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Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020852. [PMID: 35055034 PMCID: PMC8776048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.
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Llamas-Velasco M, Pérez-Gónzalez YC, Bosch-Príncep R, Fernández-Figueras MT, Rütten A. Solid carcinoma is a variant of microcystic adnexal carcinoma: A 14-case series. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:897-904. [PMID: 30187501 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid carcinoma is a poorly characterized malignant apocrine neoplasm as only 16 cases have been published. OBJECTIVE To characterize its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features. METHODS We compiled 14 cases of solid carcinoma and clinical information were updated. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed and we stained all the cases for CEA, EMA, SMA, PHLDA-1, BerP4, nestin, p53, p63, p75, CK5/6, CK7 and some with remaining material for CK14, 15, CK10, CK19, S100, CD117, and CAM5. RESULTS All the lesions were located on the scalp. Histopathologically, all the cases were characterized by solid aggregates of neoplastic epithelial cells without nuclear atypia or mitotic figures involving all the dermis. All the cases presented perineural infiltration and most of them had cornified cystic structures. CK5/6 and p63 were positive. CEA and EMA underlined the scarce ducts. Ki67 was lower than 1%. BerEP4 and PHLDA-1 were negative. CONCLUSION Solid carcinoma is a solid variant of MAC affecting the scalp more frequently than classic MAC, mostly in old males and showing variable-sized nests involving the entire dermis and composed by poroid, clear-cells, or a mixture of both. It is positive for p63 and CK5/6 and negative for BerEP4 and PHLDA-1. Staining features with CK19 and PHLDA1 differ from classic MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Llamas-Velasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yosmar Carolina Pérez-Gónzalez
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.,Head of the Pathology Department, Dermatopathologist, Centro Médico Voth, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Arno Rütten
- Dermatologist and Dermatopathologist, Friedrichshafen Dermatopathologie, Friedrichshafen, Germany
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Abstract
Knowledge of staining pattern of certain immunostains might be useful in the classification of cutaneous adnexal tumors that can have clinical importance. We studied GATA3 and MYB expression in archival materials of 220 adnexal tumors comprised of sebaceous carcinomas, follicular tumors, apocrine carcinoma, predominantly apocrine tumors, predominantly eccrine tumors, and others including adenoid cystic carcinomas. Nuclear GATA3 expression was seen in 70% (153/220) of cases, including sebaceous carcinoma (93%), apocrine carcinoma (93%), follicular neoplasms (100%), and predominantly apocrine neoplasms (69%), yet only 38% of predominantly eccrine neoplasms. Nuclear MYB expression was seen in 43% (81/188) of cases, including adenoid cystic carcinoma (90%), predominantly apocrine tumors (66%), follicular neoplasms (49%), apocrine carcinomas (14%), predominantly eccrine tumors (11%), and sebaceous carcinomas (4%). GATA3 and MYB expression were noted in 43% (9/21) and 24% (5/21) of cutaneous metastases, respectively. Expression of both GATA3 and MYB was noted in 33% (60/184) of primary adnexal tumors versus 19% (4/21) of cutaneous metastases. GATA3 preferentially labels tumors with follicular, sebaceous, and apocrine differentiation. MYB is potentially a helpful stain in the distinction of desmoplastic trichoepithelioma versus basal cell carcinoma. The coexpression of GATA3 and MYB might be helpful in the distinction of primary cutaneous adnexal carcinoma versus metastatic breast, salivary gland, or urothelial carcinoma.
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Quist SR, Eckardt M, Kriesche A, Gollnick HP. Expression of epidermal stem cell markers in skin and adnexal malignancies. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:520-30. [PMID: 26914519 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal stem cells are multipotent cells that maintain the skin epidermis. Potential markers for stem cells have been identified in mammalian skin from mouse experiments; however, it is unclear if stem cells also contribute to tumour formation in human skin. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of potential stem cell markers, such as leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (Lgr) 5, Lgr6, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domain protein 1 (Lrig1) and cytokeratin 15 (CK15) in basal cell carcinomas and tumours of the skin appendages. METHODS We tested 45 human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), including superficial, nodular, adenoid, infiltrating and sclerosing types, and 38 human tumours of skin appendages, including 13 sebaceous adenomas and carcinomas, 20 eccrine sweat gland tumours and five pilomatricomas, for the expression of hair follicle stem cell markers such as Lgr5, Lrig1, CK15, β-catenin and SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), and compared these findings with those of healthy age-matched human epidermis. RESULTS We detected the expression of stem cell markers in all tumours tested. Regarding Lgr5, Lrig1, CK15 and SOX9, expression seemed to be lower in more aggressive tumour types, such as in the most advanced parts of infiltrating BCC, in sebaceous carcinoma and late-stage porocarcinoma, compared with less aggressive superficial or nodular BCC or early-stage porocarcinoma and sebaceous gland tumours. In aggressive, sclerosing BCC, Lrig1 and Lgr5 were downregulated but CK15, SOX9 and nuclear β-catenin were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Expression of potential stem cell markers of the epidermis and hair follicles was observed in skin tumours of appendages and BCCs. However, during tumour progression, many of these markers seemed to be downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Quist
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.
| | - M Eckardt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - A Kriesche
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - H P Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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Pfarr N, Sinn HP, Klauschen F, Flechtenmacher C, Bockmayr M, Ridinger K, von Winterfeld M, Warth A, Lorenz K, Budczies J, Penzel R, Lennerz JK, Endris V, Weichert W, Stenzinger A. Mutations in genes encoding PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling define anogenital papillary hidradenoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 55:113-9. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM); Trogerstrasse 18 Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Bockmayr
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Kathrin Ridinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | | | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Katja Lorenz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Jochen K. Lennerz
- Department of Pathology; Center for Integrated Diagnostics (CID), Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02114
| | - Volker Endris
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM); Trogerstrasse 18 Munich 81675 Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT); Heidelberg Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT); Heidelberg Germany
- National Center of Tumor Diseases-Heidelberg School of Oncology (NCT-HSO); Heidelberg Germany
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Compton LA, Murphy GF, Lian CG. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Cutaneous Neoplasia: An Update. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2015; 2:15-42. [PMID: 27047932 PMCID: PMC4816435 DOI: 10.1159/000377698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important adjunct in the diagnosis of neoplastic skin diseases. In addition to the many established IHC markers currently in use, new markers continue to emerge, although their general acceptance and routine application requires robust validation. Here, we summarize the most well-established and commonly used biomarkers along with an array of newer ones reported in the past several decades that either demonstrate or hold high clinical promise in the field of cutaneous pathology. We also highlight recent applications of novel IHC markers in melanoma diagnosis including genetic mutation status markers [e.g. BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) and NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)] and an epigenetic alteration marker (e.g. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine). We specifically focus on the role of IHC in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions that fall under the following categories: melanoma, epidermal tumors with an intraepidermal epitheliomatous pattern, spindle cell lesions of the dermis, small round blue cell tumors of the dermis, and cutaneous adnexal tumors. While IHC is a valuable tool in diagnostic dermatopathology, marker selection and interpretation must be highly informed by clinical context and the histologic differential diagnosis. With rapid progress in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis, new IHC markers will continue to emerge in the field of diagnostic dermatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Compton
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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Sellheyer K. Spiradenoma and cylindroma originate from the hair follicle bulge and not from the eccrine sweat gland: an immunohistochemical study with CD200 and other stem cell markers. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 42:90-101. [PMID: 25354097 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spiradenoma and cylindroma have historically been described as sweat gland tumors and have often been considered to be of eccrine lineage. However, (a) associations with trichoepitheliomas in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome or with trichoepitheliomas and milia in Rasmussen syndrome, (b) neoplastic combinations with hair follicle tumors in solitary cases, and (c) anatomical considerations support a folliculosebaceous-apocrine lineage. Follicular stem cell markers may allow for further characterization of these neoplasms. METHODS A total of 97 tumors were examined for the expression pattern of follicular stem cell markers cytokeratin 15 (CK15), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 (PHLDA1), and CD200. The tumors were comprised of 27 spiradenomas, 30 cylindromas, 16 hidradenomas, 19 poromas, 4 dermal duct tumors and 1 hidroacanthoma simplex. RESULTS All spiradenomas and cylindromas were CD200-positive whereas the other tumors classified as eccrine in lineage were all CD200-negative. CK15 also discriminated between spiradenomas and cylindromas and the remaining neoplasms but not to the degree of CD200. PHLDA1 and CK19 were noncontributory. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that both spiradenoma and cylindroma are not eccrine but follicular tumors. More specifically, it is proposed that both adnexal neoplasms are derived from the hair follicle bulge and as such represent one of the least differentiated follicular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Yanai H, Sato Y, Nagatsuka H, Yoshino T. Nestin is a wide-spectrum abluminal cell marker of salivary gland tumors. Pathol Int 2013; 63:496-501. [PMID: 24147430 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nestin is an intermediate filament that was first identified in neural progenitor cells. It is expressed in various cell types in the nervous system as well as in other systems. In the present study, we investigated nestin expression in non-neoplastic salivary gland tissue and in salivary gland tumors. In non-neoplastic salivary glands, nestin expression was observed in only a few abluminal cells. In contrast, diffuse nestin staining was observed in the abluminal cells of pleomorphic adenoma (11 of 11 cases), basal cell adenoma (7 of 7 cases), and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (2 of 2 cases). The stromal cells in basal cell adenoma also expressed nestin. In adenoid cystic carcinoma (6 of 7 cases) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (3 of 3 cases), nestin positive cells were observed focally. Nestin was not detected in Warthin tumor (6 cases), classical acinic cell carcinoma (2 cases), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (5 cases), or salivary duct carcinoma (4 cases). Because the nestin expression pattern in each histological salivary gland tumor type is unique, nestin could be a very useful abluminal cell marker for the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yanai
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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Abbas O, Bhawan J. Methodology matters … but so does interpretation! J Cutan Pathol 2011; 39:80-2; author reply 83-7. [PMID: 22032771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grandi F, Firmo BF, Colodel MM, Rocha RM, Werner J, Rocha NS. The importance of follicular stem cells in veterinary medicine in the context of skin tumours. Vet Dermatol 2011; 23:81-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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