Novel Anatomic Description of the Course of the Inferior Palpebral Vein for Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Treatments

The Course and Variation of the Facial Vein in the Face-Known and Unknown Facts: An Anatomical Study

Background and Objectives: The facial vein is the main collector of venous blood from the face. It plays an important role in physiological as well as pathological context. However, to date, only limited data on the course and tributaries of the facial vein are present in contemporary literature. The aim of this study was to provide detail on the course and the tributaries of the facial vein. Materials and Methods: In 96 sides of 53 body donors, latex was injected into the facial vein. Dissection was carried out and the facial vein and its tributaries (angular vein, ophthalmic vein, nasal veins, labial veins, palpebral veins, buccal and masseteric veins) were assessed. Results: The facial vein presented a textbook-like course in all cases and crossed the margin of the mandible anterior to the masseter in 6.8% of cases, while being located deep to the zygomaticus major muscle in all cases and deep to the zygomaticus minor in 94.6% of cases. Conclusions: This work offers detailed information on the course of the facial vein in relation to neighboring structures, which shows a relatively consistent pattern, as well as on its tributaries, which show a high variability.

Analysis of facial ultrasonography images based on deep learning

Transfer learning using a pre-trained model with the ImageNet database is frequently used when obtaining large datasets in the medical imaging field is challenging. We tried to estimate the value of deep learning for facial US images by assessing the classification performance for facial US images through transfer learning using current representative deep learning models and analyzing the classification criteria. For this clinical study, we recruited 86 individuals from whom we acquired ultrasound images of nine facial regions. To classify these facial regions, 15 deep learning models were trained using augmented or non-augmented datasets and their performance was evaluated. The F-measure scores average of all models was about 93% regardless of augmentation in the dataset, and the best performing model was the classic model VGGs. The models regarded the contours of skin and bones, rather than muscles and blood vessels, as distinct features for distinguishing regions in the facial US images. The results of this study can be used as reference data for future deep learning research on facial US images and content development.

An Orbital Venous Varix Presenting as a Strain-Induced Lower Eyelid Mass

ABSTRACT

Orbital varix is uncommon disease entity, accounting for less than 1% of orbital tumor. Authors report a case of tumor mimicking lower eyelid varix of inferior palpebral vein induced by forced closure of the patient's eyelids. A 21-year-old female visited our institution with a complaint of eyelid mass that only appeared on frowning. A 0.5 × 1.0 cm2 sized soft, nontender and nonpulsating mass was observed at her left lower eyelid when she frowned. Preoperative ultrasound imaging revealed a hypoechoic cystic lesion above orbicularis oculi muscle. A surgical resection through transconjunctival approach was performed. Congestion of perforating inferior palpebral vein caused by contraction of orbicularis oculi muscle was observed intraoperatively. Histopathology has confirmed dilated venous structures. The symptom was immediately resolved after surgery. No sign of recurrence was detected after two years of follow-up.

Ocular redness - I: Etiology, pathogenesis, and assessment of conjunctival hyperemia

The translucent appearance of the conjunctiva allows for immediate visualization of changes in the circulation of the conjunctival microvasculature consisting of extensive branching of superficial and deep arterial systems and corresponding drainage pathways, and the translucent appearance of the conjunctiva allows for immediate visualization of changes in the circulation. Conjunctival hyperemia is caused by a pathological vasodilatory response of the microvasculature in response to inflammation due to a myriad of infectious and non-infectious etiologies. It is one of the most common contributors of ocular complaints that prompts visits to medical centers. Our understanding of these neurogenic and immune-mediated pathways has progressed over time and has played a critical role in developing targeted novel therapies. Due to a multitude of underlying etiologies, patients must be accurately diagnosed for efficacious management of conjunctival hyperemia. The diagnostic techniques used for the grading of conjunctival hyperemia have also evolved from descriptive and subjective grading scales to more reliable computer-based objective grading scales.