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Sinclair D, Canty AJ, Ziebell JM, Woodhouse A, Collins JM, Perry S, Roccati E, Kuruvilla M, Leung J, Atkinson R, Vickers JC, Cook AL, King AE. Experimental laboratory models as tools for understanding modifiable dementia risk. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4260-4289. [PMID: 38687209 PMCID: PMC11180874 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Experimental laboratory research has an important role to play in dementia prevention. Mechanisms underlying modifiable risk factors for dementia are promising targets for dementia prevention but are difficult to investigate in human populations due to technological constraints and confounds. Therefore, controlled laboratory experiments in models such as transgenic rodents, invertebrates and in vitro cultured cells are increasingly used to investigate dementia risk factors and test strategies which target them to prevent dementia. This review provides an overview of experimental research into 15 established and putative modifiable dementia risk factors: less early-life education, hearing loss, depression, social isolation, life stress, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol use, smoking, air pollution, anesthetic exposure, traumatic brain injury, and disordered sleep. It explores how experimental models have been, and can be, used to address questions about modifiable dementia risk and prevention that cannot readily be addressed in human studies. HIGHLIGHTS: Modifiable dementia risk factors are promising targets for dementia prevention. Interrogation of mechanisms underlying dementia risk is difficult in human populations. Studies using diverse experimental models are revealing modifiable dementia risk mechanisms. We review experimental research into 15 modifiable dementia risk factors. Laboratory science can contribute uniquely to dementia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Sinclair
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Alison J. Canty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | - Jenna M. Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Adele Woodhouse
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jessica M. Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Sharn Perry
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Eddy Roccati
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Maneesh Kuruvilla
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jacqueline Leung
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Rachel Atkinson
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - James C. Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Anthony L. Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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Borgstedt L, Bratke S, Blobner M, Pötzl C, Ulm B, Jungwirth B, Schmid S. Isoflurane has no effect on cognitive or behavioral performance in a mouse model of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1033729. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1033729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPatients with Alzheimer’s disease show a sex-dependent decline of cognitive and behavioral performance. It is controversially discussed whether general anesthesia itself can aggravate or even cause this neurocognitive decline. Therefore, we investigated the effect of general anesthesia on neurocognitive and behavioral function and amyloidopathy in a mouse model of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease with respect to sex.MethodsAfter governmental approval 10 months old Tg2576 mice and wild type (total 85 mice) either underwent general anesthesia with 1.0 minimal alveolar concentration of isoflurane for 2 h or were not exposed to isoflurane (controls). Following cognitive and behavioral testing using the modified hole board test (mHBT), brains were investigated regarding amyloidopathy, inflammation, and apoptosis. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (UNIANOVA).ResultsTg2576 mice showed a decline in memory function (p < 0.001), less anxiety (p = 0.022 and p = 0.024), increased locomotor activity (p = 0.025), and impaired fine motor skills (p < 0.001). Amyloid precursor protein (p < 0.001), soluble amyloid-beta (p < 0.001) and insoluble amyloid deposits (p < 0.001) were increased in Tg2576 animals. Neither sex nor exposure to isoflurane had an effect on cognitive or behavioral testing or expression of amyloid-related biomarkers.Discussion and conclusionWe found that 10 months old Tg2576 showed typical signs of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and corresponding histopathological alterations. Relevant sex-specific differences or an effect of isoflurane anesthesia could not be detected at this early stage of the disease.
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Hofmann C, Sander A, Wang XX, Buerge M, Jungwirth B, Borgstedt L, Kreuzer M, Kopp C, Schorpp K, Hadian K, Wotjak CT, Ebert T, Ruitenberg M, Parsons CG, Rammes G. Inhalational Anesthetics Do Not Deteriorate Amyloid-β-Derived Pathophysiology in Alzheimer's Disease: Investigations on the Molecular, Neuronal, and Behavioral Level. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1193-1218. [PMID: 34657881 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that general anesthetics like isoflurane and sevoflurane may aggravate Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathogenesis, e.g., increased amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregation resulting in synaptotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. Other studies showed neuroprotective effects, e.g., with xenon. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we want to detail the interactions of inhalational anesthetics with Aβ-derived pathology. We hypothesize xenon-mediated beneficial mechanisms regarding Aβ oligomerization and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity on processes related to cognition. METHODS Oligomerization of Aβ 1-42 in the presence of anesthetics has been analyzed by means of TR-FRET and silver staining. For monitoring changes in neuronal plasticity due to anesthetics and Aβ 1-42, Aβ 1-40, pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-(AβpE3), and nitrated Aβ (3NTyrAβ), we quantified long-term potentiation (LTP) and spine density. We analyzed network activity in the hippocampus via voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) and cognitive performance and Aβ plaque burden in transgenic AD mice (ArcAβ) after anesthesia. RESULTS Whereas isoflurane and sevoflurane did not affect Aβ 1-42 aggregation, xenon alleviated the propensity for aggregation and partially reversed AβpE3 induced synaptotoxic effects on LTP. Xenon and sevoflurane reversed Aβ 1-42-induced spine density attenuation. In the presence of Aβ 1-40 and AβpE3, anesthetic-induced depression of VSDI-monitored signaling recovered after xenon, but not isoflurane and sevoflurane removal. In slices pretreated with Aβ 1-42 or 3NTyrAβ, activity did not recover after washout. Cognitive performance and plaque burden were unaffected after anesthetizing WT and ArcAβ mice. CONCLUSION None of the anesthetics aggravated Aβ-derived AD pathology in vivo. However, Aβ and anesthetics affected neuronal activity in vitro, whereby xenon showed beneficial effects on Aβ 1-42 aggregation, LTP, and spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hofmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Sander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xing Xing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Buerge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Borgstedt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kopp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Munich, Germany.,Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Ebert
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Chen W, He Z, Jiang M. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Neuroprotection Effect of Thiopental Sodium on Isoflurane-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2021.611.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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He W, Chi S, Jin X, Lu J, Zheng W, Yan J, Zhang D. Long Non-Coding RNA BACE1-AS Modulates Isoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity to Alzheimer's Disease Through Sponging miR-214-3p. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2324-2335. [PMID: 32681443 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Isoflurane, an anesthetic, can aggravate the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Long non-coding RNA β-secretase 1 (BACE1)-antisense transcript (BACE1-AS) and miR-214-3p are related to AD progression. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether BACE1-AS is involved in the development of isoflurane-mediated AD via miR-214-3p. Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) was employed to construct the AD cell model. The expression of BACE1-AS and miR-214-3p in the plasma of AD patients and SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells treated with Aβ and isoflurane was assessed through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The proliferation and apoptosis of Aβ-treated SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells were determined via 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or flow cytometry assays, respectively. Protein levels of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), CyclinD1, microtubule-associated protein A1/1B-light chain3 (LC3 I/LC3 II), p62 and Beclin1 were detected via western blot analysis. The relationship between BACE1-AS and miR-214-3p was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. We found that BACE1-AS was upregulated and miR-214-3p was downregulated in the plasma of AD patients and SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells treated with Aβ and isoflurane. Both BACE1-AS depletion and miR-214-3p augmentation restored the suppression of proliferation and the facilitation of apoptosis and autophagy of Aβ-treated SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells induced by isoflurane. Importantly, BACE1-AS acted as a sponge for miR-214-3p. Additionally, miR-214-3p silencing reversed the influence of BACE1-AS knockdown on isoflurane-mediated proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy in Aβ-induced SK-N-SH and SK-N-AS cells. In conclusion, BACE1-AS aggravated isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity to AD via sponging miR-214-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songyuan Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jieyu Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 12 Jiefang Middle Road, Chuanying District, Jilin City, 132001, Jilin Province, China.
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Conflicting Actions of Inhalational Anesthetics, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection, Mediated by the Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020450. [PMID: 31936788 PMCID: PMC7013687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that exposure of the developing brain to inhalational anesthetics can cause neurotoxicity. However, other studies have claimed that anesthetics can exert neuroprotective effects. We investigated the mechanisms associated with the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects exerted by inhalational anesthetics. Neuroblastoma cells were exposed to sevoflurane and then cultured in 1% oxygen. We evaluated the expression of proteins related to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Next, we exposed adult mice in which binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) had been mutated, and wild-type mice, to sevoflurane, and evaluated their cognitive function. We compared our results to those from our previous study in which mice were exposed to sevoflurane at the fetal stage. Pre-exposure to sevoflurane reduced the expression of CHOP in neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia. Anesthetic pre-exposure also significantly improved the cognitive function of adult wild-type mice, but not the mutant mice. In contrast, mice exposed to anesthetics during the fetal stage showed cognitive impairment. Our data indicate that exposure to inhalational anesthetics causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and subsequently leads to an adaptive response, the UPR. This response may enhance the capacity of cells to adapt to injuries and improve neuronal function in adult mice, but not in developing mice.
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Joseph DJ, Liu C, Peng J, Liang G, Wei H. Isoflurane mediated neuropathological and cognitive impairments in the triple transgenic Alzheimer's mouse model are associated with hippocampal synaptic deficits in an age-dependent manner. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223509. [PMID: 31600350 PMCID: PMC6786564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many in vivo studies suggest that inhalational anesthetics can accelerate or prevent the progression of neuropathology and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer Disease (AD), but the synaptic mechanisms mediating these ambiguous effects are unclear. Here, we show that repeated exposures of neonatal and old triple transgenic AD (3xTg) and non-transgenic (NonTg) mice to isoflurane (Iso) distinctly increased neurodegeneration as measured by S100β levels, intracellular Aβ, Tau oligomerization, and apoptotic markers. Spatial cognition measured by reference and working memory testing in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) were altered in young NonTg and 3xTg. Field recordings in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) hippocampus showed that neonatal control 3xTg mice exhibited hypo-excitable synaptic transmission, reduced paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and normal long-term potentiation (LTP) compared to NonTg controls. By contrast, the old control 3xTg mice exhibited hyper-excitable synaptic transmission, enhanced PPF, and unstable LTP compared to NonTg controls. Repeated Iso exposures reduced synaptic transmission and PPF in neonatal NonTg and old 3xTg mice. LTP was normalized in old 3xTg mice, but reduced in neonates. By contrast, LTP was reduced in old but not neonatal NonTg mice. Our results indicate that Iso-mediated neuropathologic and cognitive defects in AD mice are associated with synaptic pathologies in an age-dependent manner. Based on these findings, the extent of this association with age and, possibly, treatment paradigms warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu L, Zhao H, Weng H, Ma D. Lasting effects of general anesthetics on the brain in the young and elderly: "mixed picture" of neurotoxicity, neuroprotection and cognitive impairment. J Anesth 2019; 33:321-335. [PMID: 30859366 PMCID: PMC6443620 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetics are commonly used in major surgery. To achieve the depth of anesthesia for surgery, patients are being subjected to a variety of general anesthetics, alone or in combination. It has been long held an illusory concept that the general anesthesia is entirely reversible and that the central nervous system is returned to its pristine state once the anesthetic agent is eliminated from the active site. However, studies indicate that perturbation of the normal functioning of these targets may result in long-lasting desirable or undesirable effects. This review focuses on the impact of general anesthetic exposure to the brain and summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which general anesthetics may induce long-lasting undesirable effects when exposed at the developing stage of the brain. The vulnerability of aging brain to general anesthetics, specifically in the context of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer’s disease pathogeneses are also discussed. Moreover, we will review emerging evidence regarding the neuroprotective property of xenon and anesthetic adjuvant dexmedetomidine in the immature and mature brains. In conclusion, “mixed picture” effects of general anesthetics should be well acknowledged and should be implemented into daily clinical practice for better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Wu
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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Vutskits L, Xie Z. Lasting impact of general anaesthesia on the brain: mechanisms and relevance. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 17:705-717. [PMID: 27752068 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
General anaesthesia is usually considered to safely induce a reversible brain state allowing the performance of surgery under optimal conditions. An increasing number of clinical and experimental observations, however, suggest that anaesthetic drugs, especially when they are administered at the extremes of age, can trigger long-term morphological and functional alterations in the brain. Here, we review available mechanistic data linking general-anaesthesia exposure to impaired cognitive performance in both young and mature nervous systems. We also provide a critical appraisal of the translational value of animal models and highlight the important challenges that need to be addressed to strengthen the link between laboratory work and clinical investigations in the field of anaesthesia-neurotoxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Vutskits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospitals of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 4310, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Feng C, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Cui W, Zheng F, Ma Y, Piao M. Isoflurane anesthesia exacerbates learning and memory impairment in zinc-deficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:119-129. [PMID: 27586008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is known to play crucial roles in numerous brain functions including learning and memory. Zn deficiency is believed to be widespread throughout the world, particularly in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of studies have shown that volatile anesthetics, such as isoflurane, might be potential risk factors for the development of AD. However, whether isoflurane exposure accelerates the process of AD and cognitive impairment in AD patients with Zn deficiency is yet to be documented. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of 1.4% isoflurane exposure for 2 h on learning and memory function, and neuropathogenesis in 10-month-old Zn-adequate, Zn-deficient, and Zn-treated APP/PS1 mice with the following parameters: behavioral tests, neuronal apoptosis, Aβ, and tau pathology. The results demonstrated that isoflurane exposure showed no impact on learning and memory function, but induced transient elevation of neuroapoptosis in Zn-adequate APP/PS1 mice. Exposure of isoflurane exhibited significant neuroapoptosis, Aβ generation, tau phosphorylation, and learning and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice in the presence of Zn deficiency. Appropriate Zn treatment improved learning and memory function, and prevented isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in APP/PS1 mice. Isoflurane exposure may cause potential neurotoxicity, which is tolerated to some extent in Zn-adequate APP/PS1 mice. When this tolerance is limited, like in AD with Zn deficiency, isoflurane exposure markedly exacerbated learning and memory impairment, and neuropathology, indicating that AD patients with certain conditions such as Zn deficiency may be vulnerable to volatile anesthetic isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zheng
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ma
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Piao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.
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