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Mukai A, Irifune M, Shimizu Y, Doi M, Kikuchi Y, Katayama S, Oue K, Yoshida M, Ago Y, Okada Y, Morioka N, Nakata Y, Sakai N. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and glycinergic transmission, respectively, mediate muscle relaxation and immobility of pentobarbital in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137175. [PMID: 36907265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Pentobarbital-induced anesthesia is believed to be mediated by enhancement of the inhibitory action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether all components of anesthesia induced by pentobarbital, such as muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and immobility in response to noxious stimuli, are mediated only through GABAergic neurons. Thus, we examined whether the indirect GABA and glycine receptor agonists gabaculine and sarcosine, respectively, the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine, or the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channel blocker MK-801 could enhance pentobarbital-induced components of anesthesia. Muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and immobility were evaluated by grip strength, the righting reflex, and loss of movement in response to nociceptive tail clamping, respectively, in mice. Pentobarbital reduced grip strength, impaired the righting reflex, and induced immobility in a dose-dependent manner. The change in each behavior induced by pentobarbital was roughly consistent with that in electroencephalographic power. A low dose of gabaculine, which significantly increased endogenous GABA levels in the central nervous system but had no effect on behaviors alone, potentiated muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and immobility induced by low pentobarbital doses. A low dose of MK-801 augmented only the masked muscle-relaxing effects of pentobarbital among these components. Sarcosine enhanced only pentobarbital-induced immobility. Conversely, mecamylamine had no effect on any behavior. These findings suggest that each component of anesthesia induced by pentobarbital is mediated through GABAergic neurons and that pentobarbital-induced muscle relaxation and immobility may partially be associated with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism and glycinergic neuron activation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Mukai
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Irifune
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Shimizu
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Doi
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yuka Kikuchi
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sotaro Katayama
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kana Oue
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshida
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Okada
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Varani AP, Pedrón VT, Aon AJ, Canero EM, Balerio GN. GABA B receptors blockage modulates somatic and aversive manifestations induced by nicotine withdrawal. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111786. [PMID: 34144406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that GABAB agonist, baclofen, prevents somatic and motivational responses induced by nicotine withdrawal and may target drug cue vulnerabilities in humans. In this context, we explored different aspects associated with the possible mechanisms whereby the GABAB receptors might influence nicotine withdrawal. Male mice received nicotine (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) 4 times daily, for 7 consecutive days. Nicotine-treated mice received the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (MEC, 2 or 3.5 mg/kg, s.c.), to precipitate the withdrawal state. A second group of dependent mice received 2-hydroxysaclofen (GABAB receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, s.c.) before MEC-precipitated abstinence. Somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal were measured for 30 min. Anxiogenic-like response associated to nicotine withdrawal was assessed by the elevated plus maze test. The dysphoric/aversive effect induced by nicotine withdrawal was evaluated using conditioned place aversion paradigm. Dopamine, serotonin and its metabolites concentrations were determined by HPLC in the striatum, cortex and hippocampus. Finally, α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density was determined in several brain regions using autoradiography assays. The results showed that MEC-precipitated nicotine withdrawal induced somatic manifestations, anxiogenic-like response and dysphoric/aversive effect, and 2-hydroxysaclofen potentiated these behavioral responses. Additionally, 2-hydroxysaclofen was able to change striatal dopamine levels and α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density, both altered by MEC-precipitated nicotine withdrawal. These findings provide important contributions to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms implicated in nicotine withdrawal. We suggest that GABAB receptor activity is necessary to control alterations induced by nicotine withdrawal, which supports the idea of targeting GABAB receptors to treat tobacco addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Varani
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - V T Pedrón
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - A J Aon
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - E M Canero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFYB), Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - G N Balerio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFYB), Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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Wills L, Kenny PJ. Addiction-related neuroadaptations following chronic nicotine exposure. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1652-1673. [PMID: 33742685 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The addiction-relevant molecular, cellular, and behavioral actions of nicotine are derived from its stimulatory effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. nAChRs expressed by dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral midbrain, most notably in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), contribute to the reward-enhancing properties of nicotine that motivate the use of tobacco products. nAChRs are also expressed by neurons in brain circuits that regulate aversion. In particular, nAChRs expressed by neurons in the medial habenula (mHb) and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) to which the mHb almost exclusively projects regulate the "set-point" for nicotine aversion and control nicotine intake. Different nAChR subtypes are expressed in brain reward and aversion circuits and nicotine intake is titrated to maximally engage reward-enhancing nAChRs while minimizing the recruitment of aversion-promoting nAChRs. With repeated exposure to nicotine, reward- and aversion-related nAChRs and the brain circuits in which they are expressed undergo adaptations that influence whether tobacco use will transition from occasional to habitual. Genetic variation that influences the sensitivity of addiction-relevant brain circuits to the actions of nicotine also influence the propensity to develop habitual tobacco use. Here, we review some of the key advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which nicotine acts on brain reward and aversion circuits and the adaptations that occur in these circuits that may drive addiction to nicotine-containing tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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Varani AP, Pedrón VT, Machado LM, Antonelli MC, Bettler B, Balerio GN. Lack of GABAB receptors modifies behavioural and biochemical alterations induced by precipitated nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2014; 90:90-101. [PMID: 25479464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nicotine (NIC) withdrawal syndrome is considered to be a major cause of the high relapse rate among individuals undergoing smoking cessation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible role of GABAB receptors in NIC withdrawal, by comparing GABAB1 knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. We analysed the time course of the global withdrawal score, the anxiety-like effects, monoamine concentrations, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, the corticosterone plasmatic levels and [(3)H]epibatidine binding sites during NIC withdrawal precipitated by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist (MEC). In NIC withdrawn wild-type mice, we observed a global withdrawal score, an anxiety-like effect in the elevated plus maze, a decrease of the striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations, an increase of corticosterone plasma levels, a reduction of BDNF expression in several brain areas and an increase of [(3)H]epibatidine binding sites in specific brain regions. Interestingly, the effects found in NIC withdrawn wild-type mice were absent in GABAB1 knockout mice, suggesting that GABAB1 subunit of the GABAB receptor is involved in the regulation of the behavioural and biochemical alterations induced by NIC withdrawal in mice. These results reveal an interaction between the GABAB receptors and the neurochemical systems through which NIC exerts its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P Varani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Valeria T Pedrón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Lirane Moutinho Machado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Graciela N Balerio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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