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Meer E, Lopez J, Lu J, Winn BJ, Grob SR. The role of oculoplastic surgeons in minimally invasive cosmetic injectables. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2024; 35:382-390. [PMID: 38934244 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, the field of aesthetic medicine has witnessed a paradigm shift with an increasing demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures, including cosmetic injectables. This review aims to delineate the distinctive role played by oculoplastic surgeons in the administration of cosmetic injectables, comparing their expertise to that of nonphysician practitioners. RECENT FINDINGS Complications arising from cosmetic injections are discussed, including skin discoloration, inflammation, necrosis, vision loss, retinal pathology, and central nervous system adverse effects. Injector expertise, patient factors, type of filler, location of injection, and management strategies are reviewed. Findings highlight diverse practitioner involvement, common adverse effects like skin necrosis and vision loss, with hyaluronic acid fillers being prominent. Areas at the highest risk for ocular complication include the glabella and nose with potential management involving dissolving fillers and reducing pressure. Emphasis is placed on expert injector selection and patient awareness. SUMMARY The administration of cosmetic injectables requires a profound understanding of facial anatomy, vasculature, and potential complications. In contrast to nonphysician practitioners, oculoplastic and aesthetic surgeons bring a level of anatomical precision and clinical acumen that is essential for navigating the complexities of cosmetic injectables. Emphasis on training and collaboration among practitioners will be essential in advancing the field while prioritizing patient safety and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bryan J Winn
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
- Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seanna R Grob
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
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Zhu GS, Liao ZF, Chen CL, Luo CE, Li FW, Zhan WF, Luo SK. Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scanning Study of the Superior Labial Artery in Chinese Individuals for Assessing Filler Injection Safety. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04187-8. [PMID: 39048770 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lip filler injection is one of the most common minimally invasive cosmetic procedures involving the face; however, vascular complications are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the superior labial artery (SLA) and provide precise topographic information for dermal filler injection into the lips. METHODS Computed tomography (CT) scans of 52 cadaveric heads injected with lead oxide were obtained. We then used Mimics software to construct 3D images of the SLA described by a coordinate system based on the bilateral external auditory canal and the left orbit. This study aimed to classify the SLA in the Han Chinese population, measure its diameter at specific points, and determine the thickness of the lip at those points. Ultimately, we utilized a thermal imaging technique to illustrate the course and depth of the SLA within the lip. The objective of this study was to provide safe guidance for clinical injections. RESULTS In this study, the SLA was successfully identified in all cadavers. The mean overall diameter of the superior labial arteries was 1.36 ± 0.28 mm. The superior labial artery showed a general course from deep to shallow with an average depth of 5.68 ± 1.68 mm from the oral commissure to the midline. CONCLUSIONS There are anatomical differences in the superior labial arteries among Chinese people. Furthermore, 3D CT images can digitally elucidate the exact positions of the superior labial artery via a coordinate system, improving the safety of upper lip filler injections in clinical settings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Zhu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 253 Industry Avenue, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Feng Liao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-En Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Wei Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Kang Luo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 253 Industry Avenue, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kliniec K, Domagała Z, Kempisty B, Szepietowski JC. Arterial Vascularization of the Forehead in Aesthetic Dermatology Procedures: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4238. [PMID: 39064278 PMCID: PMC11278280 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The growing popularity of aesthetic procedures on the face raises the question of their safety. The forehead region is crucial aesthetically, but due to its abundant vascularization, it is also one of the most dangerous areas for dermatologic procedures, especially in the glabella area. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the arterial vascularization of the forehead to identify potential high-risk zones for aesthetic dermatology procedures. Methods: A database search (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) was conducted, and the titles and abstracts of all identified studies were screened, followed by full-text evaluation. Results: We identified 714 articles during the database search, and 25 articles were included in the review. The included studies used cadaveric dissection and computed tomography applied to cadavers as well as Doppler ultrasonography on volunteers to evaluate the forehead arteries (supratrochlear (STrA), supraorbital (SOA), central (CA), paracentral artery (PCA), and frontal branch of superficial temporal artery(FBSTA)). A total of 1714 cases involving the forehead arteries were analyzed. The included arteries were observed over a relatively large area, and their locations varied. The CA and PCA in cadaver studies were observed in an area of 0.2 to 10.8 mm and 0.8 to 16.2 mm, respectively, on the entire path from the glabellar point to the frontal prominence point. The distances from the midline in cadaveric studies at various measurement points ranged from 0.6 to 28.0 mm for the superficial branch of the STrA and 13.6 to 40.7 mm for the deep branch of STrA. In case of SOA, the distance from the midline ranged from 23 to 32 mm. Measurements from the midline in Doppler studies ranged from 0 to 23 mm for STrA and from 10 to 50 mm for the SOA. In studies using computed tomography, STrA was observed at a distance of 11 to 21 mm and the SOA at a distance of 21 to 32 mm, both lateral to the midline. Conclusions: Medical professionals should be aware of zones where frontal arteries are more likely to be encountered. The glabella region appears to be one of the most dangerous areas for dermatologic procedures. It is believed that the supratrochlear, supraorbital, and the paracentral arteries may cause ophthalmic complications due to occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, while this risk for the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery seems to be low but cannot be completely excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kliniec
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Zygmunt Domagała
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.D.); (B.K.)
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Liao ZF, She YH, Huang JM, Yang W, Lou X, Pan BH, Liu X, Chen K, Qiu YX, Zeng D, Zhu MJ, Han C, Ya ZM, Zhang SX, Ou JT, Hu WH, Zhu L, Song P, Diao YJ, Du P, Luo SK. Cross-linked Sodium Hyaluronate Gel with PLLA-b-PEG Microsphere for Facial Contouring in Chinese: A Retrospective Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04195-8. [PMID: 38995348 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Asia, the demand for cosmetic facial treatments has surged due to technological advancements, increased social acceptability, and affordability. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fillers, known for their biocompatibility and biodegradability, have emerged as a popular choice for facial contouring, yet studies specifically addressing their use in Asian populations are scarce. METHODS This retrospective study examined 30 Chinese patients who underwent facial contouring with PLLA fillers, focusing on product composition, injection techniques, and safety measures. A comprehensive clinical evaluation was performed, including the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and Global Impression of Change Scale (GICS) for effectiveness and patient satisfaction, respectively. RESULTS No significant difference in GAIS scores was observed between injectors and blinded evaluators over a 12-month period, indicating consistent effectiveness. Patient satisfaction remained high, with GICS scores reflecting positive outcomes. The safety profile was favorable, with no serious adverse events reported. The study highlighted the importance of anatomical knowledge to avoid complications, particularly in areas prone to blindness. CONCLUSIONS PLLA fillers offer a safe, effective option for facial contour correction in the Asian population, achieving high patient satisfaction and maintaining results over time. The study underscores the need for tailored approaches in cosmetic procedures for Asians, considering their unique facial structures and aesthetic goals. Further research with larger, multicenter cohorts is recommended to validate these findings and explore long-term effects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Liao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hong She
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Dr. She Yu Hong Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Clinic, Ningbo City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Mei Huang
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Sichuan Huamei Zixin Medical Aesthetic Hospital, Chengdu City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Beijing Huaxia Medical Aesthetic Clinic, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Lou
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Nanjing Shiguangji Medical Aesthetic Clinic, Nanjing City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Hua Pan
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Chongqing Huamei Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Changsha Mylike Medical Aesthetic Hospital, Changsha City, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Guangzhou Mylike Medical Aesthetic Clinic, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Xian Qiu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Chongqing Xingchen Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing City, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Guangzhou Zesee Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing City, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Ningbo Jia He Plastic Surgery Hospital, Ningbo City, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Han
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Beijing Nai Mi Medical Beauty Clinic, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Meng Ya
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, VCharm Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chongqing PR China, Chongqing City, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xian Zhang
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Tianjin Evercare Medical Beauty Hospital, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Tao Ou
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hangzhou Victoria Medical Beauty Hospital, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Hu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Changsha Aist Medical Beauty Co. LTD, Changsha City, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Hangzhou Liantianmei Medical Beauty Hospital, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Yunnan Humei Mylike Medical Aesthetic Clinic, Kunming City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jia Diao
- Imeik Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Du
- Imeik Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Kang Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Inaba T, Tsutsumi S, Sugiyama N, Ueno H, Omino T, Ishii H. Delineation of the central retinal artery using computed tomography: a pilot study. Surg Radiol Anat 2023; 45:1551-1555. [PMID: 37848755 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-023-03250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prospective study aimed to examine the central retinal artery (CRA) using computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy adult outpatients comprising 32 men and 38 women, at a mean age of 60.6 ± 13.3 years, were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT. The scan timing was set to start 5.0 s after the circle of Willis began to be delineated. RESULTS The ophthalmic arteries (OphAs) were comfortably delineated in all. In 97% of the patients, the CRA was delineated from the original site on the OphA to a more distal segment coursing on the optic sheath. Unilateral and bilateral CRA delineations were observed in 44% and 53% of cases, respectively. The delineated CRAs demonstrated highly variable morphologies in terms of the course and length on the optic sheath. In addition, the distance between the original site of the CRA and the posterior limit of the bulb was measured. The mean distance was 18.6 ± 5.0 mm on the right and 17.8 ± 4.3 mm on the left, respectively. No significant right-to-left differences in the measurements (p > 0.05) were observed. CONCLUSIONS If optimal scan timing is adopted, the CRA segments coursing on the optic sheath can be delineated using contrast-enhanced CT. CT may be a useful diagnostic modality for the CRAs and associated pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Inaba
- Division of Radiological Technology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Sugiyama
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ueno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Omino
- Division of Radiological Technology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisato Ishii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
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Liao ZF, Cong LY, Li FW, Zhou YH, Luo CE, Zhan WF, Luo SK. Positions of the Glabellar Arteries: Implications for Glabellar Injection. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:2037-2044. [PMID: 36538055 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-03218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glabellar filler injection is linked to an increased risk of blindness. A thorough understanding of vascular changes in the glabellar area is critical for safety. The study's goal was to precisely determine the three-dimensional placements of the arteries in the glabellar area. METHODS In 117 cadavers, the vascular structures in the glabellar area were examined. There were four segments (S1/S1'-S4/S4') and five points (P1-P5) specified. The number of identified arteries found in each section and at each position was tallied. Additionally, the depth of the underlying identified artery under each site was measured. RESULTS One to three named arteries per glabellar segment were found. Each segment had at least one named artery, and the number of named arteries detected between S1/S1' and S4/S4' decreased. The chance of encountering identified arteries at the 5 designated locations, P1-P5, was 7/117 (6.0%), 6/117 (5.1%), 7/117 (6.0%), 6/117 (5.1%), and 16/117 (13.7%), respectively. At P1-P5, the major artery trunk was 1.8 ± 0.3 mm, 1.6 ± 0.3 mm, 1.4 ± 0.2 mm, 1.3 ± 0.3 mm, and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm below the skin. CONCLUSIONS The site of the glabellar arteries was clearly shown in this investigation; these arteries were met at a rate of 14% from P1 to P5. We demonstrated that a single entry site through the glabella via cannula could readily keep the needle deep enough for safe glabellar filler injection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Liao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yao Cong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Wei Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hao Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-En Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Kang Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xin Gang Road, Guangzhou City, 510317, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Li ZH, Alfertshofer M, Hong WJ, Li XR, Zhang YL, Moellhoff N, Frank K, Luo SK, Cotofana S. Upper Facial Anastomoses Between the External and Internal Carotid Vascular Territories - A 3D Computed Tomographic Investigation. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:1145-1151. [PMID: 35305018 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial regions with a high risk for causing injection-related visual comprise are dual-supply vascular areas such as the nose, glabella, and forehead. These regions have in common that they receive arterial blood supply both by branches of the internal (ICA) and the external carotid artery (ECA). OBJECTIVE The authors sought to investigate the anastomotic pathways between ICA and ECA branches in the upper face. METHODS Postmortem computed tomographic angiographic scans of n = 38 Chinese non-embalmed hemifaces (25 males, 13 females; mean age, 37.79 [11.8] years; mean BMI, 21.90 [2.3] kg/m2) were conducted. Data analysis relied on the calculation of depth, distances, and pathways of forehead and temporal arteries to investigate the number of anastomotic connections, the connecting branches, and the layer of connection between ICA and ECA territories. RESULTS Between ICA and ECA territories, only 1 connection in 57.9%, 2 connections in 31.6%, 3 connections in 5.3%, and 4 and 5 connections in 2.6% each were identified. A superficial connection was observed in 15.8% whereas in 84.2% the anastomotic connection was identified to be both superficial and deep. CONCLUSIONS Adverse events following facial minimally invasive soft-tissue filler injections for aesthetic purposes are not frequent but devastating if they occur. Anatomic knowledge as presented in this study can help to increase awareness of 3-dimensional vascular anastomotic pathways and identify safer injection zones and safer fascial planes. Evidence-based injection techniques should be followed, and safety aspects should be placed over the aesthetic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hao Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael Alfertshofer
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei-Jin Hong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Rui Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - You-Liang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nicholas Moellhoff
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sheng-Kang Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sebastian Cotofana
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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