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Xu Y, Li Y, Richard SA, Sun Y, Zhu C. Genetic pathways in cerebral palsy: a review of the implications for precision diagnosis and understanding disease mechanisms. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1499-1508. [PMID: 38051892 PMCID: PMC10883492 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cerebral palsy is a diagnostic term utilized to describe a group of permanent disorders affecting movement and posture. Patients with cerebral palsy are often only capable of limited activity, resulting from non-progressive disturbances in the fetal or neonatal brain. These disturbances severely impact the child's daily life and impose a substantial economic burden on the family. Although cerebral palsy encompasses various brain injuries leading to similar clinical outcomes, the understanding of its etiological pathways remains incomplete owing to its complexity and heterogeneity. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the genetic factors influencing cerebral palsy development. It is now widely acknowledged that genetic mutations and alterations play a pivotal role in cerebral palsy development, which can be further influenced by environmental factors. Despite continuous research endeavors, the underlying factors contributing to cerebral palsy remain are still elusive. However, significant progress has been made in genetic research that has markedly enhanced our comprehension of the genetic factors underlying cerebral palsy development. Moreover, these genetic factors have been categorized based on the identified gene mutations in patients through clinical genotyping, including thrombosis, angiogenesis, mitochondrial and oxidative phosphorylation function, neuronal migration, and cellular autophagy. Furthermore, exploring targeted genotypes holds potential for precision treatment. In conclusion, advancements in genetic research have substantially improved our understanding of the genetic causes underlying cerebral palsy. These breakthroughs have the potential to pave the way for new treatments and therapies, consequently shaping the future of cerebral palsy research and its clinical management. The investigation of cerebral palsy genetics holds the potential to significantly advance treatments and management strategies. By elucidating the underlying cellular mechanisms, we can develop targeted interventions to optimize outcomes. A continued collaboration between researchers and clinicians is imperative to comprehensively unravel the intricate genetic etiology of cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Seidu A Richard
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Vesoulis ZA, Diggs S, Brackett C, Sullivan B. Racial and geographic disparities in neonatal brain care. Semin Perinatol 2024:151925. [PMID: 38897830 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2024.151925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we explore race-based disparities in neonatology and their impact on brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes. We discuss the historical context of healthcare discrimination, focusing on the post-Civil War era and the segregation of healthcare facilities. We highlight the increasing disparity in infant mortality rates between Black and White infants, with premature birth being a major contributing factor, and emphasize the role of prenatal factors such as metabolic syndrome and toxic stress in affecting neonatal health. Furthermore, we examine the geographic and historical aspects of racial disparities, including the consequences of redlining and limited access to healthcare facilities or nutritious food options in Black communities. Finally, we delve into the higher incidence of brain injuries in Black neonates, as well as disparities in adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. This evidence underscores the need for comprehensive efforts to address systemic racism and provide equitable access to healthcare resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Vesoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Stephanie Diggs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cherise Brackett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Brynne Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia, USA
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3
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Noritz G, Davidson L, Steingass K. Providing a Primary Care Medical Home for Children and Youth With Cerebral Palsy. Pediatrics 2022; 150:e2022060055. [PMID: 36404756 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disorder of childhood, with prevalence estimates ranging from 1.5 to 4 in 1000 live births. This clinical report seeks to provide primary care physicians with guidance to detect children with CP; collaborate with specialists in treating the patient; manage associated medical, developmental, and behavioral problems; and provide general medical care to their patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garey Noritz
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Lynn Davidson
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Katherine Steingass
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
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Daunter AK, Pruente J, Bowman A, Whitney DG. Identifying racial disparities in care for children with spastic cerebral palsy: A single center study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2022; 16:219-222. [PMID: 36314227 DOI: 10.3233/prm-210094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing evidence identifies racial and ethnic disparities impacting the prevalence and severity of cerebral palsy (CP). There is a paucity of literature examining the impact on associated treatment. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, an institutional database search identified outpatient encounters for pediatric patients with spastic CP. Additional filters were used to determine treatments received. For each treatment, the proportion of African American (AA) patients receiving treatment was compared to the proportion of Caucasian (C) patients receiving the same treatment. RESULTS 3,686 children with spastic CP were seen in outpatient clinics associated with an academic tertiary hospital over a 21-year period. There was no significant difference between the proportion of any treatment compared to the entire sample for AA or C patients. CONCLUSION In this sample, there was no significant evidence of a racial disparity for AA patients receiving treatments for spasticity. This data is limited by several factors. Further research is needed to determine whether pediatric patients with disabilities are receiving equitable care. Clinicians should consider systematically monitoring their practices to identify areas of bias or inequity in accessing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia K Daunter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Pruente
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angeline Bowman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel G Whitney
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Brown L, Cho KM, Tarawneh OH, Quan T, Malyavko A, Tabaie SA. Race Is Associated With Risk of Salvage Procedures and Postoperative Complications After Hip Procedures in Children With Cerebral Palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:e925-e931. [PMID: 35930795 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the many surgical interventions available for spastic hip dysplasia in children with cerebral palsy, a radical salvage hip procedure may still ultimately be required. The purpose of this study was to assess whether race is an independent risk factor for patients with cerebral palsy to undergo a salvage hip procedure or experience postoperative complications for hip dysplasia treatment. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort analysis utilizing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Pediatric database from 2012 to 2019. International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revisions, Clinical Modifications (ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM), and current procedural terminology (CPT) codes were used to identify patients with cerebral palsy undergoing hip procedures for hip dysplasia and to stratify patients into salvage or reconstructive surgeries. RESULTS There was a total of 3906 patients with cerebral palsy between the ages of 2 and 18 years undergoing a procedure for hip dysplasia, including 1995 (51.1%) White patients, 768 (19.7%) Black patients, and 1143 (29.3%) patients from other races. Both Black ( P =0.044) and White ( P =0.046) races were significantly associated with undergoing a salvage versus a reconstructive hip procedure, with Black patients having an increased risk compared to White patients [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.77, confidence interval (CI) 1.02-3.07]. Only Black patients were found to have an increased risk of any postoperative complication compared to White patients, with an adjusted OR of 1.26 (CI 1.02-1.56; P =0.033). Both White ( P =0.017) and black ( P =0.004) races were found to be significantly associated with medical complications, with Black patients having an increased risk (adjusted OR 1.43, CI 1.12-1.84) compared to White patients. There were no significant findings between the race and risk of surgical site complications, unplanned readmissions, or reoperations. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that patient race is an independent association for the risk of pediatric patients with cerebral palsy to both undergo a salvage hip procedure and to experience postoperative medical complications, with Black patients having an increased risk compared to White. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III Retrospective Cohort Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Brown
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Kevin M Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Omar H Tarawneh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Theodore Quan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Alisa Malyavko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Sean A Tabaie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's National Hospital Washington, D.C
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Delobel-Ayoub M, Ehlinger V, Klapouszczak D, Duffaut C, Arnaud C, Sentenac M. Prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy according to socioeconomic status of areas of residence in a French department. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268108. [PMID: 35588131 PMCID: PMC9119545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim
To study the association between the socioeconomic environment of area of residence and prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy (CP).
Method
Data on 8-year-old children with CP born in 2000–2011 (n = 252) were extracted from a regional population-based register in France. The European Deprivation Index (EDI), available at census block level, characterised socioeconomic deprivation in the child’s area of residence at age of registration. The prevalence of CP was estimated in each group of census units defined by EDI distribution tertiles in the general population. The association between deprivation level and CP severity was assessed according to term/preterm status.
Results
CP prevalence differed between deprivation risk groups showing a J-shaped form with the prevalence in the most deprived tertile (T3) being the highest but not significantly different of the prevalence in the least deprived one (T1). However, the prevalence in the medium deprivation tertile (T2) was significantly lower than that in the most deprived one with a prevalence risk ratio (PRR) of: PRRT2/T3 = 0.63 95% CI [0.44–0.89]). Prevalences of CP with associated intellectual disability (ID) and CP with inability to walk were significantly higher in the most deprived tertile compared to the least deprived one (respectively PRRT3/T1 = 1.86 95% CI [1.19–2.92] and PRRT3/T1 = 1.90 95% CI [1.07–3.37]). Compared to children living in the least deprived areas, children with CP born preterm living in the most deprived areas had more severe forms of motor impairment, such as an inability to walk or a combination of an inability to walk and moderate to severe impairment of bimanual function. They also had more associated intellectual disability. No associations were observed among term-born children.
Interpretation
A significant association between area deprivation group and CP severity was observed among preterm children but not among term-born children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Delobel-Ayoub
- CERPOP, UMR1295 Toulouse University, Inserm, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Registre des Handicaps de l’Enfant en Haute-Garonne, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Virginie Ehlinger
- CERPOP, UMR1295 Toulouse University, Inserm, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Registre des Handicaps de l’Enfant en Haute-Garonne, Toulouse, France
| | - Dana Klapouszczak
- CERPOP, UMR1295 Toulouse University, Inserm, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Registre des Handicaps de l’Enfant en Haute-Garonne, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Duffaut
- CERPOP, UMR1295 Toulouse University, Inserm, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Arnaud
- CERPOP, UMR1295 Toulouse University, Inserm, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Registre des Handicaps de l’Enfant en Haute-Garonne, Toulouse, France
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariane Sentenac
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, EPOPé, Paris, France
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Buckon CE, Koscielniak NJ, Tucker CA, Aiona MD. Mode of Anesthesia and Bladder Management Following Orthopaedic Surgery in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A System Level Analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:e544-e549. [PMID: 35220337 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a surgical complication more prevalent in children with neurodisability and associated with an increase length of hospitalization. Risk factors include pre-existing bladder dysfunction, type and duration of surgery, anesthesia medications, postoperative opioid pain management, and patient demographics. The purpose of this investigation was (1) to determine the frequency of POUR following hip/lower limb orthopaedic procedures in which epidural analgesia was used for pain management; (2) to explore factors influencing postoperative bladder management. METHODS A retrospective analysis of clinical data was performed in an orthopaedic specialty care health care system. A health outcomes network was queried for patients with a diagnoses of cerebral palsy (ICD-9/10 codes) who had one of 57 unique CPT procedure codes corresponding to hip osteotomies or tenotomies from 2011 to 2019. All surgical observations included in analysis required a discrete data element and the confirmation of a secondary proxy. The database was also queried for postoperative medications received and patient demographics of interest. RESULTS A total of 704 surgical procedures met inclusion criteria resulting in a patient population with a mean age of 11 years, 58% male, 53% Caucasian, and 55% classified as quadriplegia [51% Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV/V]. Three hundred and thirty-five procedures (48%) involved epidural anesthesia. Sixty-five patients required intermittent catheterization (9.2%) postoperatively following foley catheter removal, of which 23 (3.3%) required recatheterization. The rate of recatheterization was similar regardless of anesthesia mode; 1.8% for general and 1.4% for epidural and was associated with a greater number of pain medications. Epidural anesthesia resulted in significantly longer periods of catheterization. For the total group the time to urinary catheter removal differed significantly among cerebral palsy subtypes, GMFCS Level, race, and ethnicity. Factors identified as significant predictors of the length of catheterization were epidural analgesia, number of pain medications, and osteotomy. CONCLUSIONS The number of postoperative pain medications utilized was more predictive of POUR than the mode of analgesia delivery; however, epidural analgesia and the type of surgical procedure did significantly impact the length of catheterization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolas J Koscielniak
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Winston-Salem, NC
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8
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Smith AE, Aravamuthan B. Optimizing Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Children With Cerebral Palsy. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-053121. [PMID: 34649981 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-053121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa E Smith
- St Louis Children's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bhooma Aravamuthan
- St Louis Children's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
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9
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Gray SH, Byrne R, Christensen S, Williams D, Wylie M, Fowler E, Gaebler-Spira D, Marciniak C, Glader L. Women with cerebral palsy: A qualitative study about their experiences with sexual and reproductive health education and services. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2021; 14:285-293. [PMID: 34092661 PMCID: PMC8673520 DOI: 10.3233/prm-210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the recalled experiences of women with CP regarding sexual health education and services they received. METHODS Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted at four academic tertiary hospitals with 33 adult women with CP. Templates were used to ask about four key content domains: appointment planning (including planning for a gynecologic exam), accessibility of services, experiences with providers, and recommendations for improvement. Sessions were transcribed verbatim and analyzed to generate a coding dictionary. Blinded coding was carried out for each transcript, with duplicate coding used to confirm identified themes. Iterative analysis was used to identify and consolidate coding and key themes. RESULTS Similar barriers were discussed at the four sites, including lack of accessible exam tables, hospital staff unfamiliar with physical disabilities, and assumptions that women with CP are not sexually active. Many described the sexual education they received as brief, omitted, or mistimed. Self-advocacy was crucial, and recommended strategies ranged from pre-gynecologic exam medication to visit checklists. CONCLUSION Reproductive health education for young women with CP is frequently inadequate. Medical professionals lack relevant knowledge and awareness; medical facilities lack necessary infrastructure. Recommendations for improvements are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hayden Gray
- University of Virginia Teen and Young Adult Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,University of Virginia Teen and Young Adult Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - David Williams
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Eileen Fowler
- Tarjan Center at UCLA, Center for Cerebral Palsy at UCLA, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Gaebler-Spira
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Marciniak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laurie Glader
- Division of Complex Care, Comprehensive Cerebral Palsy Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,University of Virginia Teen and Young Adult Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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11
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Dahan-Oliel N, van Bosse HJP, Bedard T, Darsaklis VB, Hall JG, Hamdy RC. Research platform for children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: Findings from the pilot registry. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:427-435. [PMID: 31359631 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A pediatric registry for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) proposes to advance research by providing the platform to inform the distribution, etiology, and natural history of AMC. The registry was piloted on 40 families of children (mean = 8.25 years, 48% males) presenting with AMC across two hospitals in North America. Data on the child's demographic and newborn variables, mothers' and fathers' demographic variables, lifestyle habits, and medical history were collected using a telephone interview with the primary caregiver and review of medical charts. Mean gestational age was 38 weeks, 97% of children presented with lower extremity deformities, and 74% of neonatal interventions targeted the lower extremity. Newborns spent an average of 14 days in the hospital (range 2-56 days) mostly for diagnostic workup and feeding difficulties. Half (49%) of the sample had internal organ involvement. Genetic testing was done on 48% of the children, including chromosome studies, single gene, whole-exome/genome sequencing, and/or microarray studies. Genetic findings were inconclusive in most. Two-thirds of mothers (67%) reported inconsistently feeling fetal movements. This pilot study contributed to the refinement of participant selection, identification of data source, expansion of data sets, and areas for future exploration prior to the implementation of a multisite AMC pediatric registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Dahan-Oliel
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Tanya Bedard
- Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Judith G Hall
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reggie C Hamdy
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Woolfenden S, Galea C, Smithers-Sheedy H, Blair E, Mcintyre S, Reid S, Delacy M, Badawi N. Impact of social disadvantage on cerebral palsy severity. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:586-592. [PMID: 30221759 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of socio-economic disadvantage on indicators of cerebral palsy (CP) severity - motor impairment, intellectual disability, and the presence of severe comorbidities - in children with CP in Australia. METHOD Data from the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register were analysed. Socio-economic disadvantage was assessed using maternal age, maternal country of birth, and a measure of neighbourhood socio-economic status (SES) at the time of the child's birth. Descriptive bivariate analysis, trend analysis, risk ratios, and mediation analysis were undertaken to examine the impact of disadvantage on the indicators of CP severity. RESULTS A socio-economic gradient was demonstrated with an increasing proportion of children with non-ambulant status, at least moderate intellectual disability, and the presence of severe comorbidities (having epilepsy, functional blindness, bilateral deafness, and/or no verbal communication) with decreasing neighbourhood SES, adolescent motherhood, and maternal minority ethnicity. INTERPRETATION In Australia, socio-economic disadvantage at birth impacts adversely on CP severity at age 5 years. By identifying that socio-economically disadvantaged children with CP are at greater risk of more severe functional outcomes, we can inform targeted interventions at the family and neighbourhood level to reduce these inequities for children with CP. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Socio-economic disadvantage is associated with increased severity of cerebral palsy functional outcomes. This encompasses low neighbourhood socio-economic status, adolescent motherhood, and maternal minority ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Woolfenden
- Department of Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Galea
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley Smithers-Sheedy
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eve Blair
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah Mcintyre
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue Reid
- Developmental Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Delacy
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy Register, CPL - Choice, Passion, Life, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Grace Centre for Newborn Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Petersen TG, Forthun I, Lange T, Villadsen SF, Nybo Andersen AM, Uldall P, Strandberg-Larsen K. Cerebral palsy among children of immigrants in Denmark and the role of socioeconomic status. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2019; 23:507-516. [PMID: 30777617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of immigrants in Denmark have excess risk for some of the most well-established risk factors for cerebral palsy (CP). OBJECTIVES To study differences in risk of CP between children of immigrants and children of Danish-born mothers, and explore whether socioeconomic status drives any potential association. METHODS A register-based cohort study including 1,274,616 children born in Denmark between 1981 and 2007. Of these, 2807 had a validated CP diagnosis in the Danish CP Register. We estimated the risk of CP as odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression and assessed mediation through socioeconomic status using natural effect models. RESULTS In children of Danish-born mothers, 2.2/1000 had CP overall and the prevalence was similar for children of immigrants. However, children of immigrants had lower risk of unilateral spastic CP than children of Danish native-born mothers; OR = 0.59 (95% CI:0.38-0.91) for Western and OR = 0.79 (95% CI:0.61-1.03) for Non-Western immigrants. By contrast, the risk of bilateral spastic CP was higher in children of Non-Western immigrants (OR = 1.27 (95% CI:1.05-1.53)), especially from Turkey and Pakistan compared with children of Danish native-born mothers. The mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect (through maternal educational level and household income) with an OR of 1.06 (95% CI:0.99-1.14) for children of Non-Western immigrants. CONCLUSIONS While children of immigrants had lower risk of unilateral spastic CP than children of Danish-born mothers, the risk of bilateral spastic CP was increased in children of Non-Western immigrants. Socioeconomic status did not appear to be a significant contributor to the increased risk of bilateral spastic CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gram Petersen
- Department of Public Health at University of Copenhagen, Oesterfarimagsgade 5, Postboks 2099, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ingeborg Forthun
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care at University of Bergen, Postboks 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics at Haukeland University Hospital, Post Office Box 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Theis Lange
- Department of Public Health at University of Copenhagen, Oesterfarimagsgade 5, Postboks 2099, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Fredsted Villadsen
- Department of Public Health at University of Copenhagen, Oesterfarimagsgade 5, Postboks 2099, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Department of Public Health at University of Copenhagen, Oesterfarimagsgade 5, Postboks 2099, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Uldall
- Department of Pediatrics at University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Strandberg-Larsen
- Department of Public Health at University of Copenhagen, Oesterfarimagsgade 5, Postboks 2099, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Korzeniewski SJ, Slaughter J, Lenski M, Haak P, Paneth N. The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:528-543. [PMID: 30104744 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent, severe and costly motor disability of childhood. Consequently, CP is a public health priority for prevention, but its aetiology has proved complex. In this Review, we summarize the evidence for a decline in the birth prevalence of CP in some high-income nations, describe the epidemiological evidence for risk factors, such as preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction, genetics, pregnancy infection and other exposures, and discuss the success achieved so far in prevention through the use of magnesium sulfate in preterm labour and therapeutic hypothermia for birth-asphyxiated infants. We also consider the complexities of disentangling prenatal and perinatal influences, and of establishing subtypes of the disorder, with a view to accelerating the translation of evidence into the development of strategies for the prevention of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Korzeniewski
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Jaime Slaughter
- Department of Health Systems and Sciences Research and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madeleine Lenski
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peterson Haak
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nigel Paneth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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15
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Mazonson P, Kane M, Colberg K, Harris H, Brown H, Mohr A, Santas C, Sandler A. Comparison of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy in a private cord blood bank to an epidemiological sample. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 80:153-160. [PMID: 30015273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cord blood (CB) stem cell research is being conducted for treatment of cerebral palsy (CP), little is known about children with CP and stored CB. AIMS To compare demographic and clinical characteristics of children with CP and stored CB to children with CP identified in a population-based study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES The Longitudinal Umbilical Stem cell monitoring and Treatment REsearch (LUSTRE®) Registry recruited children from the largest US private CB bank. Demographics, co-morbidities, and gross motor function (GMFCS level and walking ability) were collected and, where possible, compared with the CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS 114 LUSTRE participants were compared to 451 ADDM participants. LUSTRE participants were more likely to be white, but sex distribution was similar. Co-morbidities (autism and epilepsy) and functional mobility were also similar. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results of this analysis suggest that while children diagnosed with CP and with access to stored CB differ from a broader population sample in terms of demographics, they have similar clinical severity and comorbidity profiles. As such, LUSTRE may serve as a valuable source of data for the characterization of individuals with CP, including individuals who have or will receive CB infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Kane
- Mazonson & Santas, Inc., United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Sandler
- Olson Huff Center, Mission Children's Hospital, Asheville NC, United States
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16
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He P, Chen G, Wang Z, Guo C, Zheng X. Children with motor impairment related to cerebral palsy: Prevalence, severity and concurrent impairments in China. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:480-484. [PMID: 28094881 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor impairment in childhood. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, severity and concurrent impairments of CP-related motor impairment among Chinese children. METHODS Children with CP-related motor impairment aged 0-17 years were identified through a national population-based survey based on World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Logistic regression models allowing for weights were used to examine individual and family factors in relation to CP-related motor impairment. RESULTS The weighted prevalence of CP-related motor impairment was 1.25 per 1000 children (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.35) in China. Male children, children in multiples and in families where adults suffered from CP, were more likely to be affected by CP-related motor impairment. For mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe groups of motor impairment, weighted proportions of CP were 14.12% (95%CI: 11.70, 16.95), 20.35% (95%CI: 17.48, 23.56), 27.44% (95%CI: 24.25, 30.87) and 38.09% (95%CI: 34.55, 41.76), respectively; and weighted proportions of concurrent visual, hearing and cognitive impairment were 5.00% (95%CI: 3.59, 6.91), 6.98% (95%CI: 5.34, 9.08) and 71.06% (95%CI: 67.57, 74.31), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Gender, multiple births and family adults with CP were significantly associated with CP-related motor impairment in Chinese children. Proportions of CP and concurrent impairments that increased with severity of motor impairment were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University and WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University and WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University and WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University and WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University and WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Beijing, China
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17
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Durkin MS, Benedict RE, Christensen D, Dubois LA, Fitzgerald RT, Kirby RS, Maenner MJ, Van Naarden Braun K, Wingate MS, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy among 8-Year-Old Children in 2010 and Preliminary Evidence of Trends in Its Relationship to Low Birthweight. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2016; 30:496-510. [PMID: 27215680 PMCID: PMC5351288 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The public health objective for cerebral palsy (CP) in the United States is to reduce the percentage of children with CP who were born low birthweight (LBW, <2500 g) by 10% between 2006 and 2020. This study reports the prevalence of CP in a constant surveillance area for the years 2006, 2008, and 2010 and describes initial progress towards the CP public health objective. METHODS Data on children with CP at age 8 years were ascertained by the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, a population-based surveillance system that monitored CP in four areas of the United States. RESULTS CP prevalence in 2010 was 2.9 per 1000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6, 3.2], down from 3.5 (95% CI 3.2, 3.9) in the same surveillance area in 2006. Among CP cases with no documented postneonatal aetiology, 49.1% (95% CI 42.9, 55.2) were born LBW in 2010 compared with 54.3% (95% CI 48.4, 60.1) in 2006. In 2010, 28.1% (95% CI 22.9, 30.4) were born very low birthweight (VLBW, <1500 g) compared with 35.4% (95% CI 30.0, 41.2) in 2006. The relative risks for associations between CP and both LBW and VLBW also declined, though not significantly, during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Declines in the associations between CP and LBW categories may have contributed to declines during the study period in both the prevalence of CP and the percentage of children with CP who were born LBW or VLBW. Ongoing monitoring of these trends is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S. Durkin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Ruth E. Benedict
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Lindsay A. Dubois
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Robert T. Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Russell S. Kirby
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Martha S. Wingate
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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18
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Maenner MJ, Blumberg SJ, Kogan MD, Christensen D, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Schieve LA. Prevalence of cerebral palsy and intellectual disability among children identified in two U.S. National Surveys, 2011-2013. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:222-6. [PMID: 26851824 PMCID: PMC5144825 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebral palsy (CP) and intellectual disability (ID) are developmental disabilities that result in considerable functional limitations. There are few recent and nationally representative prevalence estimates of CP and ID in the United States. METHODS We used two U.S. nationally representative surveys, the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) and the 2011-2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), to determine the prevalence of CP and ID based on parent report among children aged 2-17 years. RESULTS CP prevalence was 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-3.2) per 1000 in the NSCH and 2.9 (95% CI: 2.3-3.7) in the NHIS. ID prevalence was 12.2 (95% CI: 10.7-13.9) and 12.1 (95% CI: 10.8-13.7) in NSCH and NHIS, respectively. For both conditions, the NSCH and NHIS prevalence estimates were similar to each other for nearly all sociodemographic subgroups examined. CONCLUSIONS Despite using different modes of data collection, the two surveys produced similar and plausible estimates of CP and ID and offer opportunities to better understand the needs and situations of children with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Maenner
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Stephen J Blumberg
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Michael D Kogan
- Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD
| | - Deborah Christensen
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laura A Schieve
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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19
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Durkin MS. Socio-economic disparities and functional limitations of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58:115. [PMID: 26040304 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S Durkin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison - Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Oskoui M, Messerlian C, Blair A, Gamache P, Shevell M. Variation in cerebral palsy profile by socio-economic status. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58:160-6. [PMID: 26010819 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Socio-economic differences in maternal and child health are well recognized, but the role of individual-level and area-level determinants in cerebral palsy (CP) phenotypes is debated. We set out to examine (1) the association between area-level and individual-level measures of socio-economic deprivation and CP phenotype among children, including subtype, severity, and comorbidities; and (2) the direct effect of area-level deprivation not mediated through individual-level deprivation. METHOD Regional data from a provincial CP register were analyzed. The outcome of interest was CP phenotype. The area-level exposure was measured using the Pampalon Deprivation Index. Individual-level socio-economic status (SES) was determined using maternal education. We conducted multiple regression models, stratified by preterm birth, controlling for key covariates, and a mediation analysis of area-level deprivation on the association between individual SES and CP phenotype. RESULTS A socio-economic gradient in mobility was seen in our cohort, above and beyond differences in maternal and perinatal factors. The added direct effect of area-level deprivation was seen only in children whose mothers were educated to a higher level, suggesting no additional contribution of area-level deprivation in children of mothers with a lower level of education. INTERPRETATION Contextual socio-economic factors can impact the severity of CP. These findings indicate important areas for potential community-level or area-level public health intervention (i.e. neighborhood reinvestment, preventive measures), and suggest that neighborhood-level research in maternal and perinatal health should continue to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Oskoui
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Blair
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Gamache
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Shevell
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Benedict RE, Braun KVN, Christensen D, Kirby RS, Wingate M, Yeargin-Allsopp M. The role of socio-economic status and perinatal factors in racial disparities in the risk of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:835-43. [PMID: 25808915 PMCID: PMC4529795 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether racial disparities in cerebral palsy (CP) risk among US children persist after controlling for socio-economic status (SES) (here indicated by maternal education) and perinatal risk factors. METHOD A population-based birth cohort study was conducted using the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network surveillance and birth data for 8-year-old children residing in multi-county areas in Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin between 2002 and 2008. The birth cohort comparison group included 458 027 children and the case group included 1570 children with CP, 1202 with available birth records. χ(2) tests were performed to evaluate associations and logistic regression was used to calculate relative risks (RR) and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The risk of spastic CP was more than 50% higher for black versus white children (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.33-1.73), and this greater risk persisted after adjustment for SES (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.18-1.55), but not after further adjustment for preterm birth and size for gestational age. The protective effect of maternal education remained after adjustment for race/ethnicity and perinatal factors. INTERPRETATION Maternal education appears to independently affect CP risk but does not fully explain existing racial disparities in CP prevalence in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S Durkin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison WI,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Matthew J Maenner
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ruth E Benedict
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kim Van Naarden Braun
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deborah Christensen
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Russell S Kirby
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Martha Wingate
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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22
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Hurley DS, Sukal-Moulton T, Gaebler-Spira D, Krosschell KJ, Pavone L, Mutlu A, Dewald JPA, Msall ME. Systematic Review of Cerebral Palsy Registries/Surveillance Groups: Relationships between Registry Characteristics and Knowledge Dissemination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION 2015; 3:266. [PMID: 27790626 PMCID: PMC5079705 DOI: 10.4172/2329-9096.1000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive summary of the body of research disseminated by Cerebral Palsy (CP) registries and surveillance programs from January 2009 through May 2014 in order to describe the influence their results have on our overall understanding of CP. Secondly, registries/surveillance programs and the work they produced were evaluated and grouped using standardized definitions and classification systems. METHOD A systematic review search in PubMed, CINAH and Embase for original articles published from 1 January 2009 to 20 May 2014 originating from or supported by population based CP registries and surveillance programs or population based national registries including CP were included. Articles were grouped by 2009 World CP Registry Congress aim, registry/surveillance program classification, geographical region, and the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) domain. Registry variables were assessed using the ICF-CY classification. RESULTS Literature searches returned 177 articles meeting inclusion criteria. The majority (69%) of registry/surveillance program productivity was related to contributions as a Resource for CP Research. Prevention (23%) and Surveillance (22%) articles were other areas of achievement, but fewer articles were published in the areas of Planning (17%) and Raising the Profile of CP (2%). There was a range of registry/surveillance program classifications contributing to this productivity, and representation from multiple areas of the globe, although most of the articles originated in Europe, Australia, and Canada. The domains of the ICF that were primarily covered included body structures and function at the early stages of life. Encouragingly, a variety of CP registry/surveillance program initiatives included additional ICF domains of participation and environmental and personal factors. INTERPRETATION CP registries and surveillance programs, including novel non-traditional ones, have significantly contributed to the understanding of how CP affects individuals, families and society. Moving forward, the global CP registry/surveillance program community should continue to strive for uniformity in CP definitions, variables collected and consistency with international initiatives like the ICF so that databases can be consolidated for research use. Adaptation to new technologies can improve access, reduce cost and facilitate information transfer between registrants, researchers and registries/surveillance programs. Finally, increased efforts in documenting variables of individuals with CP into adulthood should be made in order to expand our understanding of CP across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna S Hurley
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kristin J Krosschell
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Akmer Mutlu
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Julius PA Dewald
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E Msall
- University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital and Kennedy Research Center on Intellectual and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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CHRISTENSEN DEBORAH, VAN NAARDEN BRAUN KIM, DOERNBERG NANCYS, MAENNER MATTHEWJ, ARNESON CARRIEL, DURKIN MAUREENS, BENEDICT RUTHE, KIRBY RUSSELLS, WINGATE MARTHAS, FITZGERALD ROBERT, YEARGIN-ALLSOPP MARSHALYN. Prevalence of cerebral palsy, co-occurring autism spectrum disorders, and motor functioning - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, USA, 2008. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:59-65. [PMID: 24117446 PMCID: PMC4351771 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to report the prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Children with CP (n=451) were ascertained by the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, a population-based, record-review surveillance system monitoring CP in four areas of the USA. Prevalence was calculated as the number of children with CP among all 8-year-old children residing in these areas in 2008. Motor function was categorized by Gross Motor Function Classification System level and walking ability. Co-occurring autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy were ascertained using ADDM Network surveillance methodology. RESULTS The period prevalence of CP for 2008 was 3.1 per 1000 8-year-old children (95% confidence interval 2.8-3.4). Approximately 58% of children walked independently. Co-occurring ASD frequency was 6.9% and was higher (18.4%) among children with non-spastic CP, particularly hypotonic CP. Co-occurring epilepsy frequency was 41% overall, did not differ by ASD status or CP subtype, and was highest (67%) among children with limited or no walking ability. INTERPRETATION The prevalence of CP in childhood from US surveillance data has remained relatively constant, in the range of 3.1 to 3.6 per 1000, since 1996. The higher frequency of ASD in non-spastic than in spastic subtypes of CP calls for closer examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- DEBORAH CHRISTENSEN
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - KIM VAN NAARDEN BRAUN
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - NANCY S DOERNBERG
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - MATTHEW J MAENNER
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - MAUREEN S DURKIN
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI
| | - RUTH E BENEDICT
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI,Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
| | - RUSSELL S KIRBY
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - MARTHA S WINGATE
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - ROBERT FITZGERALD
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - MARSHALYN YEARGIN-ALLSOPP
- Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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