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Rupp DC, Canty D, Rhéaume C, Sondergaard B, Niño C, Broide RS, Brideau-Andersen AD. A Preclinical Study Comparing the Activity and Potency of OnabotulinumtoxinA and PrabotulinumtoxinA. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:581-591. [PMID: 36923693 PMCID: PMC10008670 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s397999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to compare the unit-to-unit biological activity of the vacuum-dried formulation of prabotulinumtoxinA (prabotA) and onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) in preclinical assays. Methods Reconstituted 100 U vials of prabotA and onabotA were tested in 3 distinct assays: plate-capture light chain activity (PC-LCA), measuringlight chain enzymatic activity after recovery of toxin from reconstituted product using a proprietary toxin capture step; cell-based potency assay (CBPA), measuring the intoxication steps of binding, translocation, and light chain activity (synaptosomal-associated protein 25 [SNAP25] cleavage); and mouse Digit Abduction Score (DAS), evaluating muscle paresis. Each assay tested 3 separate prabotA and onabotA lots on several independent test dates. Results Multiple orthogonal assays established that when assessed on a unit-to-unit basis, the biological activity of prabotA is lower than that of onabotA. In the PC-LCA and CBPA assays, onabotA displayed 1.51 ± 0.14-fold higher (mean ± SD) and 1.33 ± 0.07-fold higher (mean of pooled lots ± SEM) activity than prabotA, respectively. Similarly, the mouse DAS data showed that onabotA had 1.4 ± 0.1-fold higher (mean ± SEM) potency than prabotA. Results of all 3 assays demonstrated differences in potency, efficacy, and duration of action between onabotA and prabotA on a unit-to-unit basis. Conclusion Preclinical assays established differences in the biological activity of onabotA and prabotA, supporting that the units of biological activity are not interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rupp
- Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Canty
- Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Celina Niño
- Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ron S Broide
- Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, CA, USA
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2
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Liu WC, Su JH, Feng Y, Xiang XR, Pan LZ, Liu Y, Ma L, Nie ZY, Zhang XP, Jin LJ. Dynamic muscle paralytic effects of a novel botulinum toxin A free of neurotoxin-associated proteins. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00955. [PMID: 35484714 PMCID: PMC9051373 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally, botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) is composed of neurotoxin and nontoxic complexing proteins (CPs), and the neurotoxin has the function of blocking acetylcholine release from the neuromuscular junction and therefore paralyzing muscles. Nowadays, a novel botulinum toxin A free of CPs (chinbotulinumtoxin A, A/Chin) is produced, and the present study comprehensively evaluated the dynamic paralytic effect of A/Chin on the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Different doses (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 U) of A/Chin and other BTX‐As with and without CPs were administered to the gastrocnemius muscles of rats and muscle strength was measured and compared at different postinjection timepoints (from day 0 to 84). With the dose increased, time‐to‐peak paralytic effect of other BTX‐As varied from day 3 to day 14, while A/Chin groups showed rapid and steady time to peak on day 3. At the lowest dose of 0.01 U, A/Chin showed significantly better peak paralytic effect than the others on day 3. When the dose increased to 0.5 U and more, A/Chin group also showed significant paralytic effect when the paralytic effect of other BTX‐As was worn off. Moreover, the paralytic effect of A/Chin was confirmed as muscle atrophy while hematoxylin–eosin staining was performed. In conclusion, compared with other BTX‐As, A/Chin showed rapid and steady time‐to‐peak paralytic effect and long‐term paralytic efficacy at the same dose level. And it might lay a solid foundation for further wide application of A/Chin in both clinical and cosmetic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Chao Liu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Neurotoxin Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Rui Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Neurotoxin Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Zhen Pan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhang
- Department of Toxin Preparation, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Center for Gansu Provincial Vaccine Engineering Research, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ling-Jing Jin
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Neurotoxin Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
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Byun J, Kwak S, Kwon JH, Shin M, Lee DK, Rhee CH, Kang WH, Oh JW, Cruz DJM. Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Three Different Botulinum Toxin Type A Preparations following Repeated Intramuscular Administration in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060365. [PMID: 35737026 PMCID: PMC9227525 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) causes muscle paralysis by blocking cholinergic signaling at neuromuscular junctions and is widely used to temporarily correct spasticity-related disorders and deformities. The paralytic effects of BoNT/A are time-limited and require repeated injections at regular intervals to achieve long-term therapeutic benefits. Differences in the level and duration of effectivity among various BoNT/A products can be attributed to their unique manufacturing processes, formulation, and noninterchangeable potency units. Herein, we compared the pharmacodynamics of three BoNT/A formulations, i.e., Botox® (onabotulinumtoxinA), Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA), and Coretox®, following repeated intramuscular (IM) injections in mice. Three IM injections of BoNT/A formulations (12 U/kg per dose), 12-weeks apart, were administered at the right gastrocnemius. Local paresis and chemodenervation efficacy were evaluated over 36 weeks using the digit abduction score (DAS) and compound muscle action potential (CMAP), respectively. One week after administration, all three BoNT/A formulations induced peak DAS and maximal reduction of CMAP amplitudes. Among the three BoNT/A formulations, only Coretox® afforded a significant increase in paretic effects and chemodenervation with a prolonged duration of action after repeated injections. These findings suggest that Coretox® may offer a better overall therapeutic performance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoon Byun
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seongsung Kwak
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
| | - Jin-Hee Kwon
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
| | - Minhee Shin
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
| | - Chang-Hoon Rhee
- Medytox Osong R&D Center, 102 Osongsaengmyeong 4-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28161, Korea;
| | - Won-ho Kang
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-W.O.); (D.J.M.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6271 (J.-W.O.); +82-31-8065-8254 (D.J.M.C.)
| | - Deu John M. Cruz
- Medytox Gwanggyo R&D Center, 114 Central town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Korea; (J.B.); (S.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.S.); (D.-K.L.); (W.-h.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.O.); (D.J.M.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6271 (J.-W.O.); +82-31-8065-8254 (D.J.M.C.)
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Hada S, Lee JC, Lee EC, Ji S, Nam JS, Yun BJ, Na DH, Kim NA, Jeong SH. Dissociation mechanics and stability of type A botulinum neurotoxin complex by means of biophysical evaluation. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kang WH, Ryu HJ, Kwak S, Yun HY. Model-Based Anticancer Effect of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A1 on Syngeneic Melanoma Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:793349. [PMID: 35058777 PMCID: PMC8763961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent, Botulinum Neurotoxin A1 (BoNT/A1) has been suggested as a potential anticancer agent due to neuronal innervation in tumor cells. Although potential BoNT/A1's mechanism of action for the tumor suppression has been gradually revealed so far, there were no reports to figure out the exposure-response relationships because of the difficulty of its quantitation in the biological matrix. The main objectives of this study were to measure the anticancer effect of BoNT/A1 using a syngeneic mouse model transplanted with melanoma cells (B16-F10) and developed a kinetic-pharmacodynamic (K-PD) model for quantitative exposure-response evaluation. To overcome the lack of exposure information, the K-PD model was implemented by the virtual pharmacokinetic compartment link to the pharmacodynamic compartment of Simeoni's tumor growth inhibition model and evaluated using curve-fitting for the tumor growth-time profile after intratumoral injection of BoNT/A1. The final K-PD model was adequately explained for a pattern of tumor growth depending on represented exposure parameters and simulation studies were conducted to determine the optimal dose under various scenarios considering dose strength and frequency. The optimal dose range and regimen of ≥13.8 units kg-1 once a week or once every 3 days was predicted using the final model in B16-F10 syngeneic model and it was demonstrated with an extra in-vivo experiment. In conclusion, the K-PD model of BoNT/A1 was well developed to optimize the dosing regimen for evaluation of anticancer effect and this approach could be expandable to figure out quantitative interpretation of BoNT/A1's efficacy in various xenograft and/or syngeneic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Gwangyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Deajon, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Gwangyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Deajon, South Korea
| | - Seongsung Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Gwangyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hwi-Yeol Yun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Deajon, South Korea
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6
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Immunogenicity of botulinum toxin. Arch Plast Surg 2022; 49:12-18. [PMID: 35086302 PMCID: PMC8795657 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2021.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin treatment is the most common non-surgical cosmetic treatment. Although there are many available treatments using botulinum toxin, their effects are temporary and repeated injections are required. These frequent injections can trigger an immunological response. In addition, botulinum toxin acts as an antigen in the body; thus, its effect disappears progressively due to this immunological reaction, which may cause treatment failure. Active botulinum toxin consists of a core neurotoxin and complexing proteins, the exact effects of which remain unclear. However, the complexing proteins are closely related to the immune response and the formation of neutralizing antibodies. Since neutralizing antibodies can lead to treatment failure, their formation should be prevented. Furthermore, various methods of detecting neutralizing antibodies have been used to predict treatment failure.
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7
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Kim J, Kwak S, Park MS, Rhee CH, Yang GH, Lee J, Son WC, Kang WH. Safety verification for polysorbate 20, pharmaceutical excipient for intramuscular administration, in Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256869. [PMID: 34449810 PMCID: PMC8396741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) has been widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient in Botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) products that are indicated for use in therapeutics and cosmetics. However, HSA as a human-derived material has some concerns, such as the potential risk of transmission of infectious agents, an insufficient supply, and difficulty in maintaining a certain quality. For those reasons, newly developed BoNT/A products (CORETOX®, Medytox, Inc., Republic of Korea) contained polysorbate 20, a non-human-derived excipient, to replace the HSA. However, most safety studies of polysorbate 20 have been conducted with non-invasive routes of administration, and thus there are a few studies on the safety of polysorbate 20 when administered intramuscularly. To secure the in vivo safety profile of polysorbate 20, a four-week repeated intramuscular dose toxicity study (0.02, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/kg, one injection every two weeks for a total of three injections) was conducted in 66 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. An intradermal irritation study was further conducted with 18 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. The toxicological evaluation of HSA (0.06 and 0.12 mg/kg) was also carried out as a comparative substance. Systemic and local toxicities were not observed in any of the SD rats or NZW rabbits based on clinical signs, body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry, macroscopic findings on necropsy, histopathology of the injection site, and allergic reactions. The current study suggested that intramuscular administration of polysorbate 20 was considered to be safe at a level similar to that of HSA, which has an in vivo safety profile accumulated over the years. This provided the basis for the in vivo safety profile of polysorbate 20 administered intramuscularly and the scientific reliability of the use of polysorbate 20 as an alternative to HSA, which is used as an excipient for various pharmaceuticals in terms of its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Kim
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seongsung Kwak
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Park
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Rhee
- Osong R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Gi-Hyeok Yang
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jangmi Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (WhK); (WCS)
| | - Won-ho Kang
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (WhK); (WCS)
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Rupp D, Nicholson G, Canty D, Wang J, Rhéaume C, Le L, Steward LE, Washburn M, Jacky BP, Broide RS, Philipp-Dormston WG, Brin MF, Brideau-Andersen A. OnabotulinumtoxinA Displays Greater Biological Activity Compared to IncobotulinumtoxinA, Demonstrating Non-Interchangeability in Both In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060393. [PMID: 32545832 PMCID: PMC7354455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in botulinum neurotoxin manufacturing, formulation, and potency evaluation can impact dose and biological activity, which ultimately affect duration of action. The potency of different labeled vials of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®; 50 U, 100 U, or 200 U vials; incobotA) versus onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®; 100 U vial; onabotA) were compared on a unit-to-unit basis to assess biological activity using in vitro (light-chain activity high-performance liquid chromatography (LCA-HPLC) and cell-based potency assay (CBPA)) and in vivo (rat compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and mouse digit abduction score (DAS)) assays. Using LCA-HPLC, incobotA units displayed approximately 54% of the protease activity of label-stated equivalent onabotA units. Lower potency, reflected by higher EC50, ID50, and ED50 values (pooled mean ± SEM), was displayed by incobotA compared to onabotA in the CBPA (EC50: incobotA 7.6 ± 0.7 U/mL; onabotA 5.9 ± 0.5 U/mL), CMAP (ID50: incobotA 0.078 ± 0.005 U/rat; onabotA 0.053 ± 0.004 U/rat), and DAS (ED50: incobotA 14.2 ± 0.5 U/kg; onabotA 8.7 ± 0.3 U/kg) assays. Lastly, in the DAS assay, onabotA had a longer duration of action compared to incobotA when dosed at label-stated equivalent units. In summary, onabotA consistently displayed greater biological activity than incobotA in two in vitro and two in vivo assays. Differences in the assay results do not support dose interchangeability between the two products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rupp
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Greg Nicholson
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - David Canty
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Catherine Rhéaume
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Linh Le
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Lance E. Steward
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Mark Washburn
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Birgitte P. Jacky
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | - Ron S. Broide
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
| | | | - Mitchell F. Brin
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Amy Brideau-Andersen
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; (G.N.); (D.C.); (J.W.); (C.R.); (L.L.); (L.E.S.); (M.W.); (B.P.J.); (R.S.B.); (M.F.B.); (A.B.-A.)
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