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Romein EJ, Groot ALW, Remmers JS, Lissenberg B, Moll AC, Saeed P, Hartong DT. Determining Asymmetry Thresholds in Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Using a Three-dimensional Animated Model. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024:00002341-990000000-00419. [PMID: 38934734 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia are rare development disorders with underdevelopment of the orbital region, resulting in asymmetry of the face. No clear guidelines exist to determine when these deviations are acceptable. METHODS The face of a healthy 6-year-old child was three-dimensionally scanned. On this scan, we modeled various incremental degrees of facial asymmetries using three-dimensional modeling software. We modeled for smaller palpebral fissures, sunken eyes, and downward displacement of the eye. We also tested whether adjusting the vertical palpebral fissure height in relation to the horizontal palpebral fissure width affected perception. A total of 22 videos were created in which the model turned the head horizontally and vertically. We created a questionnaire asking raters how acceptable the face is, on a linear scale from 0 to 10. RESULTS Results showed a correlation between the degree of asymmetry and the acceptability score of the raters. Enophthalmos of ≥6 mm, palpebral fissure width ≤79% compared with the other eye, and 2 mm or more downward displacement of the eye resulted in a significant different acceptability score. The desire for correction was strongly increased when these thresholds were exceeded. Adjusting the vertical palpebral fissure height to the horizontal palpebral fissure width resulted in a worse acceptability score. CONCLUSION A unilateral sunken eye (enophthalmos) of 6 mm or more, asymmetric horizontal palpebral fissure length of ≤79%, and a lower position of one eye of more than 2 mm resulted in unacceptable judgment. These data can be used to evaluate treatment outcome in children treated for congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel J Romein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Orbital Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annabel L W Groot
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Orbital Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer S Remmers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Orbital Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Lissenberg
- Department Epidemiology and Data Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Orbital Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peerooz Saeed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Orbital Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dyonne T Hartong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Orbital Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Chi Y, Li T, Li J, Du F, Jin L, An Y, Huang Q, Yu N, Huang J, Long X. Gender- and Age-Related Characterization of Lower Eyelid Morphology: Three-Dimensional Analysis in a Chinese Population. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04065-3. [PMID: 38831063 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower eyelid region is a critical component of the face. It is essential to establish anthropometric reference values for the evaluation of aging, surgical planning and assessment of outcomes in periocular esthetic and rejuvenation procedures. This study aims to provide comprehensive anthropometric data on the Chinese lower eyelid region, into account factors such as sex and age, through three-dimensional imaging analysis. METHOD Three-dimensional facial images were obtained from 84 healthy Chinese individuals aged between 20-35 and 50-65 years, as well as eight patients aged between 20 and 35 who presented with eyelid bags. A total of 27 landmarks were identified, leading to the generation of corresponding 21 lines, 5 curves, 4 angles, 2 areas and 5 ratios. The measurements were compared among different age groups, genders and young patients with or without eyelid bags. RESULTS Compared to females, males exhibited a more elongated palpebral fissure, lower tear trough and lid-cheek junction, smaller inner and outer canthus angles, as well as a larger area and proportion of the lower palpebral region. As age progressed, the height and width of the palpebral fissure and inner canthus angle decreased gradually, which was accompanied by sagging of the tear trough and lid-cheek junction, an increase in lower eyelid area and swelling of the lower eyelid. Young patients undergoing eyelid bags demonstrated larger and more swelling lower eyelid which held clinical significance for rejuvenation surgery. CONCLUSION Males exhibited a higher proportion of the brow-eye unit occupied by the lower eyelid region compared to females. Elderly individuals displayed noticeable drooping of the tear trough and lid-cheek junction, accompanied by swelling in the lower palpebral region. These findings can serve as standard references for esthetic procedures and reconstructive periocular operations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Chi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of International Medical Service, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengzhou Du
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yicheng An
- Beijing LiMed Medical Technology Co.Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Beijing LiMed Medical Technology Co.Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Department of International Medical Service, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jiuzuo Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Ju X, Rokohl AC, Fan W, Ukehajdaraj N, Wawer Matos PA, Guo Y, Heindl LM. Changes in Periocular Asymmetry by Age and Gender: A Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry Study in a Caucasian Population. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2024. [PMID: 38569156 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2023.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nexhat Ukehajdaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philomena A Wawer Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
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Chi Y, Yang Y, Jin L, Chong Y, Huang J, Yu N, Long X. Protocol Establishment and Reliability Verification of Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry in Lower Eyelid Anthropometry. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1276-1287. [PMID: 37792022 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry has been widely used in anthropometry for both medical and esthetic purposes. However, no studies have assessed its reliability on measuring the lower eyelid by 3D imaging. This study aimed to establish a standardized 3D anthropometric protocol for lower eyelid region and validate its reliability. METHODS Fifty-eight participants (116 eyes) were recruited with mean age of 39.14 ± 11.25 years. Two sets of VECTRA 3D images were taken for each subject, and each set of images was individually measured twice by two raters. Twenty-seven landmarks were identified in the lower eyelid region, and then 19 linear, 4 curvilinear, 7 angular and 2 areal metrics were assessed for intrarater, interrater and intramethod reliability. RESULTS High reliability was found in this 3D imaging-based lower eyelid anthropometry. The mean absolute difference within 2 intrarater measurement were 0.22 and 0.08 units, the technical errors measurement were 0.31 and 0.15 units, the relative errors of measurement were 0.90% and 0.31%, the relative technical errors of measurement were 1.53% and 0.64%, and the intra-group correlation coefficient was 0.99 and 0.99. The results for interrater measurement were 0.53 units, 0.59 units, 2.94%, 3.41% and 0.96, and for intramethod measurement were 0.71 units, 0.77 units, 4.12%, 4.05% and 0.95 units, respectively. CONCLUSION 3D stereophotogrammetry is reliable for lower eyelid anthropometry. The standardized protocol can be further applied for many purposes such as lower eyelid aging evaluation, surgical related assessment and periocular rejuvenation plan. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Chi
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuming Chong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiuzuo Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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König J, Kelemen K, Czumbel LM, Szabó B, Varga G, Borbély J, Németh O, Hegyi P, Hermann P. Current status of optical scanning in facial prosthetics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthodont Res 2024; 68:1-11. [PMID: 37286516 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the accuracy of scanning technologies for constructing facial prostheses on human faces.Study selection Our systematic search was performed on five databases. Studies reporting on human volunteers (P) whose faces were scanned with a scanning technology were eligible. The anthropometrical interlandmark distances (ILDs) were used as indicators of accuracy; the ILDs are measured on the virtual models (I) and directly on the faces (C). The virtual models deviated from their true values (O). Studies reporting the measurements on patients with or without facial deformities were included, but cadavers or inanimate objects were reasons for exclusion. We performed a mean difference (MD) / standardized MD analysis with a random effect model. The difficulties regarding the scanning procedure mentioned in the articles were also assessed.Results We found 3723 records after duplicate removal. Twenty five articles were eligible for the qualitative review, and ten articles were included in the quantitative synthesis. Eight different ILDs were compared in MD analyses. The differences were between -0.54-0.43 mm. We also performed a regional three-dimensional analysis to compare scanning technologies in each major region. No significant differences were found in any of the regions and axes. The most mentioned difficulties were artifacts due to motion or blinking.Conclusions The results suggest no systematic skew in linear dimensions neither between direct caliper measurements nor between measurements on the scanned models, scanning technologies, or facial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- János König
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kelemen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Márk Czumbel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Borbély
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Németh
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department for Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hermann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Singh P, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, McGrath C, Gu M. Can smartphones be used for routine dental clinical application? A validation study for using smartphone-generated 3D facial images. J Dent 2023; 139:104775. [PMID: 37944629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the accuracy of smartphone-generated three-dimensional (3D) facial images to that of direct anthropometry (DA) and 3dMD with the aim of assessing the validity and reliability of smartphone-generated 3D facial images for routine clinical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five anthropometric soft-tissue facial landmarks were labelled manually on 22 orthognathic surgery patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 26.2 ± 5.3 years). For each labelled face, two imaging operations were performed using two different surface imaging systems: 3dMDface and Bellus3D FaceApp. Next, 42 inter-landmark facial measurements amongst the identified facial landmarks were measured directly on each labelled face and also digitally on 3D facial images. The measurements obtained from smartphone-generated 3D facial images (SGI) were statistically compared with those from DA and 3dMD. RESULTS SGI had slightly higher measurement values than DA and 3dMD, but there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of inter-landmark measures across the three methods. Clinically acceptable differences (≤3 mm or ≤5°) were observed for 67 % and 74 % of measurements with good agreement between DA and SGI, and 3dMD and SGI, respectively. An overall small systematic bias of ± 0.2 mm was observed between the three methods. Furthermore, the mean absolute difference between DA and SGI methods was highest for linear (1.41 ± 0.33 mm) as well as angular measurements (3.07 ± 0.73°). CONCLUSIONS SGI demonstrated fair trueness compared to DA and 3dMD. The central region and flat areas of the face in SGI are more accurate. Despite this, SGI have limited clinical application, and the panfacial accuracy of the SGI would be more desirable from a clinical application standpoint. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The usage of SGI in clinical practice for region-specific macro-proportional facial assessment involving central and flat regions of the face or for patient education purposes, which does not require accuracy within 3 mm and 5° can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China; Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colman McGrath
- Discipline of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Huelin FJ, Sales-Sanz M, Ye-Zhu C, Cruz AAV, Muñoz-Negrete FJ, Rebolleda G. Bézier curves as a total approach to measure the upper lid contour: redefining clinical outcomes in palpebral surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:6-11. [PMID: 34340977 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To define and quantify the upper lid contour by adapting Bézier curves with a newly developed software in normal subjects, assessing their reliability. METHODS Fifty eyes of 50 healthy patients with no ocular pathology were included in this study from October 2020 to November 2020. All measurements were performed on Bézier curves adjusted to the upper lid contour. An original software was used to measure the radial and vertical midpupil-to-lid margin distances (MPLD), temporal-to-nasal (T/N) ratios, contour peak location and grade of superposition (GS) and asymmetry (GA) indexes. We calculated differences in the variables measured regarding age, gender or the side of the eye being assessed. RESULTS The mean Bézier curve showed an excellent level of inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99). The median GS index of each eyelid to the mean Bézier curve was 95.4%, 8.5 IQR, and the median GA index was 3%, 3.4 IQR. The mean contour peak location was -0.35 mm, SD 0.45. Overall, the mean central MPLD was 4.1 mm, SD 0.6. No significant differences were found between male and female patients in variables derived from Bézier curves. CONCLUSION Bézier curves may become a very useful tool for the assessment of upper lid contour, contour peak and symmetry. GS and GA indexes, along with the T/N area ratio are potential outcomes for this purpose. All current variables can be obtained just from one single Bézier curve measurement. Our results offer an in-depth exhaustive description of these variables and their distribution in the normal population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sales-Sanz
- IRYCIS, Ophthalmology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain .,Ocular Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, IMO Madrid Grupo Miranza, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ye-Zhu
- IRYCIS, Ophthalmology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Augusto V Cruz
- Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Muñoz-Negrete
- IRYCIS, Ophthalmology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Ophthalmology, Universidad de Alcala de Henares Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Gema Rebolleda
- IRYCIS, Ophthalmology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Ophthalmology, Universidad de Alcala de Henares Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Alcala de Henares, Spain
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Liu J, Rokohl AC, Liu H, Fan W, Li S, Hou X, Ju S, Guo Y, Heindl LM. Age-related changes of the periocular morphology: a two- and three-dimensional anthropometry study in Caucasians. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:213-222. [PMID: 35969325 PMCID: PMC9803744 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine age-and sex-related changes in periocular morphology in Caucasians using a standardized protocol. METHODS Healthy Caucasian volunteers aged 18-35 and 60-90 years old were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Cologne, between October 2018 and May 2020. Volunteers with facial asymmetry, facial deformities, history of facial trauma, facial surgery, botox injection, eyelid ptosis, strabismus, or nystagmus, were excluded. Standardized three-dimensional facial photos of 68 young volunteers and 73 old volunteers were taken in this clinical practice. Position changes of endocanthion, pupil center, and exocanthion were analyzed in different age and gender groups, including palpebral fissure width (PFW): distance between endocanthions (En-En), pupil centers (Pu-Pu), exocanthions (Ex-Ex), endocanthion and nasion (En-Na), pupil center and nasion (Pu-Na), exocanthion and nasion (Ex-Na), endocanthion and pupil center (Pu-En), exocanthion and pupil center (Pu-Ex), and palpebral fissure inclination (PFI); angle of endocanthions to nasion (En-Na-En), pupils to nasion (Pu-Na-Pu), exocanthions to nasion (Ex-Na-Ex); endocanthion inclination (EnI), and exocanthion inclination (ExI). RESULTS PFW, En-En, Ex-Na, Pu-Ex, PFI, ExI, and Ex-Na-Ex were significantly different between the young and old groups (p ≤ 0.004). There were sex-related differences in PFW, Ex-Ex, En-Na, Pu-Na, Ex-Na, Pu-En, PFI, and EnI between both groups (p ≤ 0.041). CONCLUSION The position change of the pupil is minimal relative to age; it is preferred to establish the reference plane to describe periocular changes. The endocanthion tends to move temporally and inferiorly, while the exocanthion tends to shift nasally and inferiorly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Jiefang Road 21, 710004 Xi’an, Shaanxi China ,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Jiefang Road 21, 710004 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley 37, Wuhou District, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Sitong Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Kopecký A, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. The role of the lateral tarsal strip procedure in modern ophthalmic plastic surgery-A review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:871964. [PMID: 38983505 PMCID: PMC11182132 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.871964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The lateral tarsal strip is one of the basic surgical techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery. It is used in many indications, predominantly in ectropion repair. Even though there are alternatives, it is probably one of the most popular techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery. The lateral tarsal strip is also part of bigger surgical procedures (such as midface lifting, entropion surgery, reconstruction surgery, or a part of some surgical approaches to the orbit). The aim of this review is to assess the most common ways of usage of the lateral tarsal strip, to cover its alternatives, and to discuss the future of this technique. Methods We have search PubMed and Web of Science and went through articles about lateral tarsal strip. We have also searched for other techniques that used the lateral tarsal strip and included these articles in our review. We have analyzed the major articles and made a review about the topic. Results As a natural part of many advanced surgical techniques and as a major surgical technique for lower eyelid ectropion repair, the lateral tarsal strip remains an important part of modern ophthalmic plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kopecký
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen - Bonn - Cologne - Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
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Fan W, Guo Y, Hou X, Liu J, Li S, Ju S, Matos PAW, Simon M, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. Validation of the Portable Next-Generation VECTRA H2 3D Imaging System for Periocular Anthropometry. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:833487. [PMID: 35360740 PMCID: PMC8962622 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.833487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Portable three-dimensional imaging systems are becoming increasingly common for facial measurement analysis. However, the reliability of portable devices may be affected by the necessity to take three pictures at three time points. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of portable devices for assessing the periocular region. Methods In 60 Caucasian volunteers (120 eyes), four facial scans (twice for each instrument) using the portable VECTRA H2 and static VECTRA M3 devices were performed; patients' heads were kept straight, looking ahead, with a neutral facial expression. One assessor set 52 periocular landmarks in the periocular area of each image and subsequently assessed intra- and inter-device reliability by comparing two within-device measurements and one between-device measurement, respectively. Results The mean absolute difference (MAD) (0.13 and 0.12 units), relative error of measurement (REM) (0.61 and 0.68%), technical error of measurement (TEM)(1.02 and 0.80 units), relative TEM (rTEM) (5.51 and 4.43%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.89, 0.89) showed good intra-device reliability for M3 and H2; MAD (0.63, 0.62 units), REM (2.83, 2.69%), TEM (1.31, 1.10 units), rTEM (7.62, 5.57%), and ICC (0.79, 0.83) indicated that inter-device reliability deteriorated compared to intra-device reliability and that the inter-device reliability of the first scan (moderate) was lower than that of the average of the two scans (good). Conclusions The portable VECTRA H2 device proved reliable in assessing most periocular linear distances, curve distances, and angles; some improvement in inter-device reliability can be achieved by using the average of two scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sitong Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philomena Alice Wawer Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Simon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander C. Rokohl
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
- Ludwig M. Heindl
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Digital Photogrammetry for Assessing Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity: Novel Standardized Three-dimensional Vs. Traditional Two-dimensional Lateral Distraction Test. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 80:1033-1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Li Z, Liang Y, Schenck TL, Frank K, Giunta RE, Koban KC. Investigating the Reliability of Novel Nasal Anthropometry Using Advanced Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010060. [PMID: 35055375 PMCID: PMC8777712 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional surface imaging systems (3DSI) provide an effective and applicable approach for the quantification of facial morphology. Several researchers have implemented 3D techniques for nasal anthropometry; however, they only included limited classic nasal facial landmarks and parameters. In our clinical routines, we have identified a considerable number of novel facial landmarks and nasal anthropometric parameters, which could be of great benefit to personalized rhinoplasty. Our aim is to verify their reliability, thus laying the foundation for the comprehensive application of 3DSI in personalized rhinoplasty. We determined 46 facial landmarks and 57 anthropometric parameters. A total of 110 volunteers were recruited, and the intra-assessor, inter-assessor, and intra-method reliability of nasal anthropometry were assessed through 3DSI. Our results displayed the high intra-assessor reliability of MAD (0.012-0.29, 0.003-0.758 mm), REM (0.008-1.958%), TEM (0-0.06), rTEM (0.001-0.155%), and ICC (0.77-0.995); inter-assessor reliability of 0.216-1.476, 0.003-2.013 mm; 0.01-7.552%, 0-0.161, and 0.001-1.481%, 0.732-0.985, respectively; and intra-method reliability of 0.006-0.598°, 0-0.379 mm; 0 0.984%, 0-0.047, and 0-0.078%, 0.996-0.998, respectively. This study provides conclusive evidence for the high reliability of novel facial landmarks and anthropometric parameters for comprehensive nasal measurements using the 3DSI system. Considering this, the proposed landmarks and parameters could be widely used for digital planning and evaluation in personalized rhinoplasty, otorhinolaryngology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxiao Li
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200086, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-89-4400-52697
| | - Yimin Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200086, China;
| | - Thilo Ludwig Schenck
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
| | - Konstantin Frank
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
| | - Riccardo Enzo Giunta
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
| | - Konstantin Christoph Koban
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany; (T.L.S.); (K.F.); (R.E.G.); (K.C.K.)
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13
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Standardized Three-Dimensional Lateral Distraction Test: Its Reliability to Assess Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:2798-2807. [PMID: 34232357 PMCID: PMC8677635 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Assessment of MCT laxity is critical to the surgery options. Our study aimed to analyze the reliability of measuring medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity by using a novel standardized three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT). Methods Forty-eight Caucasian volunteers (25 males and 23 females, 96 eyes) between 22 and 84 years of age (55.6 ± 18.6 years old) were included in our study. From a neutral position, the lower eyelid was gently pulled laterally along a horizontal line to define the most distracted position of the lower punctum. Both in the neutral and distracted position, standardized 3D images were acquired for each subject by two observers, and each image were measured twice by two raters. Four landmarks and six corresponding linear measurements were evaluated for intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-method reliability. Results Intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-method reliability analyses of 3D-LDT revealed an intraclass correlation of more than 95%, a mean absolute difference of less than 1 mm, and a technical error of measurement of less than 1 mm. Measurements of relative error (2.59–12.04%) and relative technical error (1.83–16.05%) for the inter-landmarks distance from pupil center to the lower punctum were higher than those from limbus nasal center to the lower punctum (6.13–30.39 and 4.34–26.85%, respectively). Conclusions This study provided high reliability of the three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT) for assessing medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity, which were never evaluated by digital imaging system. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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14
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Şimşek İB. Answer to Letter to the Editor "2D photos are great, but what about 3D imaging?". Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1801-1802. [PMID: 34716812 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İlke Bahçeci Şimşek
- Oculoplastic Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Yeditepe University Medical School, Şakir Kesebir cad. Gazi Umur Paşa sok. No: 28 Balmumcu, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Li S, Rokohl AC, Guo Y, Heindl LM. 2D photos are great, but what about 3D imaging? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1799-1800. [PMID: 34716811 PMCID: PMC9007754 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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16
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Liu J, Rokohl AC, Guo Y, Li S, Hou X, Fan W, Formuzal M, Lin M, Heindl LM. Reliability of Stereophotogrammetry for Area Measurement in the Periocular Region. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:1601-1610. [PMID: 33452540 PMCID: PMC8316180 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-02091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotography area measurements are essential for describing morphology in the periocular region. However, its reliability has not yet been sufficiently validated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetric area measurements in the periocular region. Forty healthy volunteers had five flat paper objects placed at each of the seven periocular positions including the endocanthion and the upper medial, upper middle, upper lateral, lower medial, lower middle, and the lower lateral eyelid. Two series of photographic images were captured twice by the same investigator. Each image of the first series was measured twice by the same rater, while images of both series were measured once by a second rater. Differences between these measurements were calculated, and the intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability was evaluated for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), mean absolute differences (MADs), technical errors of measurements (TEMs), relative errors of measurements (REMs), and relative TEM (rTEM). Our results showed that 21.2% of all ICCs were considered as excellent, 45.5% were good, 27.3% were moderate, and 6.1% were poor. The interrater ICC for the endocanthion location was 0.4% on a low level. MAD values for all objects were less than 0.3 mm2, all TEM were less than 1 mm2, the REM and rTEM were less than 2% for all objects, showing high reliability. 3D stereophotogrammetry is a highly reliable system for periocular area measurements and may be used in the clinical routine for planning oculoplastic surgeries and for evaluating changes in periocular morphology. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maxim Formuzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Hou X, Rokohl AC, Meinke MM, Li S, Liu J, Fan W, Lin M, Jia R, Guo Y, Heindl LM. A novel standardized distraction test to evaluate lower eyelid tension using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:3735-3748. [PMID: 34341746 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Standardized pre-operative assessment of the lower eyelid tension is essential to determine the optimal surgical technique. However, quantitative analysis using the conventional distraction test is inaccurate and user-dependent. Our purpose was to introduce a novel, standardized three-dimensional distraction test for measuring lower eyelid tension and to determine its standard values in a Caucasian population. Methods In 94 participants (50 men and 44 women; age 21-85 years), a 15.9-g weighted eyelid hook was used to pull down the lower eyelid. Two three-dimensional images were acquired with a VECTRA M3 stereophotogrammetry device-one in the neutral position without a hook and the other in the distracted position with the eyelid hook. The images of all participants in both positions were measured twice by a single observer. Results There was no clinical (>1 mm) or statistically significant difference between the two repeated measurements of all the inter-landmark linear distances in both positions (P≥0.05, respectively). The mean distracted displacement between the neutral and distracted position for margin reflex distance was 5.50±1.53 mm, without any age-specific difference (P=0.08); however, a significant gender-specific difference was observed as men had significantly greater displacement than women (P<0.001). Conclusions Our proposed standardized three-dimensional distraction test for assessing lower eyelid tension using an eyelid hook and a simple landmark-based system seems to provide high reliability. This novel and simple method might be helpful for the preoperative planning of eyelid surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marius M Meinke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Senmao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongwei Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Liu J, Guo Y, Arakelyan M, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. Accuracy of Areal Measurement in the Periocular Region Using Stereophotogrammetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 79:1106.e1-1106.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Guo Y, Liu J, Ruan Y, Rokohl AC, Hou X, Li S, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM. A novel approach quantifying the periorbital morphology: A comparison of direct, 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional technologies. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:1888-1899. [PMID: 33358464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of anatomical structures is critical in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, few detailed and standardized measurements have been widely used in the periorbital region. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel detailed and standardized protocol with 2D and 3D technologies, and explore the relationship between them and direct measurements. METHODS Fifty healthy Caucasians (100 eyes) between 20 and 68 years old were recruited and captured for 3D photographs by VECTRA M3 3D Imaging System. Subsequently, 24 landmarks were located on each 3D photographs following a standardized protocol, and then 19 linear and 3 angular periorbital variables were measured. Furthermore, two-dimensional (2D) and direct measurements were conducted on each subject and compared with 3D measurements and one another. RESULTS The grand r means across all measurements were 0.77, 0.78, and 0.88 for direct vs. 2D values, direct vs. 3D values, and 3D vs. 2D values, respectively. The mean absolute differences were 1 mm (ranging from 0.2 mm to 3.7 mm) between direct and 3D measurements, 1 mm (ranging from 0.04 mm to 2.4 mm) between direct and 2D measurements, and 1 mm and 6.6° (ranging from 0.04 mm or 0.5° to 3 mm or 12.8°) between 2D and 3D measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study verified the feasibility of this detailed and standardized landmark localization protocol for assessing the periorbital morphology with 2D and 3D technologies. This protocol may work as a bridge communicating with all studies involving any of the three technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Eye Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Y Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - X Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - K R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - L M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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