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Manchuri KM, Shaik MA, Gopireddy VSR, Naziya Sultana, Gogineni S. Analytical Methodologies to Detect N-Nitrosamine Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Drug Products and Other Matrices. Chem Res Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39158368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Since 2018, N-nitrosamine impurities have become a widespread concern in the global regulatory landscape of pharmaceutical products. This concern arises due to their potential for contamination, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity and their presence in many active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug products, and other matrices. N-Nitrosamine impurities in humans can lead to severe chemical toxicity effects. These include carcinogenic effects, metabolic disruptions, reproductive harm, liver diseases, obesity, DNA damage, cell death, chromosomal alterations, birth defects, and pregnancy loss. They are particularly known to cause cancer (tumors) in various organs and tissues such as the liver, lungs, nasal cavity, esophagus, pancreas, stomach, urinary bladder, colon, kidneys, and central nervous system. Additionally, N-nitrosamine impurities may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and type-2 diabetes. Therefore, it is very important to control or avoid them by enhancing effective analytical methodologies using cutting-edge analytical techniques such as LC-MS, GC-MS, CE-MS, SFC, etc. Moreover, these analytical methods need to be sensitive and selective with suitable precision and accuracy, so that the actual amounts of N-nitrosamine impurities can be detected and quantified appropriately in drugs. Regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, EMA, ICH, WHO, etc. need to focus more on the hazards of N-nitrosamine impurities by providing guidance and regular updates to drug manufacturers and applicants. Similarly, drug manufacturers should be more vigilant to avoid nitrosating agents and secondary amines during the manufacturing processes. Numerous review articles have been published recently by various researchers, focusing on N-nitrosamine impurities found in previously notified products, including sartans, metformin, and ranitidine. These impurities have also been detected in a wide range of other products. Consequently, this review aims to concentrate on products recently reported to contain N-nitrosamine impurities. These products include rifampicin, champix, famotidine, nizatidine, atorvastatin, bumetanide, itraconazole, diovan, enalapril, propranolol, lisinopril, duloxetine, rivaroxaban, pioglitazones, glifizones, cilostazol, and sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Moorthy Manchuri
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Mahammad Ali Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Venkata Subba Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
| | - Naziya Sultana
- Analytical Research and Development, IPDO, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad 500090, India
| | - Sreenivasarao Gogineni
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
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2
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Sharma AK, Rastogi S, Goyal RK. Retrospective analysis of neoplasms in patients using angiotensin receptor blockers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15774. [PMID: 38982193 PMCID: PMC11233655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, regulatory agencies have raised concerns about the presence of potentially carcinogenic substances in certain formulations of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs). Specifically, nitrosamines and azido compounds have been identified in some ARB products. Nitrosamines are known to have carcinogenic properties and are associated with an increased risk of neoplasms. Spontaneous safety reports from the EudraVigilance Data Analysis System (EVDAS) database were analyzed to investigate cases of neoplasms associated with ARBs. A disproportionality analysis was conducted, calculating the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a case/non-case approach for each ARB drug. The EVDAS database contained 68,522 safety reports related to ARBs (including Azilsartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Olmesartan, Losartan, Valsartan, and Telmisartan), among which 3,396 (5%) cases were associated with neoplasms. The majority of these cases were reported in Germany (11.9%), followed by France (9.7%). Approximately 70% of the reports were submitted by healthcare professionals such as physicians and nurses. Among the ARBs, valsartan had the highest ROR for neoplasm (ROR 1.949, 95% CI 1.857-2.046). This association remained significant when comparing ARBs with other classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Our study identifies a possible signal of an association between ARBs, particularly valsartan, and the risk of neoplasms. However, further observational and analytical studies are necessary to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Sharma
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp vihar Sector 3, New Delhi, 110017, India
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Rastogi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp vihar Sector 3, New Delhi, 110017, India
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Vikram HP, Kumar TP, Kumar G, Beeraka NM, Deka R, Suhail SM, Jat S, Bannimath N, Padmanabhan G, Chandan RS, Kumar P, Gurupadayya B. Nitrosamines crisis in pharmaceuticals - Insights on toxicological implications, root causes and risk assessment: A systematic review. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100919. [PMID: 38799236 PMCID: PMC11126534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of N-nitroso compounds, particularly N-nitrosamines, in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects. This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), drug products, and pharmaceutical excipients, along with novel analytical strategies for detection, root cause analysis, reformulation strategies, and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines. This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds, focusing on genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and other physiological effects. Additionally, it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis, the development of nitrosamine-free products, and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation. This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists, analytical scientists, formulation scientists in research and development sector, and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth P.R. Vikram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, India
- Xenone Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 110076, India
| | - Tegginamath Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Xenone Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 110076, India
| | - Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER), Ananthapuramu, 515721, India
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rajashree Deka
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India
| | - Sheik Mohammed Suhail
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Sandeep Jat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Namitha Bannimath
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Gayatiri Padmanabhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Ravandur S. Chandan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, 570015, India
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Devine JW, Tadrous M, Hernandez I, Mukhopadhyay N, Rothenberger SD, Callaway Kim K, Gellad WF, Suda KJ. Effects of the valsartan recall on heart failure patients: A nationwide analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2024; 33:e5777. [PMID: 38511239 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valsartan is commonly used for cardiac conditions. In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration recalled generic valsartan due to the detection of impurities. Our objective was to determine if heart failure patients receiving valsartan at the recall date had a greater likelihood of unfavorable outcomes than patients using comparable antihypertensives. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Datamart (July 2017-January 2019). Heart failure patients with commercial or Medicare Advantage insurance who received valsartan were compared to persons who received non-recalled angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACE-Is) for 1 year prior and including the recall date. Outcomes included a composite for all-cause hospitalization, emergency department (ED), and urgent care (UC) use and a measure of cardiac events which included hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction and hospitalizations/ED/UC visits for stroke/transient ischemic attack, heart failure or hypertension at 6-months post-recall. Cox proportional hazard models with propensity score weighting compared the risk of outcomes between groups. RESULTS Of the 87 130 adherent patients, 15% were valsartan users and 85% were users of non-recalled ARBs/ACE-Is. Valsartan use was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause hospitalization/ED/UC use six-months post-recall (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.96-1.03), compared with individuals taking non-recalled ARBs/ACE-Is. Similarly, cardiac events 6-months post-recall did not differ between individuals on valsartan and non-recalled ARBs/ACE-Is (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.97-1.12). CONCLUSIONS The valsartan recall did not affect short-term outcomes of heart failure patients. However, the recall potentially disrupted the medication regimens of patients, possibly straining the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Devine
- Department of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Mina Tadrous
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inmaculada Hernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nandita Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Craniofacial and Oral Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott D Rothenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine Callaway Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walid F Gellad
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katie J Suda
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Basoccu F, Cuccu F, Porcheddu A. Mechanochemistry for Healthcare: Revealing the Nitroso Derivatives Genesis in the Solid State. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301034. [PMID: 37818785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroso derivatives with unique characteristics have been extensively studied in various fields, including biology and clinical research. Although there has been substantial investigation of "nitrosable" components in many drugs and commonly consumed nutrients, there is still a need for a higher awareness about their formation and characterization. This study demonstrates how these derivatives can be produced through a mechanochemical procedure under solid-state conditions. The results include synthesizing previously unknown compounds with potential biological and pharmaceutical applications, such as a nitrosamine derived from a Diclofenac-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Basoccu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Str. interna Policlinico Universitario, 09042, Monserrato CA, Italy
| | - Federico Cuccu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Str. interna Policlinico Universitario, 09042, Monserrato CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Str. interna Policlinico Universitario, 09042, Monserrato CA, Italy
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Batty JA, Hall M. Trends in ACEi and ARB expenditure: Compelling case for competition in generic drug markets. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:419-420. [PMID: 36414045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Batty
- Clinical and Population Sciences Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK; Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK.
| | - Marlous Hall
- Clinical and Population Sciences Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK; Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
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7
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Abd El-Hay SS, Elhenawee M, Maged K, Ibrahim AE. Cost-effective, green HPLC determination of losartan, valsartan and their nitrosodiethylamine impurity: application to pharmaceutical dosage forms. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35706671 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6011541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are one of the most widely used anti-hypertensive drugs which are used to reduce hypertension. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration together with the European Medicine Agency declared the presence of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities such as nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the products, including valsartan (VLS) and losartan (LOS), and drugs' recall procedures were started. Thus, they should be controlled to be below the acceptable cancer risk level to ensure safety of the pharmaceutical products. Therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods were required for detection and quantitation of NDEA in bulk and finished drug products. Green analytical chemistry has received great interest to minimize the amount of organic solvents consumed without loss in chromatographic performance. A green and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the determination of NDEA in LOS and VLS using mobile phase of 0.02 M ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 7.2 and ethanol in gradient manner. Limits of detection and limits of quantification for NDEA were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.5 µg ml-1, respectively. The standardized limits of NDEA impurity in drug substances were set as 0.56 ppm, which indicates the feasibility of its determination by the proposed conventional method without need for expensive instrumentations (e.g. MS/MS detectors) that are not found in most pharmaceutical quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad S Abd El-Hay
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Magda Elhenawee
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled Maged
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Areesh, Egypt
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
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8
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Abd El-Hay SS, Elhenawee M, Maged K, Ibrahim AE. Cost-effective, green HPLC determination of losartan, valsartan and their nitrosodiethylamine impurity: application to pharmaceutical dosage forms. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220250. [PMID: 35706671 PMCID: PMC9156911 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are one of the most widely used anti-hypertensive drugs which are used to reduce hypertension. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration together with the European Medicine Agency declared the presence of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities such as nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the products, including valsartan (VLS) and losartan (LOS), and drugs' recall procedures were started. Thus, they should be controlled to be below the acceptable cancer risk level to ensure safety of the pharmaceutical products. Therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods were required for detection and quantitation of NDEA in bulk and finished drug products. Green analytical chemistry has received great interest to minimize the amount of organic solvents consumed without loss in chromatographic performance. A green and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the determination of NDEA in LOS and VLS using mobile phase of 0.02 M ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 7.2 and ethanol in gradient manner. Limits of detection and limits of quantification for NDEA were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.5 µg ml-1, respectively. The standardized limits of NDEA impurity in drug substances were set as 0.56 ppm, which indicates the feasibility of its determination by the proposed conventional method without need for expensive instrumentations (e.g. MS/MS detectors) that are not found in most pharmaceutical quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad S. Abd El-Hay
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Magda Elhenawee
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled Maged
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Areesh, Egypt
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
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Keire DA, Bream R, Wollein U, Schmaler-Ripcke J, Burchardt A, Conti M, Zmysłowski A, Keizers P, Morin J, Poh J, George M, Wierer M. International Regulatory Collaboration on the Analysis of Nitrosamines in Metformin-Containing Medicines. AAPS J 2022; 24:56. [PMID: 35449372 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recalls of some batches of metformin have occurred due to the detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in amounts above the acceptable intake (AI) of 96 ng per day. Prior to the recalls, an international regulatory laboratory network had been monitoring drugs for nitrosamine impurities with each laboratory independently developing and validating multiple analytical procedures to detect and measure nitrosamines in metformin drugs used in their jurisdictions. Here, we provide an overview of the analysis of metformin active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products with 1090 samples (875 finished dosage forms (FDFs) and 215 API samples) tested beginning in November of 2019 through July of 2020. Samples were obtained internationally by a variety of approaches, including purchased, received from firms via information requests or selected by regional regulatory authorities (either at wholesalers or during GMP inspections). Only one nitrosamine (NDMA) was detected and was only present in some batches of metformin products. For API samples, 213 out of 215 lots tested had no measurable level of NDMA. For FDF samples tested, the number of batches with NDMA above the AI amount for patient safety was 17.8% (156/875). Based on these data, although the presence of NDMA was of concern, 82.2% of the samples of metformin drug products tested met quality and safety standards for patients. Regulatory agencies continue to collaborate extensively and work with marketing authorization holders to understand root causes of nitrosamine formation and agree on corrective actions to mitigate the presence of NDMA in future metformin batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Robert Bream
- European Medicines Agency, Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, 1083 HS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Wollein
- Bayerisches Landesamt Für Gesundheit Und Lebensmittelsicherheit, LGL, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jeannette Schmaler-Ripcke
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, CVUA Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annette Burchardt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Applied Analytics - InphA GmbH, Emil-Sommer-Strasse 7, 28329, Bremen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Conti
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adam Zmysłowski
- National Medicines Institute, NIL, 30/34 Chelmska Street, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Keizers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Morin
- Health Canada, 2301 Midland Avenue, Room 200-59, Toronto, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Jalene Poh
- Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Bukit Merah, 169078, Singapore
| | - Mark George
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, A.C.T, 2606, Australia
| | - Michael Wierer
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026, 67081, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
A product recall is the outcome of a careful pharmacovigilance; and it is an integral part of drug regulation. Among various reasons for product recall, the detection of unacceptable levels of carcinogenic impurities is one of the most serious concerns. The genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of N-nitrosamines raises a serious safety concern, and in September 2020, the FDA issued guidance for the pharmaceutical industry regarding the control of nitrosamines in drug products. The FDA database shows that >1400 product lots have been recalled from the market due to the presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities at levels beyond the acceptable intake limit of 26.5 ng/day. The drugs that were present in recalled products include valsartan, irbesartan, losartan, metformin, ranitidine, and nizatidine. This perspective provides a critical account of these product recalls with an emphasis on the source and mechanism for the formation of N-nitrosamines in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
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11
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Yang J, Marzan TA, Ye W, Sommers CD, Rodriguez JD, Keire DA. A Cautionary Tale: Quantitative LC-HRMS Analytical Procedures for the Analysis of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Metformin. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:89. [PMID: 32613429 PMCID: PMC7329790 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A private testing laboratory reported in a Citizen Petition (CP) to FDA that 16 of 38 metformin drug products they tested had N-nitrosodimethyl amine (NDMA) amounts above the allowable intake (AI) of 96 ng/day. Because the FDA had been monitoring drugs for nitrosamines, orthogonal analytical procedures had been developed, validated and applied to detect the following nitrosamines in metformin drug products (if present): (i) NDMA (with a dedicated method) or (ii) NDMA (with a second confirmatory method), N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA), N-ethyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine (NEIPA), N-nitroso-diisopropylamine (NDIPA), N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitroso-methylphenylamine (NMPA), N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine (NDBA) and N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA). In contrast to the private laboratory results, FDA testing on the same set of 38 samples with orthogonal procedures observed amounts over the AI in only 8 of the 38 products and generally observed lower values than reported by the private testing laboratory. As described here, the investigation into the cause of the discrepancy revealed that N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) can interfere with NDMA measurements. The data showed that the use of sufficient mass accuracy in the data acquisition and appropriate mass tolerance setting in the data processing to assure the selectivity of mass spectrometry measurements of NDMA in the presence of co-eluting DMF was necessary to prevent overestimation of the level of NDMA in metformin drug products. Overall, care should be taken to assure the necessary specificity in analytical procedures for adequate assessment of the nitrosamine level in drug products that also contain DMF or other potential interfering substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Tim Andres Marzan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Wei Ye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
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