Anaesthesia and restless legs syndrome

Perioperative outcomes of patients with restless legs syndrome: a single-center retrospective review

STUDY OBJECTIVES

There are multiple stressors in the perioperative period for patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) that may be implicated in the worsening of symptoms. Our primary objective was to compare the perioperative course of patients with RLS to patients without the diagnosis.

METHODS

This was a single-center, matched-cohort, retrospective chart review of patients with RLS undergoing inpatient procedures from 2015-2019 matched 1:1 with patients without the diagnosis.

RESULTS

Patients with RLS had a higher comorbidity burden; specifically, pulmonary, renal, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure. The perioperative course was notable for higher maximum pain scores for patients with RLS in the postanesthesia care unit (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.40; P < .001). Postoperative patients with RLS also had higher maximum pain scores on postoperative days 0, 1, and 2. The odds of rapid-response calls were higher in patients with RLS (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.73; P < .001). There were no other significant differences in postoperative complications. The odds of using RLS-triggering medications were lower in the RLS group (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.92; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our single-center retrospective review found that patients with RLS had higher pain scores in the postanesthesia care unit and on the first few postoperative days. Rapid-response team calls were more common in patients with RLS. RLS-triggering medications were significantly less likely to be used in patients with RLS. There were no significant differences in other postoperative events.

CITATION

Gali B, Silber MH, Hanson AC, Portner E, Gay P. Perioperative outcomes of patients with restless legs syndrome: a single-center retrospective review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022:18(7):1841-1846.

Anesthetic Management of a Patient With Restless Legs Syndrome: A Case Report

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological sensory disorder associated with sensory and motor symptoms that most commonly occur at night and during periods of rest. It is characterized by altered or abnormal sensations primarily in the legs and the urge to move the associated limbs. Perioperative procedures, including general anesthesia, can cause exacerbations of RLS. This is a case report of a suspected RLS exacerbation in a 22-year-old woman who had no formal diagnosis of RLS despite reporting symptoms that met all essential diagnostic criteria by the International RLS Study Group. Despite her previous diagnoses of dehydration induced-muscle pain or nocturnal cramps, we suspected her to have RLS. The patient underwent general anesthesia for a bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy using a combined inhalational and intravenous anesthetic technique with sevoflurane, propofol, remifentanil, and dexmedetomidine. After successful completion of the surgery and returning to the ward, she began moving her lower extremities and complaining of unpleasant sensations in both ankles. Bed rest exacerbated the suspected RLS symptoms despite a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine. The RLS symptoms continued to worsen and spread to her upper extremities. After increasing the dexmedetomidine infusion from 0.2 to 0.4 μg/kg/h, almost all symptoms improved, and she slept for 3 hours. Upon awakening, the unpleasant sensations were completely relieved by walking and stretching. The patient was formally diagnosed with RLS by a neurologist after discharge. In this case, an infusion of dexmedetomidine was helpful in successfully managing a suspected exacerbation of RLS.

Pramipexole-responsive acute restless arms syndrome after surgery under general anesthesia: Case report and literature review

We reported a case of acute restless arms syndrome occurring after colorectal surgery under general anaesthesia. This case was also compared with other cases of restless legs/arms syndromes occurring in a perioperative context through a literature review. As the restless legs syndrome, the restless arms syndrome can be exacerbated by perioperative procedures and improved with pramipexole from the first day of treatment. This case reinforces the idea that the restless arms syndrome seems to be subsumed along with the restless legs syndrome, and is a further argument to use the diagnosis term "restless limb syndrome" for the restlessness of any limb with clinical features similar to the restless legs syndrome.

[Perioperative approach to restless legs syndrome]

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is one of the most common neurological disorders. The key feature is the urge to move, especially in the legs. New onset RLS can develop perioperatively or an existing RLS can be exacerbated. Severe insomnia, forced immobilization and acute iron deficiency are common trigger factors. Medicinal treatment can also be an important triggering or exacerbating factor. Drugs with dopamine antagonistic, serotonergic and opioid antagonistic effects should be avoided. The long-term medicinal treatment should be terminated as quickly as possible and if necessary bridged non-orally. For diseases which can be associated with secondary RLS a provocation or an exacerbation of RLS should be taken into consideration. This is particularly true for Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus, terminal renal insufficiency, spinal cord lesions and pregnancy. So far, there is not sufficient evidence that any form of anesthesia has a negative influence on RLS.