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Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
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Valdés-Tresanco MS, Molina-Zapata A, Pose AG, Moreno E. Structural Insights into the Design of Synthetic Nanobody Libraries. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072198. [PMID: 35408597 PMCID: PMC9000494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Single domain antibodies from camelids, or nanobodies, are a unique class of antibody fragments with several advantageous characteristics: small monomeric size, high stability and solubility and easy tailoring for multiple applications. Nanobodies are gaining increasing acceptance as diagnostic tools and promising therapeutic agents in cancer and other diseases. While most nanobodies are obtained from immunized animals of the camelid family, a few synthetic nanobody libraries constructed in recent years have shown the capability of generating high quality nanobodies in terms of affinity and stability. Since this synthetic approach has important advantages over the use of animals, the recent advances are indeed encouraging. Here we review over a dozen synthetic nanobody libraries reported so far and discuss the different approaches followed in their construction and validation, with an emphasis on framework and hypervariable loop design as critical issues defining their potential as high-class nanobody sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario S. Valdés-Tresanco
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin 050026, Colombia; (A.M.-Z.); (A.G.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.V.-T.); (E.M.)
| | - Andrea Molina-Zapata
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin 050026, Colombia; (A.M.-Z.); (A.G.P.)
- Grupo de Micología Médica y Experimental, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Alaín González Pose
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin 050026, Colombia; (A.M.-Z.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Ernesto Moreno
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin 050026, Colombia; (A.M.-Z.); (A.G.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.V.-T.); (E.M.)
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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Wei R, Gust SL, Tandio D, Maheux A, Nguyen KH, Wang J, Bourque S, Plane F, Hammond JR. Deletion of murine slc29a4 modifies vascular responses to adenosine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in a sexually dimorphic manner. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14395. [PMID: 32170814 PMCID: PMC7070170 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (ENT4), encoded by SLC29A4, mediates the flux of both 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and adenosine across cell membranes. We hypothesized that loss of ENT4 function in mice would modify the effects of these established regulators of vascular function. Male and female wild‐type (WT) and slc29a4‐null (ENT4‐KO) mice were compared with respect to their hemodynamics and mesenteric vascular function. Male ENT4‐KO mice had a complete loss of myogenic tone in their mesenteric resistance arteries. This was accompanied by a decrease in blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery in the male ENT4‐KO mice, and a reduced responsiveness to 5‐HT. In contrast, endothelium‐dependent relaxations of mesenteric arteries from female ENT4‐KO mice were more sensitive to Ca2+‐activated K+ (KCa) channel blockade than WT mice. Female ENT4‐KO mice also demonstrated an enhanced vasodilatory response to adenosine in vivo that was not seen in males. Ketanserin (5‐HT2A inhibitor) and GR55562 (5‐HT1B/1D inhibitor) decreased 5‐HT‐induced tone, but only ketanserin inhibited the relaxant effect of 5‐HT in mesenteric arteries. 5‐HT‐evoked increases in tone were elevated in arteries from ENT4‐KO mice upon block of endothelial relaxant pathways, with arteries from female ENT4‐KO mice showing the greatest increase. Adenosine A2b receptor expression was decreased, while other adenosine transporter subtypes, as well as adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase were increased in mesenteric arteries from male, but not female, ENT4‐KO mice. These findings indicate that deletion of slc29a4 leads to sex‐specific changes in vascular function with significant consequences for regulation of blood flow and pressure by adenosine and 5‐HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen L Gust
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Tandio
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexia Maheux
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khanh H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephane Bourque
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frances Plane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James R Hammond
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Paganelli F, Gaudry M, Ruf J, Guieu R. Recent advances in the role of the adenosinergic system in coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1284-1294. [PMID: 32991685 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays a major role in the physiology and physiopathology of the coronary artery system, mainly by activating its A2A receptors (A2AR). Adenosine is released by myocardial, endothelial, and immune cells during hypoxia, ischaemia, or inflammation, each condition being present in coronary artery disease (CAD). While activation of A2AR improves coronary blood circulation and leads to anti-inflammatory effects, down-regulation of A2AR has many deleterious effects during CAD. A decrease in the level and/or activity of A2AR leads to: (i) lack of vasodilation, which decreases blood flow, leading to a decrease in myocardial oxygenation and tissue hypoxia; (ii) an increase in the immune response, favouring inflammation; and (iii) platelet aggregation, which therefore participates, in part, in the formation of a fibrin-platelet thrombus after the rupture or erosion of the plaque, leading to the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome. Inflammation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, leading to myocardial ischaemia, which in turn leads to tissue hypoxia. Therefore, a vicious circle is created that maintains and aggravates CAD. In some cases, studying the adenosinergic profile can help assess the severity of CAD. In fact, inducible ischaemia in CAD patients, as assessed by exercise stress test or fractional flow reserve, is associated with the presence of a reserve of A2AR called spare receptors. The purpose of this review is to present emerging experimental evidence supporting the existence of this adaptive adenosinergic response to ischaemia or inflammation in CAD. We believe that we have achieved a breakthrough in the understanding and modelling of spare A2AR, based upon a new concept allowing for a new and non-invasive CAD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Paganelli
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Campus Santé Timone, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France.,Department of Cardiology, North Hospital, Chemin des Bourrely, F-13015 Marseille, France
| | - Marine Gaudry
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Timone Hospital, 278 Rue Saint Pierre, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Campus Santé Timone, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Campus Santé Timone, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, 278 Rue Saint Pierre, F-13005 Marseille, France
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Oda K, Mori N, Okumi M, Furusawa M, Ishiguro M, Inoue K, Shuto S, Unagami K, Ishida H, Tanabe K, Murakami T. Uptake and metabolism of mizoribine, an immunosuppressant, in L5178Y-R mouse lymphoma cells in vitro and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats and kidney transplant recipients in vivo. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:232-239. [PMID: 30241694 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of mizoribine (MZR), an immunosuppressant, and metabolism of MZR to MZR-5'- monophosphate (MZRP), an active metabolite, were evaluated in L5178Y-R mouse lymphoma cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rats and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs, n = 22). Real-time PCR analysis revealed the expression of ENT1 and ENT2 mRNAs, but not of CNTs, in L5178Y-R cells and rat's PBMCs. In L5178Y-R cells, the uptake of MZR was suppressed by adenosine, a substrate for ENT1 and ENT2, but not by 5-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (0.1 μM), an ENT1 inhibitor. Saturable metabolism of MZR to MZRP was observed. In rats, peak plasma concentrations of MZR and peak concentrations of MZR and MZRP in PBMCs were observed 3 h after oral administration. MZR disappeared from PBMCs in parallel with plasma MZR, but the disappearance of MZRP from PBMCs appeared to be slow. In KTRs, the mean plasma concentration of MZR 3-4 h after ingestion was 3.14 μg/ml and the mean MZRP concentration in PBMCs was 16.8% of MZR, reflecting the involvement of ENT in the uptake of MZR. A linear relationship was observed between plasma MZR concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 μg/ml and PBMC's MZRP concentrations ranging from 90 to 200 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Mori
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Okumi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Miyuki Furusawa
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masashi Ishiguro
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokunishi, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Inoue
- Medical Affairs Department, Pharmaceutical Business Administration Division, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 1-105 Kanda Jimbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kohei Unagami
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yocho-machi Clinic, Yocho-machi 6-21, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0055, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Teruo Murakami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Who Is Who in Adenosine Transport. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:627. [PMID: 29962948 PMCID: PMC6010718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated by a panel of membrane transporters which, in most cases, mediate its uptake into cells. Adenosine transporters belong to two gene families encoding Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter proteins (ENTs and CNTs, respectively). The lack of appropriate pharmacological tools targeting every transporter subtype has introduced some bias on the current knowledge of the role of these transporters in modulating adenosine levels. In this regard, ENT1, for which pharmacology is relatively well-developed, has often been identified as a major player in purinergic signaling. Nevertheless, other transporters such as CNT2 and CNT3 can also contribute to purinergic modulation based on their high affinity for adenosine and concentrative capacity. Moreover, both transporter proteins have also been shown to be under purinergic regulation via P1 receptors in different cell types, which further supports its relevance in purinergic signaling. Thus, several transporter proteins regulate extracellular adenosine levels. Moreover, CNT and ENT proteins are differentially expressed in tissues but also in particular cell types. Accordingly, transporter-mediated fine tuning of adenosine levels is cell and tissue specific. Future developments focusing on CNT pharmacology are needed to unveil transporter subtype-specific events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Zimmermann I, Egloff P, Hutter CA, Arnold FM, Stohler P, Bocquet N, Hug MN, Huber S, Siegrist M, Hetemann L, Gera J, Gmür S, Spies P, Gygax D, Geertsma ER, Dawson RJ, Seeger MA. Synthetic single domain antibodies for the conformational trapping of membrane proteins. eLife 2018; 7:34317. [PMID: 29792401 PMCID: PMC5967865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic and structural studies of membrane proteins require their stabilization in specific conformations. Single domain antibodies are potent reagents for this purpose, but their generation relies on immunizations, which impedes selections in the presence of ligands typically needed to populate defined conformational states. To overcome this key limitation, we developed an in vitro selection platform based on synthetic single domain antibodies named sybodies. To target the limited hydrophilic surfaces of membrane proteins, we designed three sybody libraries that exhibit different shapes and moderate hydrophobicity of the randomized surface. A robust binder selection cascade combining ribosome and phage display enabled the generation of conformation-selective, high affinity sybodies against an ABC transporter and two previously intractable human SLC transporters, GlyT1 and ENT1. The platform does not require access to animal facilities and builds exclusively on commercially available reagents, thus enabling every lab to rapidly generate binders against challenging membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Egloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Aj Hutter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian M Arnold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Stohler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bocquet
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie N Hug
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylwia Huber
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Siegrist
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Hetemann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Gera
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samira Gmür
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Peter Spies
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gygax
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Geertsma
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roger Jp Dawson
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Leiva A, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Contreras-Duarte S, Fuenzalida B, Cantin C, Carvajal L, Salsoso R, Gutiérrez J, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Adenosine receptors: Modulators of lipid availability that are controlled by lipid levels. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:26-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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