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Bezerra HKF, Nakamura GP, Mariz BALA, Lopes RN, Prado JD, Roza ALOC, Vargas PA. Atypical cellular neurothekeoma of the oral mucosa: A rare case report and literature review. J Cutan Pathol 2024. [PMID: 39021336 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellular neurothekeoma (CN) is a benign dermal neoplasm that most often affects the head and neck region and rarely occurs in the oral mucosa. We report a rare case of CN with atypical features on the floor of the mouth and summarize the reported cases of oral CN in English-language literature. A 62-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of a painless mass on the floor of the mouth. Histopathological analysis of the excised specimen revealed a proliferation of neoplastic cells with oval to spindle morphology arranged in a vaguely nested and multinodular architecture separated by scarce hyaline collagen within a predominantly myxoid-rich stroma. The tumor cells were positive for NSE, and CD63 (NKI/C3), and negative for S100 protein, CD34, and SMA. Thus, the final diagnosis was CN. In addition, we summarized all clinicopathological data on oral CNs reported in the English-language literature. Nineteen cases were reviewed. Among them, only one case affected the floor of the mouth of a young girl, in contrast to the present case that occurred in an elderly woman. CN is particularly rare in this location and may be a diagnostic challenge for oral pathologists due to its rarity and morphological similarity with other lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José Divaldo Prado
- A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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2
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Mahmood MN. Cutaneous Syncytial Myoepithelioma: A Unique Variant Worth Recognizing. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2023; 10:219-225. [PMID: 37489454 PMCID: PMC10366857 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous syncytial myoepithelioma is a recently characterized variant of cutaneous myoepithelioma with a distinct histopathological and immunohistochemical profile. It is more common in men and predominately involves upper and lower extremities. Microscopically, it is a dermal tumor with a characteristic solid syncytial growth pattern displaying positivity with EMA and S100 immunohistochemical stains. Lately, EWSR1-PBX3 fusion has been documented in a vast majority. Although it follows a benign clinical course, its histopathological differential diagnosis includes clinically aggressive neoplasia. This contribution summarizes the derivation, clinical presentation, histopathological and immunohistochemical features, molecular genetics, pertinent differential diagnosis, and behavior of this unique cutaneous appendageal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Mahmood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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3
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Yang F, Ma J, Zhu D, Wang Z, Li Y, He X, Zhang G, Kang X. The Role of S100A6 in Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1139. [PMID: 37509175 PMCID: PMC10377078 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6, also known as calcyclin, is a low-molecular-weight Ca2+-binding protein from the S100 family that contains two EF-hands. S100A6 is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells and tissues. It is also expressed in lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and liver cancers, as well as other cancers such as melanoma. S100A6 has many molecular functions related to cell proliferation, the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and the cytoskeleton. It is not only involved in tumor invasion, proliferation, and migration, but also the pathogenesis of other non-neoplastic diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of S100A6 in tumors, nervous system diseases, leukemia, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jinglin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanhu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
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4
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Plaza JA, Brenn T, Chung C, Salim S, Linos KD, Jour G, Duran Rincon J, Wick M, Sangueza M, Gru AA. Histomorphological and immunophenotypical spectrum of cutaneous myoepitheliomas: A series of 35 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 48:847-855. [PMID: 33340147 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myoepithelial tumors comprise a group of mesenchymal lesions that show heterogeneous histomorphological features, including dual epithelial, neural, and myoid differentiation. Cutaneous myoepithelioma is a rare neoplasm that is composed primarily of myoepithelial cells and represents one end of a histopathological spectrum of cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms including chondroid syringoma and myoepithelial carcinoma. These tumors display a wide histopathological spectrum and immunophenotypical profile often showing epithelial and myoepithelial differentiation. In this series, we studied 35 cases of cutaneous myoepitheliomas. Our cases highlighted the broad histopathological range where most cases showed a non-infiltrative and non-encapsulated tumor exclusively located in the dermis and with no subcutaneous involvement. The majority of our cases had a solid growth pattern (syncytial pattern) and the remainder of cases had a multinodular growth pattern. The tumor cells were epithelioid in 23 cases, spindled in eight cases and there was a mixture of epithelioid and spindled cells in four cases. Mitotic figures ranged from 0 to 5 per 10 HPF. By immunohistochemistry epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was expressed in 59% of cases S100 was positive in 88% of cases, CAM 5.2 was positive in 16% of cases, AE1/AE3 was positive in 44% of cases, p63 was positive in 17% of cases, smooth muscle actin was positive in 38% of cases, desmin was positive in 6% of cases, calponin was positive in 22% of cases, and glial fibrillary acidic protein was positive in 36% of cases. In addition, there were five cases without EMA, keratin, or p63 expression that only showed S100 expression. We describe a large series of cutaneous myoepitheliomas delineating their histomorphological spectrum and immunophenotypical profile. Awareness of some of the unusual histopathological features and the heterogeneous immunohistochemical may pose difficulties for the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Plaza
- The Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Brenn
- University of Calgary Diagnostic and Scientific Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Chung
- The Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - George Jour
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Wick
- The University of Virginia, Virginia, USA
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5
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Silva CMM, Fontenele JPU, Lopes JR, de Brito GCC, Teixeira MJD, Rocha FAC. Neurothekeoma in the Axilla Causing Persistent Shoulder Pain: Case Report. Rev Bras Ortop 2020; 55:804-807. [PMID: 33364664 PMCID: PMC7748936 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurothekeomas, also known as neural sheath myxomas, are rare benign tumors of the neural sheath affecting most commonly the head, arms and shoulder of women in their 2
nd
and 3
rd
decades of life. Due to the low prevalence and undefined clinical picture, they are hardly considered in the initial differential diagnosis of skin tumors. We report the case of a 24 year-old woman who was seen in 2016 reporting > 1 year of moderate pain and limited mobility of her left shoulder. Clinical evaluation revealed restricted mobility of the affected shoulder and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging showed a T2-weighted contrast-enhanced multilobular mass in the quadrilateral area apparently invading the adjacent humeral cortical region. Histopathology of a needle sample material revealed loose fibroconnective tissue with no signs of invasion, mitosis or atypical figures. Successful surgical excision was performed and the diagnosis of neurothekeoma was confirmed after detailed histopathology, including immunohistochemistry. The patient was asymptomatic at 18 months of follow-up, with full recovery of shoulder movement and no signs of relapse.
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Positive MITF and NKI/C3 Expression in Cellular Neurothekeoma and Dermatofibroma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 29:440-445. [PMID: 33264109 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular neurothekeoma (CNT) is a benign mesenchymal tumor with uncertain cellular differentiation. Studies have found evidence of myofibroblastic differentiation and possible relation to dermatofibromas (DFs). As microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and NKI/C3 stains are routinely positive in CNT, we compared expression patterns of both markers in CNT and DF to assess their relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed cases of CNT (n=25) and DFs (n=35) for histopathologic characteristics and MITF and NKI/C3 expression. Immunostaining results were classified as negative, focally positive (<50%), and diffusely positive (>50%). At least 1 additional melanocytic marker was assessed in each case of CNT. RESULTS Both DFs and CNTs showed a female predilection and a wide age range. Immunostaining in CNTs for MITF was positive in the vast majority (focal 68%, diffuse 24%), as was NKI/C3 (focal 72%, diffuse 24%). All DFs were MITF positive (diffuse 74%, focal 26%), and most DFs were NKI/C3 positive (focal 57%, diffuse 3%). CONCLUSION CNT and DF share demographic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features, including shared expression of MITF and NKI/C3, especially cellular DF.
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7
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Eid SA, El Massry M, Hichor M, Haddad M, Grenier J, Dia B, Barakat R, Boutary S, Chanal J, Aractingi S, Wiesel P, Szyndralewiez C, Azar ST, Boitard C, Zaatari G, Eid AA, Massaad C. Targeting the NADPH Oxidase-4 and Liver X Receptor Pathway Preserves Schwann Cell Integrity in Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:448-464. [PMID: 31882567 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes triggers peripheral nerve alterations at a structural and functional level, collectively referred to as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). This work highlights the role of the liver X receptor (LXR) signaling pathway and the cross talk with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) in the pathogenesis of DPN. Using type 1 diabetic (T1DM) mouse models together with cultured Schwann cells (SCs) and skin biopsies from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we revealed the implication of LXR and Nox4 in the pathophysiology of DPN. T1DM animals exhibit neurophysiological defects and sensorimotor abnormalities paralleled by defective peripheral myelin gene expression. These alterations were concomitant with a significant reduction in LXR expression and increase in Nox4 expression and activity in SCs and peripheral nerves, which were further verified in skin biopsies of patients with T2DM. Moreover, targeted activation of LXR or specific inhibition of Nox4 in vivo and in vitro to attenuate diabetes-induced ROS production in SCs and peripheral nerves reverses functional alteration of the peripheral nerves and restores the homeostatic profiles of MPZ and PMP22. Taken together, our findings are the first to identify novel, key mediators in the pathogenesis of DPN and suggest that targeting LXR/Nox4 axis is a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSERM UMR 1124, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed El Massry
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSERM UMR 1124, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Hichor
- INSERM UMR 1124, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Mary Haddad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Julien Grenier
- INSERM UMR 1124, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Batoul Dia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rasha Barakat
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Suzan Boutary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Johan Chanal
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Selim Aractingi
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sami T Azar
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christian Boitard
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ghazi Zaatari
- Department of Pathology, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Massaad
- INSERM UMR 1124, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Paris, France
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8
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Vetrano IG, Levi V, Pollo B, Chiapparini L, Messina G, Nazzi V. Sleeve-Shaped Neurothekeoma of the Ulnar Nerve: A Unique Case of a Still Unclear Pathological Entity. Hand (N Y) 2020; 15:NP7-NP10. [PMID: 30762430 PMCID: PMC6966297 DOI: 10.1177/1558944719828008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neurothekeomas are slow-growing, well-circumscribed benign neoplasms. They usually involve cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues. Although originally described as myxomas deriving from nerve sheath cells, their exact histological classification is still uncertain. Peripheral nerve localization is rarely reported. Here, we describe a unique case of sleeve-shaped neurothekeoma of the ulnar nerve, which was incidentally discovered during a cubital tunnel release surgery. Methods: A 57-year-old man was admitted at our institution with clinical, ultrasonographic, and electromyographic findings highly suggestive of cubital tunnel syndrome. During ulnar nerve decompression surgery, however, no bony or ligament compression was noticed, but a segment of the nerve wrapped by a thick sleeve-shaped tissue, which had no clear-cut cleavage plane from the nerve. Given this unexpected finding, the en bloc excision of the lesion was avoided. A nerve decompression with biopsy of the swelling portion of the lesion was performed instead. Results: Histological examination described abundant myxoid stroma, with epithelioid and ring-shaped cells arranged in cords, negative to S100 protein at immunohistochemical analysis. This pattern was suggestive of neurothekeoma. The patient showed improvement in hypermyotrophy and intrinsic weakness of the hand. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a sleeve-shaped neurothekeoma of the ulnar nerve. The exact pathological characterization of such rare entities remains uncertain. In case of peripheral nerve localization, and when a clear cleavage plane is absent, the correct management of these lesions should be that of simple nerve decompression followed by biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio G. Vetrano
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy,Ignazio G. Vetrano, Department of
Neurosurgery, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via G.
Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Levi
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Messina
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Nazzi
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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9
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See TRO, Stålhammar G, Grossniklaus HE. Neurothekeoma of the eye, conjunctiva, and periorbital adnexa: A report of two cases and brief review. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:852-857. [PMID: 30978337 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurothekeomas (NTKs) are benign soft tissue tumors most commonly occurring in the head, neck, and upper extremities of young adults, with a female preponderance. Herein, we report 2 cases of ocular NTK presenting as an orbital mass or chalazion. Both cases underwent excision of the mass with histopathologic diagnosis of cellular NTK. Tumor cells for both cases were immunopositive for smooth muscle actin, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, and cluster of differentiation 10. S100, human melanoma black 45, and melanoma antigen recognized by t-cell (Melan A) were negative. Both were associated with scattered histiocytes, which were positive for cluster of differentiation 68. To date, including our 2 cases, there have been 22 cases of ocular and periorbital adnexal NTK reported in the English-language literature. Although rare, clinicians should include NTK in their differential diagnosis in patients presenting with a periocular soft tissue tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thonnie Rose O See
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ocular Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gustav Stålhammar
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ocular Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Oncology and Pathology Service, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Ocular Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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10
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Sharma A, Kamble PC, Singh V. A Rare Case of Intraneural Neurothekeoma of Median Nerve Mimicking Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Orthop Case Rep 2017; 7:73-75. [PMID: 29600216 PMCID: PMC5868890 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurothekeomas are uncommon benign soft tissue tumors of the peripheral nerves. It is commonly found in the upper extremities and in the head and the neck region as a small, asymptomatic, and superficial nodule. CASE REPORT We report a rare case of intraneural neurothekeoma (2.8 χ 2.4 x 1.8 cm) of the median nerve at the wrist in a 56-year-old female, which presented with clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome. CONCLUSION Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by intraneural neurothekeoma has been rarely reported. Clinicians should be aware of this rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Sharma
- Department of Orthopedic and Spine Surgeries Dr. B R Ambedkar Central Railway Hospital, Byculla [East], Mumbai. Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Orthopedic and Spine Surgeries Dr. B R Ambedkar Central Railway Hospital, Byculla [East], Mumbai. Maharashtra, India
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11
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Almeida TFA, Verli FD, dos Santos CRR, Falci SGM, Almeida LY, Almeida LKY, Mesquita ATM, León JE. Multiple Desmoplastic Cellular Neurothekeomas in Child: Report of the First Oral Case and Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 12:75-81. [PMID: 28597210 PMCID: PMC5873483 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular neurothekeomas (CNs) are distinctive benign tumors of uncertain histogenesis, with predilection for the skin of the head and neck region. We describe the first case of multiple desmoplastic CNs (DCNs) affecting the oral cavity in a 9-year-old girl. Histopathologic evaluation showed a proliferation of spindle and epithelioid cells, forming nests and bundles, supported by exuberant fibrous stroma, as well as scattered multinucleated floret-like giant cells. The tumor cells were immunopositive for vimentin, CD63, CD56, whereas AE1/AE3, S100, CD34, α-SMA, GFAP, EMA, CD57 and NSE were negative. Ki-67 was <2%. Multiple DCNs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oral nodular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Fernandes Araújo Almeida
- Department of Dentistry, Stomatology Clinical, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) , Rua da Glória, 187-Campus I, Diamantina, MG 39100-000 Brazil
| | - Flaviana Dornela Verli
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Basic Sciences, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, MG Brazil
| | - Cássio Roberto Rocha dos Santos
- Department of Dentistry, Stomatology Clinical, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) , Rua da Glória, 187-Campus I, Diamantina, MG 39100-000 Brazil
| | - Saulo Gabriel Moreira Falci
- Department of Dentistry, Stomatology Clinical, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) , Rua da Glória, 187-Campus I, Diamantina, MG 39100-000 Brazil
| | - Luciana Yamamoto Almeida
- Hematology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Lana Kei Yamamoto Almeida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP Brazil
| | - Ana Terezinha Marques Mesquita
- Department of Dentistry, Stomatology Clinical, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) , Rua da Glória, 187-Campus I, Diamantina, MG 39100-000 Brazil
| | - Jorge Esquiche León
- Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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12
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Wang GY, Nazarian RM, Zhao L, Hristov AC, Patel RM, Fullen DR, Chan MP. Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) expression in benign cutaneous mesenchymal, histiocytic, and melanocytic lesions: comparison with cellular neurothekeoma. Pathology 2016; 49:44-49. [PMID: 27914685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular neurothekeoma (CNTK) frequently enters the differential diagnosis of a benign dermal cellular proliferation. Diagnosis often relies on immunohistochemistry including the use of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). A previous study demonstrated PGP9.5 expression across a wide variety of soft tissue neoplasms. We explored the utility of this antibody in distinguishing CNTK from other benign dermal-based lesions. A cohort of CNTK (n=7) and benign cutaneous lesions of neural (n=28), fibrohistiocytic (n=23), fibroblastic (n=25), histiocytic (n=18), myofibroblastic (n=7), smooth muscle (n=14), and melanocytic (n=12) differentiations were immunostained with PGP9.5. Staining was graded by H-score and compared with CNTK. A significantly higher H-score was found in CNTK compared with the fibrohistiocytic (p=0.0001), histiocytic (p=0.0016), myofibroblastic (p=0.0003), smooth muscle (p<0.0001), and melanocytic (p=0.0004) groups, with the exceptions of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour, xanthoma, and xanthogranuloma. No significant difference was found when comparing CNTK with fibroblastic and neural lesions, with the exceptions of neurofibroma and perineurioma. In conclusion, PGP9.5 is helpful in distinguishing CNTK from most benign cutaneous fibrohistiocytic, histiocytic, myofibroblastic, smooth muscle, and melanocytic lesions. In addition to CNTK and neural lesions, PGP9.5 is also expressed in benign fibroblastic lesions, and therefore distinction of these lesions should not be based on PGP9.5 positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rosalynn M Nazarian
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra C Hristov
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - May P Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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13
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Yanes DA, Prasad V, Fernandez Faith E. Pediatric Dermatology Photoquiz: An Enlarging Facial Papule. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:661-662. [PMID: 27882660 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Yanes
- College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vinay Prasad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Esteban Fernandez Faith
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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14
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Abstract
As cutaneous melanomas manifest a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic presentations, several other lesions enter into their differential diagnosis. This article considers those entities, including melanocytic hyperplasia, cellular nodules in congenital nevi, atypical lentiginous melanocytic proliferations, "special site" nevi, epithelioid histiocytoma, neurothekeoma, cellular schwannoma, and proliferating scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Wick
- Division of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Room 3020, 1215 Lee St, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0214.
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15
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of soft tissue tumors that have a plexiform histomorphology. The more commonly encountered entities, including plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor, cellular neurothekeoma, dermal nerve sheath myxoma, plexiform schwannoma, and plexiform neurofibroma, are discussed in detail, and other tumors are noted. Information on clinical features, microscopic findings, ancillary studies, differential diagnosis, and prognosis is provided for each entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Elwood
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Path 401, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Janis Taube
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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16
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Idriss MH, Elston DM. S100A6 expression in cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms. APMIS 2015; 123:832-6. [PMID: 26238340 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The S100A6 protein is expressed in a variety of tissues and distinct staining patterns in S100A6 immunohistochemistry may be useful in the differential diagnosis of difficult lesions. We evaluated the staining pattern of the S100A6 antibody in 22 cases each of pilar leiomyoma (LM), angioleiomyoma (ALM), and cutaneous leiomyosarcoma (LMS). S100A6 labeled both the nucleus and cytoplasm of myocytes in positive cases. About 64% of LM and 86% ALM had positive staining to the S100A6 antibody but predominantly in a weak staining pattern. In contrast, 95% of the LMS exhibited moderate to strong staining with the S100A6 antibody. The difference in the frequency of positive cases was statistically significant in the LM vs LMS comparison (p = 0.025), but we found intensity of staining to be of greatest practical utility. Analysis between the groups taking in to consideration differences in intensity of staining using the nonparametric rank sum (Mann-Whitney U test) demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference between LM and LMS and between ALM and LMS. Weak or absent S100A6 staining supports a diagnosis of LM, whereas strong positive staining supports a diagnosis of LMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk M Elston
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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17
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Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry is not a diagnostic test but a highly valuable tool that requires interpretation within a context. OBJECTIVE To review the current status and limitations of immunohistochemistry in dermatopathology. DATA SOURCES English-language literature published between 1980 and 2014. CONCLUSIONS Although immunohistochemistry is rarely completely specific or sensitive, it is an important adjunctive technique in dermatopathology and can be helpful in a series of diagnostic dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Ferringer
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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18
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Benign Cutaneous Biphasic Hybrid Tumor of Perineurioma and Cellular Neurothekeoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2015; 37:319-22. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Selected Benign Lesions That May Be Confused Pathologically With Cutaneous Melanoma. AJSP-REVIEWS AND REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/pcr.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Lee SS, Baker BL, Gapp JD, Rosenberg AE, Googe PB. Ossifying plexiform tumor. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 42:61-5. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon S. Lee
- Department of Pathology; University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Knoxville TN USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul B. Googe
- Department of Pathology; University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Knoxville TN USA
- Knoxville Dermatopathology Laboratory; Knoxville TN USA
- Department of Pathology; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN USA
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21
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Areolar Dermal Nodule. Am J Dermatopathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Stratton J, Billings SD. Cellular neurothekeoma: analysis of 37 cases emphasizing atypical histologic features. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:701-10. [PMID: 24186141 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular neurothekeoma is a frequent source of diagnostic difficulty. In order to gain more insight into the range of histologic features of cellular neurothekeoma, we examined all cases from our institution, with a focus on describing atypical histologic features. Cases with sufficient histologic material for evaluation were retrieved. Cases were analyzed for demographics, growth pattern, myxoid stroma, cytologic atypia, mitotic rate, perineural invasion, and other histologic features. The 37 patients (16 M; 21 F) had a mean age of 31.0 years (range: 4-89). Tumors involved the head and neck (n=16), arms (n=11), trunk and shoulders (n=8), and foot (n=2). All cases had at least focal nesting of epithelioid to spindled tumors cells characteristic of cellular neurothekeoma. In many, alternate growth patterns were present and represented the dominant pattern in some. These patterns included fascicular (n=9), sheet-like (n=6), and corded (n=4). Myxoid stroma was present in 14 and was prominent in 5. Cytologic atypia was present in 19 patients, with 3 having severe atypia. Mean mitotic rate was 2.0/mm(2) (range 0-10 per mm(2)). Neurotropism was seen in four cases. Other unusual features included collagen trapping, giant cells, hemorrhage, lymphocytic cuffing, chondroid stroma, and cellular vacuolization. Cellular neurothekeoma has a wider range of features than is commonly recognized. The presence of nests of epithelioid tumor cells with characteristic cytologic features, no matter how focal, is a clue to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Stratton
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven D Billings
- 1] Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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23
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Suarez A, High WA. Immunohistochemical analysis of KBA.62 in 18 neurothekeomas: a potential marker for differentiating neurothekeoma, but a marker that may lead to confusion with melanocytic tumors. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 41:36-41. [PMID: 24151815 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurothekeoma represents a neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis that often occurs on the head and neck of younger individuals. Distinguishing neurothekeoma from other tumors, particularly malignancies such as melanoma, can be difficult given the variable presence of nuclear atypia, mitoses and extension into fat or skeletal muscle. KBA.62 represents an anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody that marks approximately 93% of melanomas. This study sought to evaluate KBA.62 expression in neurothekeomas, both as means of affirming the diagnosis and as a potential confounding factor in excluding a melanocytic process. METHODS Eighteen neurothekeomas from 17 patients were analyzed by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed with KBA.62, S100 and CD10 antibodies. The diagnosis of neurothekeoma was confirmed by at least two dermatopathologists. RESULTS All cases showed similar light microscopic and immunohistochemical features. With the exception of two cases, cells expressed CD10 and exhibited morphologic features consistent with neurothekeoma. All 18 cases were S100 immunonegative. The epithelioid cells of all neurothekeomas were KBA.62 immunopositive, including both of two neurothekeomas occurring in the same patient. CONCLUSIONS In this study 100% of neurothekeomas tested were KBA.62 positive, admittedly to varying degrees, suggesting the utility of this reagent as being supportive of the diagnosis of neurothekeoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Suarez
- Department of Dermatology, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weil Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Halawi A, Abbas O, Mahalingam M. S100 proteins and the skin: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:405-14. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Halawi
- Department of Dermatology; American University of Beirut Medical Center; Beirut Lebanon
| | - O. Abbas
- Department of Dermatology; American University of Beirut Medical Center; Beirut Lebanon
| | - M. Mahalingam
- Dermatopathology Section; Department of Dermatology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
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25
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A Benign Cutaneous Plexiform Hybrid Tumor of Perineurioma and Cellular Neurothekeoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:845-52. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31827edfda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Rozza-de-Menezes RE, Andrade RM, Israel MS, Gonçalves Cunha KS. Intraoral nerve sheath myxoma: case report and systematic review of the literature. Head Neck 2013; 35:E397-404. [PMID: 23616426 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral nerve sheath myxoma (NSM) is an uncommon benign neoplasm with Schwann-cell origin, which is frequently mistaken for neurothekeoma. We report a case of NSM on the buccal mucosa in a 42-year-old woman. This case is compared with previously reported cases and a systematic review is performed. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a case report and systematic review of oral cases considered true NSMs. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane, SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase electronic database. Twenty-five cases of oral NSM were included in the systematic review. CONCLUSION Oral NSM is rare and may represent a diagnostic challenge for pathologists. To confirm the diagnosis of NSM, the evaluation of S-100 protein expression or other neural marker is essential. The use of the terms NSM and neurothekeoma as synonymous or as variants of the same tumor should be avoided, because they are clearly distinct lesions.
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27
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Abstract
Neurogenic tumors are an uncommon yet important category of soft tissue tumors in children and adolescents because of their frequent association with various genetic syndromes. The heterogeneous cellular composition of the peripheral nerve and the wide metaplastic capacity of the neural crest and its derivatives generate a variety of neoplasms with neurogenic differentiation. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis of neurogenic tumors in the first two decades of life, and highlights use of selected ancillary methods for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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28
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Expression of MiTF May be Helpful in Differentiating Cellular Neurothekeoma From Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor (Histiocytoid Predominant) in a Partial Biopsy Specimen. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:157-60. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182286a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Rawal YB, Mustiful-Martin D, Rosebush MS, Anderson KM, Mincer HH. Slow-growing gingival mass. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 113:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Scott JR, Bullock MJ, Rigby MH, Taylor SM. Myxoid neurothekeoma of the caudal nasal septum and tip. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 146:868-9. [PMID: 22095953 DOI: 10.1177/0194599811429245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Scott
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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31
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Cellular Neurothekeoma With Fascicular Growth Features Mimicking Cellular Dermatofibroma. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:281-4. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181f29fe5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Multiple Desmoplastic Cellular Neurothekeomas Localized to the Face of a 16-Year-Old Boy. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:509-13. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181c98f89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Vered M, Fridman E, Carpenter WM, Buchner A. Classic neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma) and cellular neurothekeoma of the oral mucosa: immunohistochemical profiles. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:174-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Hoang MP, Mahalingam M, Selim MA. Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of cutaneous neoplasms. Future Oncol 2010; 6:93-109. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of diagnostic immunohistochemical stains available to pathologists and dermatopathologists. Immunohistochemistry has become an indispensable tool in dermatopathology, not only in diagnosis but also in the treatment and prognostication of cutaneous neoplasms. In this review we attempt to outline current, as well as new, immunohistochemical stains of relevance in the diagnosis and classification of cutaneous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai P Hoang
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Warren 820, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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