our limited understanding of the variables that regulate vaccine responsiveness, including age- and sex-specific differences. Moreover, the traditional approach to vaccine development is often empirical, relying on inactivation of microorganisms or purification of their components, which are usually less immunogenic than the whole microorganism from which they derive. This approach has yielded multiple important vaccines but has failed to consistently generate vaccines that are sufficiently immunogenic in populations with limited immune responsiveness such as newborns and elderly individuals. In an effort to trigger impactful collaborations, a community of scientists gathered in Boston in the United States for the first biennial International Precision Vaccines Conference, sponsored by the Boston Children's Hospital Precision Vaccines Program, to discuss innovation in vaccinology. Recent advancements in the field of systems biology that can identify vaccine immunogenicity biomarkers for target populations, in human in vitro models, and in novel adjuvant and formulation strategies offer unprecedented opportunities to dissect the human immune response to vaccines and inform dramatic improvements in vaccine efficacy. These approaches are poised to have a major scientific and translational impact in vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Hagan T, Pulendran B. Will Systems Biology Deliver Its Promise and Contribute to the Development of New or Improved Vaccines? From Data to Understanding through Systems Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028894. [PMID: 29038113 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput "omics" technologies, combined with the computational and statistical methods necessary to analyze such data, have revolutionized biology, enabling a global view of the complex molecular processes and interactions that occur within a biological system. Such systems-based approaches have begun to be used in the evaluation of immune responses to vaccination, with the promise of identifying predictive biomarkers capable of rapidly evaluating vaccine efficacy, transforming our understanding of the immune mechanisms responsible for protective responses to vaccination and contributing to a new generation of rationally designed vaccines. Here we present our opinion that systems biology does indeed have a critical role in the future of vaccinology. Such approaches have shown potential in identifying transcriptional and cellular signatures of responsiveness to vaccination using diverse vaccines, adjuvants, and human populations. These findings, coupled with further mechanistic evaluation in animal models, will guide development of targeted vaccine and adjuvant formulations designed to optimally induce protective responses in populations of differing immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hagan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Beckman Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Beckman Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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14
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Gao Y, Wijewardhana C, Mann JFS. Virus-Like Particle, Liposome, and Polymeric Particle-Based Vaccines against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541072 PMCID: PMC5835502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that vaccines remain the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 epidemic. However, the failure to produce effective vaccine immunogens and the inability of conventional delivery strategies to elicit the desired immune responses remains a central theme and has ultimately led to a significant roadblock in HIV vaccine development. Consequently, significant efforts have been applied to generate novel vaccine antigens and delivery agents, which mimic viral structures for optimal immune induction. Here, we review the latest developments that have occurred in the nanoparticle vaccine field, with special emphasis on strategies that are being utilized to attain highly immunogenic, systemic, and mucosal anti-HIV humoral and cellular immune responses. This includes the design of novel immunogens, the central role of antigen-presenting cells, delivery routes, and biodistribution of nanoparticles to lymph nodes. In particular, we will focus on virus-like-particle formulations and their preclinical uses within the HIV prophylactic vaccine setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chanuka Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Roychowdhury S, Oh YJ, Kajiura H, Hamorsky KT, Fujiyama K, Matoba N. Hydroponic Treatment of Nicotiana benthamiana with Kifunensine Modifies the N-glycans of Recombinant Glycoprotein Antigens to Predominantly Man9 High-Mannose Type upon Transient Overexpression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:62. [PMID: 29441088 PMCID: PMC5797603 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana transient overexpression systems offer unique advantages for rapid and scalable biopharmaceuticals production, including high scalability and eukaryotic post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation. High-mannose-type glycans (HMGs) of glycoprotein antigens have been implicated in the effectiveness of some subunit vaccines. In particular, Man9GlcNAc2 (Man9) has high binding affinity to mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors such as the mannose receptor and dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Here, we investigated the effect of kifunensine, an α-mannosidase I inhibitor, supplemented in a hydroponic culture of N. benthamiana for the production of Man9-rich HMG glycoproteins, using N-glycosylated cholera toxin B subunit (gCTB) and human immunodeficiency virus gp120 that are tagged with a H/KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal as model vaccine antigens. Biochemical analysis using anti-fucose and anti-xylose antibodies as well as Endo H and PNGase F digestion showed that kifunensine treatment effectively reduced plant-specific glycoforms while increasing HMGs in the N-glycan compositions of gCTB. Detailed glycan profiling revealed that plant-produced gp120 had a glycan profile bearing mostly HMGs regardless of kifunensine treatment. However, the gp120 produced under kifunensine-treatment conditions showed Man9 being the most prominent glycoform (64.5%), while the protein produced without kifunensine had a substantially lower Man9 composition (20.3%). Our results open up possibilities for efficient production of highly mannosylated recombinant vaccine antigens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Roychowdhury
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Young J. Oh
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Krystal T. Hamorsky
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nobuyuki Matoba
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16
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Abstract
Purpose of review The ability to induce broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses is likely essential for development of a globally effective HIV vaccine. Unfortunately, human vaccine trials conducted to date have failed to elicit broad plasma neutralization of primary virus isolates. Despite this limitation, in-depth analysis of the vaccine-induced memory B-cell repertoire can provide valuable insights into the presence and function of subdominant B-cell responses, and identify initiation of antibody lineages that may be on a path towards development of neutralization breadth. Recent findings Characterization of the functional capabilities of monoclonal antibodies isolated from a HIV-1 vaccine trial with modest efficacy has revealed mechanisms by which non-neutralizing antibodies are presumed to have mediated protection. In addition, B-cell repertoire analysis has demonstrated that vaccine boosts shifted the HIV-specific B-cell repertoire, expanding pools of cells with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions – a characteristic of some bNAb lineages. Summary Detailed analysis of memory B-cell repertoires and evaluating the effector functions of isolated monoclonal antibodies expands what we can learn from human vaccine trails, and may provide knowledge that can enable rational design of novel approaches to drive maturation of subdominant disfavored bNAb lineages.
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