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Seervai RNH, Cho WC, Chu EY, Marques-Piubelli ML, Ledesma DA, Richards K, Heberton MM, Nelson KC, Nagarajan P, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Curry JL. Diverse landscape of dermatologic toxicities from small-molecule inhibitor cancer therapy. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 49:61-81. [PMID: 34622477 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in molecular biology and genetics have contributed to breakthrough treatments directed at specific pathways associated with the development of cancer. Small-molecule inhibitors (Nibs) aimed at a variety of cellular pathways have been efficacious; however, they are associated with significant dermatologic toxicities. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of dermatologic toxicities associated with Nibs categorized into the following five groups: (a) mitogen-activated protein kinase; (b) growth factor/multi-tyrosine kinase; (c) cell division/DNA repair; (d) signaling associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms; and (e) other signaling pathways. Prospective phase I, II, or III clinical trials, retrospective literature reviews, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and case reviews/reports were included for analysis. RESULTS Dermatologic toxicities reviewed were associated with every class of Nibs and ranged from mild to severe or life-threatening adverse skin reactions. Inflammatory reactions manifesting as maculopapular, papulopustular/acneiform, and eczematous lesions were frequent types of dermatologic toxicities seen with Nibs. Squamous cell carcinoma with keratoacanthoma-like features was associated with a subset of Nibs. Substantial overlap in dermatologic toxicities was found between Nibs. CONCLUSIONS Dermatologic toxicities from Nibs are diverse and may overlap between classes of Nibs. Recognition of the various types of toxicities from Nibs is critical for patient care in the era of "oncodermatology/dermatopathology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad N H Seervai
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debora A Ledesma
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen Richards
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Meghan M Heberton
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Curry JL, Chon SY, Marques-Piubelli ML, Chu EY. Cutaneous Toxicities in the Setting of Immune Checkpoint Blockade:: The Era of Oncodermatopathology. Surg Pathol Clin 2021; 14:209-224. [PMID: 34023101 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in cancer therapy with monoclonal immune checkpoint antibody blockade have impacted the practice of all medical specialties. Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a frequent, unintended, off-target consequence of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy that have ushered in the era of oncodermatopathology. Knowledge of the diverse morphologic types of cutaneous irAEs from ICI therapy allows further classification of cutaneous irAEs according to major histopathologic reaction patterns. Early studies suggest that immune mechanisms of lichenoid dermatitis irAE, psoriasiform dermatitis irAE, and bullous pemphigoid irAE show some similarities and differences from their histopathologic counterparts not associated with ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Susan Y Chon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Kossard S. Keratoacanthoma, committed stem cells and neoplastic aberrant infundibulogenesis integral to formulating a conceptual model for an infundibulocystic pathway to squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 48:184-191. [PMID: 32881028 PMCID: PMC7821248 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratoacanthomas (KAs) are distinctive tumors that are defined by their clinical and histopathological features. Their relationship and distinction from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), however, remain controversial. All cytogenic and immunohistochemical markers that have been applied in this quest have failed. A close relationship of KAs to hair follicles has been recognized. The descriptive term infundibulocystic or infundibular SCC was introduced to define a more broad-based pathway encompassing KAs. The follicular infundibulum roles in respect to neoplasia and wound healing are important elements in understanding the pathogenesis of KAs. Mouse models for KA have provided insights into the relationship of KA to follicles and SCCs. These advances and together with the diverse clinical and histopathological aspects of KA have contributed to the formulation of a conceptual pathway. The central element is that ultraviolet (UV)-mutated or activated committed infundibular stem cells are driven by the combination of a mutated oncogenic RAS pathway linked with the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway responsible for stem cell maintenance, hair follicle development, wound healing and driving KA proliferation and terminal keratinization. The existence and activation of this mutated pathway may form the basis of the paradoxical emergence of KAs and SCCs in patients receiving BRAF and PD-1 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kossard
- Kossard Dermatopathologists, Laverty Pathology, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Tetzlaff MT, Tang S, Duke T, Grabell DA, Cabanillas ME, Zuo Z, Yao JC, Nagarajan P, Aung PP, Torres‐Cabala CA, Duvic M, Prieto VG, Huen A, Curry JL. Lichenoid dermatitis from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: An immune‐related adverse event with mycosis‐fungoides‐like morphologic and molecular features. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:872-877. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Sherry Tang
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Taylor Duke
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas Health Science Houston Texas
| | - Daniel A. Grabell
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas Health Science Houston Texas
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal DisordersThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Zhuang Zuo
- Department of HematopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - James C. Yao
- Department of GI Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Phyu P. Aung
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Carlos A. Torres‐Cabala
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas Health Science Houston Texas
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Auris Huen
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas Health Science Houston Texas
| | - Jonathan L. Curry
- Department of Pathology, Section of DermatopathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of Translational Molecular PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
- Department of DermatologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
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5
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Parekh V, Sobanko J, Miller CJ, Karakousis G, Xu W, Letrero R, Elenitsas R, Xu X, Elder DE, Amaravadi R, Schuchter LM, Nathanson KL, Wilson MA, Chu EY. NRAS Q61R and BRAF G466A mutations in atypical melanocytic lesions newly arising in advanced melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:190-194. [PMID: 30552700 PMCID: PMC6367041 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF inhibition has improved overall survival in patients with BRAF mutant melanoma, but this is associated with a range of known and predictable cutaneous side effects, including squamous cell carcinomas associated with RAS mutations. METHODS We identified three severely dysplastic nevi, one atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation, and four melanoma in situ lesions, newly arising in four patients undergoing treatment with vemurafenib. To characterize mutations in these atypical melanocytic lesions, we used a custom iPlex panel detecting 74 mutations in 13 genes known to play a role in melanoma pathogenesis. RESULTS We identified an NRAS mutation at codon 61 (Q61R) and a rare BRAF exon 11 mutation (G466A) in atypical melanocytic lesions that arose in patients treated with vemurafenib. CONCLUSION There appears to be development or accelerated growth of atypical melanocytic lesions in the setting of BRAF inhibition. Our results underscore the need for careful surveillance for melanocytic lesions in patients on BRAF inhibitor therapy and shed light on potential mechanisms for melanoma pathogenesis in the context of BRAF pathway blockade. Further studies are warranted to show a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwas Parekh
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Joseph Sobanko
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard,1 Floor South Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard,1 Floor South Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Giorgos Karakousis
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, 12 Penn Tower, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Letrero
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 351 BRB 2/3, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rosalie Elenitsas
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard,1 Floor South Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 Founders, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David E. Elder
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 Founders, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ravi Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, 12 Penn Tower, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lynn M. Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, 12 Penn Tower, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 351 BRB 2/3, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Melissa A. Wilson
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard,1 Floor South Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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6
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Chen P, Chen F, Zhou B. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of dermatological toxicities associated with vemurafenib treatment in patients with melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 44:243-251. [PMID: 30280426 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Chen
- Department of Pharmacy; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - F. Chen
- Department of Pharmacy; Dongfeng Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan China
| | - B. Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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7
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Kaya G, Saxer-Sekulic N, Kaya A, Sorg O, Boespflug A, Thomas L, Saurat J. RASopathic comedone-like or cystic lesions induced by vemurafenib: a model of skin lesions similar but not identical to those induced by dioxins MADISH. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:1368-1372. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Kaya
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - N. Saxer-Sekulic
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A. Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - O. Sorg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A. Boespflug
- Department of Dermatology; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Lyon France
| | - L. Thomas
- Department of Dermatology; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Lyon France
| | - J.H. Saurat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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8
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Mauzo SH, Tetzlaff MT, Nelson K, Amaria R, Patel S, Aung PP, Nagarajan P, Torres‐Cabala CA, Diab A, Prieto VG, Curry JL. Regressed melanocytic nevi secondary to pembrolizumab therapy: an emerging melanocytic dermatologic effect from immune checkpoint antibody blockade. Int J Dermatol 2017; 58:1045-1052. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntala H. Mauzo
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Michael T. Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Kelly Nelson
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Rodabe Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Sapna Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Phyu P. Aung
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Carlos A. Torres‐Cabala
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Adi Diab
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Jonathan L. Curry
- Department of Pathology Section of Dermatopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
- Department of Dermatology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
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9
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10
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Curry JL, Tetzlaff MT, Nagarajan P, Drucker C, Diab A, Hymes SR, Duvic M, Hwu WJ, Wargo JA, Torres-Cabala CA, Rapini RP, Prieto VG. Diverse types of dermatologic toxicities from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 44:158-176. [PMID: 27859479 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs that leverages host immune mechanisms to destroy tumor cells have been met with great promise in the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy, targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand (PD-L1) have shown tremendous improvements in the survival of patients with advanced solid tumors. However, the development of dermatologic toxicity (DT) is a consequence to immunotherapy. Review of published reports of the DT to immunotherapy revealed patients receiving anti-CTCLA-4 antibody or anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody often develop a DT of any type and grade. In this article, of the 3825 patients who were treated with anti-PD-1 and of 556 patients receiving anti-PD-L1, DT of any type and grade were reported in 1474 (∼39%) and 95 (∼17%) of patients, respectively. The emergence of specific types of DT to immunotherapy is beginning to be recognized can be categorized into four groups: (a) inflammatory, (b) immunobullous, (c) alteration of keratinocytes and (d) alteration of melanocytes. Lichenoid dermatitis and bullous pemphigoid appear to be DT more associated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody. The DT profile in patients receiving immunotherapy is diverse, and early recognition of specific types of DT that clinicians may encounter is critical for optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carol Drucker
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adi Diab
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon R Hymes
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Jen Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald P Rapini
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Mudaliar K, Tetzlaff MT, Duvic M, Ciurea A, Hymes S, Milton DR, Tsai KY, Prieto VG, Torres-Cabala CA, Curry JL. BRAF inhibitor therapy–associated melanocytic lesions lack the BRAF V600E mutation and show increased levels of cyclin D1 expression. Hum Pathol 2016; 50:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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