1
|
Kim JC, Choi JW, Kim YC. Comparison of Melanocyte-Associated Immunohistochemical Markers in Acral Lentiginous Melanoma and Acral Benign Nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:748-752. [PMID: 37856738 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a relatively rare clinicopathologic subtype of cutaneous malignant melanoma, but it is the most common type of melanoma among Asians. Although the research to identify immunohistochemical (IHC) markers to differentiate nevi from melanoma is being conducted, specific markers for ALM are not well-known. Therefore, we aimed to analyze and compare the differences in the expression of melanocyte-associated IHC markers between ALM and acral benign nevi (ABN). Two independent groups of 53 and 19 paraffin-embedded specimens (from patients with pathologically confirmed ALM and ABN, respectively) were subjected to IHC staining for MART-1, preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), SOX10, HMB-45, Ki-67, and p16. We performed a quantitative analysis of PRAME, SOX10, KI-67, and p16 expression and gradient pattern analysis of HMB-45 expression for each specimen. The PRAME (60.1% and 28.5%, P < 0.05) and Ki-67 (7.8% and 3.5%, P < 0.05) expression levels were significantly higher in the ALM group than in the ABN group. The p16 expression was significantly lower (14.2% and 19.4%, P < 0.05), and the absence of HMB-45 gradient was more frequent in the ALM group than in the ABN group. However, no statistical significance was noted in SOX10 (54.8% and 44.7%). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that PRAME had the highest area under the curve value. In summary, among various IHC markers, PRAME was the most valuable marker for the diagnosis of ALM; however, further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheol Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Piteša N, Kurtović M, Bartoniček N, Gkotsi DS, Čonkaš J, Petrić T, Musani V, Ozretić P, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Sabol M. Signaling Switching from Hedgehog-GLI to MAPK Signaling Potentially Serves as a Compensatory Mechanism in Melanoma Cell Lines Resistant to GANT-61. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051353. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma represents the deadliest skin cancer due to its cell plasticity which results in high metastatic potential and chemoresistance. Melanomas frequently develop resistance to targeted therapy; therefore, new combination therapy strategies are required. Non-canonical signaling interactions between HH-GLI and RAS/RAF/ERK signaling were identified as one of the drivers of melanoma pathogenesis. Therefore, we decided to investigate the importance of these non-canonical interactions in chemoresistance, and examine the potential for HH-GLI and RAS/RAF/ERK combined therapy. Methods: We established two melanoma cell lines resistant to the GLI inhibitor, GANT-61, and characterized their response to other HH-GLI and RAS/RAF/ERK inhibitors. Results: We successfully established two melanoma cell lines resistant to GANT-61. Both cell lines showed HH-GLI signaling downregulation and increased invasive cell properties like migration potential, colony forming capacity, and EMT. However, they differed in MAPK signaling activity, cell cycle regulation, and primary cilia formation, suggesting different potential mechanisms responsible for resistance occurrence. Conclusions: Our study provides the first ever insights into cell lines resistant to GANT-61 and shows potential mechanisms connected to HH-GLI and MAPK signaling which may represent new hot spots for noncanonical signaling interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Piteša
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Kurtović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Bartoniček
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Genome Informatics, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, 370 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Danai S. Gkotsi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Molecular Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Josipa Čonkaš
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Petrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Musani
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Molecular Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Leeds Cancer Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maja Sabol
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hunter MV, Moncada R, Weiss JM, Yanai I, White RM. Spatially resolved transcriptomics reveals the architecture of the tumor-microenvironment interface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6278. [PMID: 34725363 PMCID: PMC8560802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, cancer cells come into contact with various non-tumor cell types, but it is unclear how tumors adapt to these new environments. Here, we integrate spatially resolved transcriptomics, single-cell RNA-seq, and single-nucleus RNA-seq to characterize tumor-microenvironment interactions at the tumor boundary. Using a zebrafish model of melanoma, we identify a distinct "interface" cell state where the tumor contacts neighboring tissues. This interface is composed of specialized tumor and microenvironment cells that upregulate a common set of cilia genes, and cilia proteins are enriched only where the tumor contacts the microenvironment. Cilia gene expression is regulated by ETS-family transcription factors, which normally act to suppress cilia genes outside of the interface. A cilia-enriched interface is conserved in human patient samples, suggesting it is a conserved feature of human melanoma. Our results demonstrate the power of spatially resolved transcriptomics in uncovering mechanisms that allow tumors to adapt to new environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda V Hunter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reuben Moncada
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua M Weiss
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sheahon KM, Jankowski T, Yeh I, North JP, Pincus LB, LeBoit PE, McCalmont TH, Lang UE. Primary Cilia Are Preserved in Cellular Blue and Atypical Blue Nevi and Lost in Blue Nevus-like Melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:1205-1212. [PMID: 34265802 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing cellular blue nevi (CBNs) and atypical CBNs from blue nevus-like melanoma (BNLM) can be diagnostically challenging. Immunohistochemistry may inform the diagnosis in a subset of cases but is not always diagnostic. Further, ancillary molecular testing is expensive and often requires significant tissue to complete. Primary cilia are cell-surface organelles with roles in signal transduction pathways and have been shown to be preserved in conventional melanocytic nevi but lost in melanoma. Immunofluorescence staining of primary cilia can be performed using a single standard-thickness formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section and has a turnaround time similar to immunohistochemistry. The percentage of tumoral melanocytes retaining a primary cilium is quantified and reported as the ciliation index. In the current study, we explored the utility of the ciliation index in a series of 31 blue nevus-like lesions, including CBNs (12), atypical CBNs (15), and BNLM (4). The average ciliation index for the CBNs was 59±18%, with a median of 60 (range: 28 to 87). The average ciliation index for atypical CBNs was 59±23, with a median of 59 (range: 20 to 93). The average ciliation index for BNLM was 4±3, with a median of 3 (range: 1 to 8). There was no significant difference in ciliation index between the CBN and atypical CBN categories. There was a significant difference between CBN and BNLM and between atypical CBNs and BNLM (P<0.001 for each). Here, we show that ciliation index is a quantitative diagnostic tool useful in the setting of blue nevus-like neoplasms, with benefits including cost and time efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Pathology
- Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jeffrey P North
- Departments of Pathology
- Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Laura B Pincus
- Departments of Pathology
- Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Philip E LeBoit
- Departments of Pathology
- Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Timothy H McCalmont
- Departments of Pathology
- Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Departments of Pathology
- Department of Pathology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deacon DC, Smith EA, Judson-Torres RL. Molecular Biomarkers for Melanoma Screening, Diagnosis and Prognosis: Current State and Future Prospects. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642380. [PMID: 33937286 PMCID: PMC8085270 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the development of treatment options, melanoma remains a leading cause of death due to skin cancer. Advances in our understanding of the genetic, transcriptomic, and morphologic spectrum of benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasia have enabled the field to propose biomarkers with potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value. While these proposed biomarkers have the potential to improve clinical decision making at multiple critical intervention points, most remain unvalidated. Clinical validation of even the most commonly assessed biomarkers will require substantial resources, including limited clinical specimens. It is therefore important to consider the properties that constitute a relevant and clinically-useful biomarker-based test prior to engaging in large validation studies. In this review article we adapt an established framework for determining minimally-useful biomarker test characteristics, and apply this framework to a discussion of currently used and proposed biomarkers designed to aid melanoma detection, staging, prognosis, and choice of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dekker C. Deacon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Eric A. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Robert L. Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tetzlaff MT, Farah M. Without Missing a Beat: Absence of Cilia Informs the Diagnosis of Histopathologically Challenging Spitzoid Melanocytic Neoplasms. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 140:1320-1323. [PMID: 32571497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Spitzoid melanocytic lesions remains a formidable challenge in dermatopathology. Numerous ancillary tests have evolved to improve accurate classification of histopathologically ambiguous lesions. A study by Lang et al. (2020b) demonstrates loss of primary cilia in Spitzoid melanoma compared with Spitz nevi and positions ciliation index as an informative ancillary test for Spitzoid lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Maya Farah
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Findakly S, Choudhury A, Daggubati V, Pekmezci M, Lang UE, Raleigh DR. Meningioma cells express primary cilia but do not transduce ciliary Hedgehog signals. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:114. [PMID: 32690089 PMCID: PMC7370519 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors, but treatment options for meningioma patients are limited due to incomplete understanding of tumor biology. A small percentage of meningiomas harbor somatic variants in the Hedgehog pathway, a conserved gene expression program that is essential for development and adult stem cell homeostasis. Hedgehog signals are transduced through primary cilia, and misactivation of the Hedgehog pathway is known to underlie cancer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of Hedgehog signaling in meningioma are unknown. Here, we investigate mechanisms of ciliary Hedgehog signaling in meningioma using tissue microarrays containing 154 human meningioma samples, NanoString transcriptional profiling, primary meningioma cells, pharmacology, and CRISPR interference. Our results reveal that meningiomas of all grades can express primary cilia, but that cilia are less prevalent among anaplastic tumors. Moreover, we find that expression of Smoothened alleles that are oncogenic in other contexts fail to activate the Hedgehog transcriptional program or promote proliferation in primary meningioma cells. These data reveal that meningiomas can express the subcellular structure necessary for canonical Hedgehog signaling, but suggest that they do not transduce ciliary Hedgehog signals.
Collapse
|
8
|
E Lang U. Primary cilia: putting a sensor on the underlying melanocytic tumor cell state. Melanoma Manag 2020; 7:MMT40. [PMID: 32821372 PMCID: PMC7426744 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lang UE, Torres R, Cheung C, Vladar EK, McCalmont TH, Kim J, Judson-Torres RL. Ciliation Index Is a Useful Diagnostic Tool in Challenging Spitzoid Melanocytic Neoplasms. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1401-1409.e2. [PMID: 31978411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The loss of primary cilia on melanocytes is a useful biomarker for the distinction of melanoma from conventional melanocytic nevi. It is unknown whether ciliation status is beneficial for diagnosing spitzoid tumors-a subclass of melanomas that present inherently ambiguous histology and are challenging to classify. We evaluated the Ciliation Index (CI) in 68 cases of spitzoid tumors ranging from Spitz nevi and atypical Spitz tumors to spitzoid melanoma. We found a significant decrease in CI within the spitzoid melanoma group when compared with either the Spitz nevi or atypical Spitz tumors groups. In addition, we used a machine-learning-based algorithm to determine the value of CI when considered in combination with other histopathologic and molecular features commonly used for diagnosis. We found that a low CI was consistently ranked as a top predictive feature in the diagnosis of malignancy. Predictive models trained on only the top four predictive features (CI, asymmetry, hyperchromatism, and cytologic atypia) outperformed standard histologic assessment in an independent validation cohort of 56 additional cases. The results provide an alternative approach to evaluate diagnostically challenging melanocytic lesions, and further support the use of CI as an ancillary diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy H McCalmont
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jinah Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA; Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Division of Dermatopathology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choudhury A, Neumann NM, Raleigh DR, Lang UE. Clinical Implications of Primary Cilia in Skin Cancer. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:233-248. [PMID: 31997226 PMCID: PMC7090118 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cell surface organelle that is an important component of cellular biology. While it was once believed to be a vestigial structure without biologic function, it is now known to have essential roles in critical cellular signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (HH) and Wnt. The HH and Wnt pathways are involved in pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, respectively, and this knowledge is now beginning to inform therapeutic and diagnostic options for patients. The purpose of this review is to familiarize clinicians with primary cilia biology and how this complex cellular organelle has started to translate into clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil M Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|