1
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Li SY, Yoshida Y, Kubota M, Zhang BS, Matsutani T, Ito M, Yajima S, Yoshida K, Mine S, Machida T, Hayashi A, Takemoto M, Yokote K, Ohno M, Nishi E, Kitamura K, Kamitsukasa I, Takizawa H, Sata M, Yamagishi K, Iso H, Sawada N, Tsugane S, Iwase K, Shimada H, Iwadate Y, Hiwasa T. Utility of atherosclerosis-associated serum antibodies against colony-stimulating factor 2 in predicting the onset of acute ischemic stroke and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1042272. [PMID: 36844744 PMCID: PMC9954151 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1042272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoantibodies against inflammatory cytokines may be used for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Preclinical studies consider colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) as an essential cytokine with a causal relationship to atherosclerosis and cancer. We examined the serum anti-CSF2 antibody levels in patients with atherosclerosis or solid cancer. Methods We measured the serum anti-CSF2 antibody levels via amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunosorbent assay based on the recognition of recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fused CSF2 protein or a CSF2-derived peptide as the antigen. Results The serum anti-CSF2 antibody (s-CSF2-Ab) levels were significantly higher in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with healthy donors (HDs). In addition, the s-CSF2-Ab levels were associated with intima-media thickness and hypertension. The analyzes of samples obtained from a Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study suggested the utility of s-CSF2-Ab as a risk factor for AIS. Furthermore, the s-CSF2-Ab levels were higher in patients with esophageal, colorectal, gastric, and lung cancer than in HDs but not in those with mammary cancer. In addition, the s-CSF2-Ab levels were associated with unfavorable postoperative prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). In CRC, the s-CSF2-Ab levels were more closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with p53-Ab-negative CRC despite the lack of significant association of the anti-p53 antibody (p53-Ab) levels with the overall survival. Conclusion S-CSF2-Ab was useful for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis-related AIS, AMI, DM, and CKD and could discriminate poor prognosis, especially in p53-Ab-negative CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yang Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kubota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bo-Shi Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoo Matsutani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Mine
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Machida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aiko Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirotaka Takizawa
- Port Square Kashiwado Clinic, Kashiwado Memorial Foundation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sata
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yamagishi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuro Iwase
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Muthuramu I, Mishra M, De Geest B. Increased Remnant Lipoproteins in Apo E Deficient Mice Induce Coronary Atherosclerosis following Transverse Aortic Constriction and Aggravate the Development of Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071592. [PMID: 35884897 PMCID: PMC9312863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine coronary arteries are very resistant to the development of atherosclerosis, which may be related to their intramyocardial course. Blood pressure promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation by acting as a physical force that potentiates the migration of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins across the endothelium. C57BL/6N apolipoprotein (apo) E deficient mice have increased remnant lipoproteins that are a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, our aim was to quantify coronary atherosclerosis and artery remodeling following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6N apo E−/− mice and to evaluate the impact of increased remnant lipoproteins on the development of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the left coronary artery of C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice but not in C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pressure overload resulted in markedly increased cardiac hypertrophy and more pronounced heart failure in C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice in comparison to C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pathological hypertrophy, as evidenced by increased myocardial fibrosis and capillary rarefaction, was more prominent in C57BL/6N TAC apo E−/− than in C57BL/6N TAC mice and led to more marked cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, TAC in apo E deficient mice induces coronary atherosclerosis and aggravates the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayaraja Muthuramu
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mudit Mishra
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-372059; Fax: +32-16-345990
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3
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Kumari R, Ray AG, Mukherjee D, Chander V, Kar D, Kumar US, Bharadwaj P.V.P. D, Banerjee SK, Konar A, Bandyopadhyay A. Downregulation of PTEN Promotes Autophagy via Concurrent Reduction in Apoptosis in Cardiac Hypertrophy in PPAR α−/− Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:798639. [PMID: 35224041 PMCID: PMC8881053 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.798639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in the size of the cardiomyocytes which is initially triggered as an adaptive response but ultimately becomes maladaptive with chronic exposure to different hypertrophic stimuli. Prolonged cardiac hypertrophy is often associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions and cardiomyocyte cell death. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR α), which is critical for mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, is down regulated in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Yet, the role of PPAR α in cardiomyocyte death is largely unknown. To assess the role of PPAR α in chronic hypertrophy, isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist was administered in PPAR α knock out (PPAR α−/−) mice for 2 weeks and hypertrophy associated changes in cardiac tissues were observed. Echocardiographic analysis ensured the development of cardiac hypertrophy and compromised hemodynamics in PPAR α−/− mice. Proteomic analysis using high resolution mass spectrometer identified about 1,200 proteins enriched in heart tissue. Proteins were classified according to biological pathway and molecular functions. We observed an unexpected down regulation of apoptotic markers, Annexin V and p53 in hypertrophied heart tissue. Further validation revealed a significant down regulation of apoptosis regulator, PTEN, along with other apoptosis markers like p53, Caspase 9 and c-PARP. The autophagy markers Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, p62, Beclin1 and LC3 A/B were up regulated in PPAR α−/− mice indicating an increase in autophagy. Similar observations were made in a high cholesterol diet fed PPAR α−/−mice. The results were further validated in vitro using NRVMs and H9C2 cell line by blocking PPAR α that resulted in enhanced autophagosome formation upon hypertrophic stimulation. The results demonstrate that in the absence of PPAR α apoptotic pathway is inhibited while autophagy is enhanced. The data suggest that PPAR α signaling might act as a molecular switch between apoptosis and autophagy thereby playing a critical role in adaptive process in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kumari
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Aleepta Guha Ray
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dibyanti Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Vivek Chander
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipak Kar
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Uppulapu Shravan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Deepak Bharadwaj P.V.P.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjay K. Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Aditya Konar
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Arun Bandyopadhyay ; orcid.org/0000-0002-4885-7033
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4
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Oxidized LDL but not angiotensin II induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophic responses through the interaction between LOX-1 and AT 1 receptors. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 162:110-118. [PMID: 34555408 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and its receptor LOX-1, angiotensin II (AngII) and its type 1 receptor (AT1-R) play an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. However, the molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, we found that ox-LDL-induced cardiac hypertrophy was suppressed by inhibition of LOX-1 or AT1-R but not by AngII inhibition. These results suggest that the receptors LOX-1 and AT1-R, rather than AngII, play a key role in the role of ox-LDL. The same results were obtained in mice lacking endogenous AngII and their isolated cardiomyocytes. Ox-LDL but not AngII could induce the binding of LOX-1 and AT1-R; inhibition of LOX-1 or AT1-R but not AngII could abolish the binding of these two receptors. Overexpression of wild type LOX-1 with AT1-R enhanced ox-LDL-induced binding of two receptors and phosphorylation of ERKs, however, transfection of LOX-1 dominant negative mutant (lys266ala / lys267ala) or an AT1-R mutant (glu257ala) not only reduced the binding of two receptors but also inhibited the ERKs phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of ERKs induced by ox-LDL in LOX-1 and AT1-R-overexpression cells was abrogated by an inhibitor of Gq protein rather than Jak2, Rac1 or RhoA. Genetically, an AT1-R mutant lacking Gq protein coupling ability inhibited ox-LDL induced ERKs phosphorylation. Furthermore, through bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis, we confirmed that ox-LDL rather than AngII stimulation induced the direct binding of LOX-1 and AT1-R. We conclude that direct binding of LOX-1 and AT1-R and the activation of downstream Gq protein are important mechanisms of ox-LDL-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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5
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Li SY, Yoshida Y, Kobayashi E, Kubota M, Matsutani T, Mine S, Machida T, Maezawa Y, Takemoto M, Yokote K, Kobayashi Y, Takizawa H, Sata M, Yamagishi K, Iso H, Sawada N, Tsugane S, Kobayashi S, Matsushita K, Nomura F, Matsubara H, Sumazaki M, Ito M, Yajima S, Shimada H, Iwase K, Ashino H, Wang H, Goto K, Tomiyoshi G, Shinmen N, Nakamura R, Kuroda H, Iwadate Y, Hiwasa T. Serum anti-AP3D1 antibodies are risk factors for acute ischemic stroke related with atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13450. [PMID: 34188129 PMCID: PMC8242008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been considered as the main cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability worldwide. The first screening for antigen markers was conducted using the serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning, which has identified adaptor-related protein complex 3 subunit delta 1 (AP3D1) as an antigen recognized by serum IgG antibodies of patients with atherosclerosis. Serum antibody levels were examined using the amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunosorbent assay (AlphaLISA) using a recombinant protein as an antigen. It was determined that the serum antibody levels against AP3D1 were higher in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), transient ischemic attack, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and colorectal carcinoma than those in the healthy donors. The area under the curve values of DM, nephrosclerosis type of CKD, and ESCC calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were higher than those of other diseases. Correlation analysis showed that the anti-AP3D1 antibody levels were highly associated with maximum intima-media thickness, which indicates that this marker reflected the development of atherosclerosis. The results of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study indicated that this antibody marker is deemed useful as risk factors for AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yang Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kubota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomoo Matsutani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Mine
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital, Chiba, 287-0003, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Chiba, 290-0512, Japan
| | - Toshio Machida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Chiba, 290-0512, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takizawa
- Port Square Kashiwado Clinic, Kashiwado Memorial Foundation, Chiba, 260-0025, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sata
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yamagishi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Department of Public Health, Social Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Sohei Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Chiba, 261-0002, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Makoto Sumazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Katsuro Iwase
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ashino
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenichiro Goto
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Go Tomiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Medical Project Division, Research Development Center, Fujikura Kasei Co., Saitama, 340-0203, Japan
| | - Natsuko Shinmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Medical Project Division, Research Development Center, Fujikura Kasei Co., Saitama, 340-0203, Japan
| | - Rika Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Medical Project Division, Research Development Center, Fujikura Kasei Co., Saitama, 340-0203, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kuroda
- Medical Project Division, Research Development Center, Fujikura Kasei Co., Saitama, 340-0203, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Gąsecka A, Rogula S, Szarpak Ł, Filipiak KJ. LDL-Cholesterol and Platelets: Insights into Their Interactions in Atherosclerosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:39. [PMID: 33440673 PMCID: PMC7826814 DOI: 10.3390/life11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its complications, including acute coronary syndromes, are the major cause of death worldwide. The two most important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis include increased platelet activation and increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) concentration. In contrast to LDL, oxidized (ox)-LDL have direct pro-thrombotic properties by functional interactions with platelets, leading to platelet activation and favoring thrombus formation. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence on the interactions between LDL-cholesterol and platelets, which are based on (i) the presence of ox-LDL-binding sites on platelets, (ii) generation of ox-LDL by platelets and (iii) the role of activated platelets and ox-LDL in atherosclerosis. In addition, we elaborate on the clinical implications of these interactions, including development of the new therapeutic possibilities. The ability to understand and modulate mechanisms governing interactions between LDL-cholesterol and platelets may offer new treatment strategies for atherosclerosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gąsecka
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Sylwester Rogula
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Bialystok Oncology Center, 15-027, Bialystok, Poland;
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (K.J.F.)
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7
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Mohseni Z, Derksen E, Oben J, Al-Nasiry S, Spaanderman MEA, Ghossein-Doha C. Cardiac dysfunction after preeclampsia; an overview of pro- and anti-fibrotic circulating effector molecules. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020; 23:140-154. [PMID: 33388730 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is strongly associated with heart failure (HF) later in life. The aberrant cardiac remodelling is likely initiated or amplified during preeclamptic pregnancy. Aberrant remodelling often persists after delivery and is known to relate strongly to cardiac fibrosis. This review provides an overview of pro- and anti- fibrotic circulating effector molecules that are involved in cardiac fibrosis and their association with PE. Women with PE complicated pregnancies show increased ANG-II sensitivity and elevated levels of the pro-fibrotic factors IL-6, TNF-α, TGs and FFAs compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. In the postpartum period, PE pregnancies compared to uncomplicated pregnancies have increased ANG-II sensitivity, elevated levels of the pro-fibrotic factors IL-6, TNF-α, LDL cholesterol and leptin, as well as decreased levels of the anti-fibrotic factor adiponectin. The review revealed several profibrotic molecules that associate to cardiac fibrosis during and after PE. The role that these fibrotic factors have on the heart during and after PE may improve the understanding of the link between PE and HF. Furthermore they may provide insight into the pathways in which the relation between both diseases can be understood as potential mechanisms which interfere in the process of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unravelling the molecular mechanism and pathways involved might bring the diagnostic and therapeutic abilities of those factors a step closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenab Mohseni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands.
| | - Elianne Derksen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Oben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands
| | - Salwan Al-Nasiry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands
| | - Marc E A Spaanderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Chahinda Ghossein-Doha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), The Netherlands
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8
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Ishaka A, Imam MU, Ismail M. Nanoemulsification of Rice Bran Wax Policosanol Enhances Its Cardio-protective Effects via Modulation of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma in Hyperlipidemic Rats. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:1287-1295. [PMID: 33028753 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Policosanol, a mixture of long-chain alcohols found in animal and plant waxes, has several biological effects including lipid-lowering that have been extensively studied. However, its bioavailability is low. To investigate the effect of nanoemulsified rice bran wax policosanol (NPOL) on plasma homocysteine, heart and liver histology in hyperlipidemic rats, high-fat diet containing 2.5% cholesterol was used to induce hyperlipidemia in Sprague Dawley rats. The hyperlipidemic rats were treated with NPOL and rice bran wax policosanol (POL) in comparison with normal diet (ND), high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and simvastatin-treated rats. Plasma homocysteine, heart and liver histology, and hepatic mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) were evaluated. The NPOL group, similar to the simvastatin group, showed reduced plasma homocysteine, preserved heart and liver histology, and down-regulated hepatic PPARG mRNA in comparison to the control group, and was better than the POL group. The results suggest that the modest effect of NPOL on homocysteine and preservation of heart and liver histology could be through the regulation of PPARG expression on a background of increased assimilation of rice bran wax policosanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Ishaka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University.,Director Centre for Advance Medical Research and Training (CAMRET)
| | - Maznah Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia
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9
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Villa M, Cerda-Opazo P, Jimenez-Gallegos D, Garrido-Moreno V, Chiong M, Quest AF, Toledo J, Garcia L. Pro-fibrotic effect of oxidized LDL in cardiac myofibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:696-701. [PMID: 32033750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signals associated with cardiac diseases trigger trans-differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiac myofibroblasts. Cardiac myofibroblasts are the main cell type involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis, a diffuse and disproportionate accumulation of collagen in the myocardium. Although the role of the scavenger like-lectin receptor LOX-1 was previously investigated in cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis, the involvement of the LOX-1 ligand -oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)- on cardiac myofibroblast function still remains unexplored. In the present work, we investigated the effect of oxLDL/LOX-1 on fibrotic markers and cardiac myofibroblast function. Our in vitro results showed that oxLDL increased cardiac myofibroblast proliferation, triggered an increase in the synthesis of collagen type I and fibronectin containing extra domain A, and stimulated collagen type I secretion. oxLDL also decreased cardiac myofibroblast migration, collagen gel contraction and cell area, without modifying α-smooth muscle actin protein levels. These effects were dependent on LOX-1, because LOX-1 knockdown abolished oxLDL effects. Collectively these data showed that oxLDL has important modulatory effects on cardiac myofibroblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Villa
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Cerda-Opazo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danica Jimenez-Gallegos
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Garrido-Moreno
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Fg Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Wolk S, Reeps C, Morawietz H. Soluble LOX-1: A Novel Biomarker in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease, Stroke, and Acute Aortic Dissection? J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013803. [PMID: 31902328 PMCID: PMC6988168 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation Department of Medicine III Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation Department of Medicine III Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Steffen Wolk
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation Department of Medicine III Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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11
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Lima VM, Lino CA, Senger N, de Oliveira Silva T, Fonseca RIB, Bader M, Santos RAS, Júnior JD, Barreto-Chaves MLM, Diniz GP. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates high fat diet-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hypercholesterolemia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110576. [PMID: 31520674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the major risk factor for several cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Previous studies reported that deletion of Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) protects against metabolic dysfunctions induced by high fat (HF) diet. However, the role of AT2R in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Male AT2R knockout (AT2RKO) and wild type (AT2RWT) mice were fed with control or HF diet for 10 weeks. HF diet increased cardiac expression of AT2R in obese mice. Deletion of AT2R did not affect body weight gain, glucose intolerance and fat mass gain induced by HF feeding. However, loss of AT2R prevented HF diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and cardiac remodeling. Mechanistically, we found that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of AT2R prevented leptin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that AT2R is involved in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Senger
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renata I B Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Elgawish MS, Soltan MK, Sebaiy MM. Molecular modeling, spectrofluorimetric, and tandem mass spectrometric analysis reveal a competitive binding of amlodipine and rosuvastatin to plasma albumin: Insight into drug-drug interaction. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Saracoglu E, Kılıç S, Vuruşkan E, Düzen I, Çekici Y, Kuzu Z, Yıldırım A, Küçükosmanoğlu M, Çetin M. Prediction of subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction in homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Genetic analyses and speckle tracking echocardiography study. Echocardiography 2018; 35:1289-1299. [PMID: 29870584 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have shown the direct effect of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) on myocardial systolic function. Studies focused on heterozygote FH patients but not homozygote ones, and they did not perform genetic analyses. We aimed to evaluate all types of patients with FH using the potentially more sensitive speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) technique to identify early left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. METHODS Genetic analyses of patients with FH were conducted for LDL-receptor, PCSK9, and ApoB100. Nine homozygote, two compound heterozygote, and 82 heterozygote FH patients and 85 healthy subjects were prospectively studied. Longitudinal and circumferential strain measurements and conventional echocardiography findings were obtained. RESULTS LV ejection fractions were similar for all (homozygote, heterozygote, and control) groups. The LV average longitudinal strain (aLS) and average circumferential strain (aCS) levels were significantly reduced in the homozygote and heterozygote groups when compared with the controls (for aLS, P = .008 (<.001); for aCS, P =< .001). A significant inverse correlation was found between LDL-C levels and LS (P < .001, r = .728) and CS (P < .001, r = .642) for all FH patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of using systolic strain values obtained using 2D STE for determining lipotoxicity in the myocardium owing to hypercholesterolemia. Our study found that cardiac functions of homozygote patients who had the highest cholesterol levels were disrupted at very early ages. Therefore, starting lipid reduction treatment and early reverse LV remodelling therapy at early ages may be beneficial for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Saracoglu
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Training Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Salih Kılıç
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ertan Vuruşkan
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Training Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Irfan Düzen
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep 25 Aralık State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Çekici
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Zülfiye Kuzu
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Training Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Arafat Yıldırım
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Training Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Çetin
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Training Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
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14
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Morawietz H. Contribution of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and LOX-1 modulating compounds to vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30171-4. [PMID: 29056472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for binding and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in endothelial cells. LOX-1 is also expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and platelets. Following internalization of oxLDL, LOX-1 initiates a vicious cycle from activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus promoting an increased reactive oxygen species formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, foam cell and advanced lesions formation as well as in myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, it is known that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial DNA damage, vascular cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A large number of studies provide evidence of a LOX-1's role in endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, novel insights into LOX-1 ligands and the activated signaling pathways have been gained. Recent studies have shown an interaction of LOX-1 with microRNA's, thus providing novel tools to regulate LOX-1 function. Because LOX-1 is increased in atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to endothelial dysfunction, several compounds were tested in vivo and in vitro to modulate the LOX-1 expression in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Physiological and therapeutic regulation of PCSK9 activity in cardiovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:32. [PMID: 28439730 PMCID: PMC5403857 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death worldwide and is accelerated by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent circulating regulator of LDL-C through its ability to induce degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Only in the last few years, a number of breakthroughs in the understanding of PCSK9 biology have been reported illustrating how PCSK9 activity is tightly regulated at several levels by factors influencing its transcription, secretion, or by extracellular inactivation and clearance. Two humanized antibodies directed against the LDLR-binding site in PCSK9 received approval by the European and US authorities and additional PCSK9 directed therapeutics are climbing up the phases of clinical trials. The first outcome data of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab reported a significant reduction in the composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and further outcome data are awaited. Meanwhile, it became evident that PCSK9 has (patho)physiological roles in several cardiovascular cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent biological and clinical data on PCSK9, the regulation of PCSK9, its extra-hepatic activities focusing on cardiovascular cells, molecular concepts to target PCSK9, and finally briefly summarize the data of recent clinical studies.
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16
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Matsumura T, Terada J, Kinoshita T, Sakurai Y, Yahaba M, Ema R, Amata A, Sakao S, Nagashima K, Tatsumi K, Hiwasa T. Circulating Anti-Coatomer Protein Complex Subunit Epsilon (COPE) Autoantibodies as a Potential Biomarker for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:393-400. [PMID: 27923433 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Although moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for severe arteriosclerotic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke, the development of atherosclerosis-related diseases cannot yet be predicted in patients with OSA. In a pilot study, we identified autoantibodies against the coatomer protein complex, subunit epsilon [circulating anti-coatomer protein complex subunit epsilon autoantibody (COPE-Ab)], a cytosolic complex that mediates protein transport in the Golgi compartment, as a potential novel biomarker of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate whether COPE-Ab levels had an association with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with OSA. METHODS Eighty-two adult patients with a diagnosis of OSA via polysomnography and 64 healthy donors were studied. Serum COPE-Ab levels were measured using an amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay. Then, clinical factors related to atherosclerosis were evaluated with respect to COPE-Ab levels. RESULTS Significant differences in COPE-Ab levels were observed in terms of OSA severity. COPE-Ab levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA and also CVD and/or stroke, hypertension, and a high body mass index. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of patients with OSA identified elevated COPE-Ab level as a significant predictor of CVD and/or stroke. CONCLUSIONS An elevated COPE-Ab level may be a potential predictor of the risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with OSA. Therefore, patients with higher COPE-Ab levels may require more careful and intensive treatment. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matsumura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiro Terada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taku Kinoshita
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sakurai
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misuzu Yahaba
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryogo Ema
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Amata
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Department of Global Clinical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Ishaka A, Imam MU, Ismail M, Mahmud R, Abu Bakar ZZ. Nanoemulsified gamma-oryzanol rich fraction blend regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk in hypercholesterolaemic rats. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Zeya B, Arjuman A, Chandra NC. Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LOX-1): A Chameleon Receptor for Oxidized LDL. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4437-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Zeya
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Albina Arjuman
- Division of P&I, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Nimai Chand Chandra
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
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19
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Türkcan A, Scharinger B, Grabmann G, Keppler BK, Laufer G, Bernhard D, Messner B. Combination of cadmium and high cholesterol levels as a risk factor for heart fibrosis. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:360-71. [PMID: 25770136 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of increased cadmium (Cd) serum levels on the cardiovascular system are proven by epidemiological and basic science studies. Cd exposure of animals and humans is known to impair myocardial function, possibly leading to heart failure. This study aims at investigating the effect of Cd treatment on the cardiac system with emphasis on the combined effect of Cd and high serum cholesterol levels as an important cardiovascular risk factor. Detailed analyses of Cd-induced effects on the heart of ApoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet (HFD), ApoE-/- mice fed a normal diet (ND), and C57BL/6J mice fed a ND revealed proinflammatory and fibrotic changes in the presence of cellular hypertrophy but in the absence of organ hypertrophy. Hypercholesterolemia in ApoE-/- mice alone and in combination with Cd treatment resulted in significant cardiomyocyte cell death. Based on further analyses of heart sections, we conclude that severe hypercholesterolemia in combination with ApoE-/- genotype as well as Cd treatment results in necrotic cardiomyocyte death. These data were supported by in vitro experiments showing a Cd-induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and the permeabilization of the plasma membrane arguing for the occurrence of Cd-induced necrotic cell death. In summary, we were able to show for the first time that the combination of high cholesterol and Cd levels increase the risk for heart failure through cardiac fibrosis. This observation could in part be explained by the dramatically increased deposition of Cd in the hearts of ApoE-/- mice fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Türkcan
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scharinger
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Grabmann
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Laufer
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Bernhard
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Messner
- *Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Bonifacio A, Mullen PJ, Mityko IS, Navegantes LC, Bouitbir J, Krähenbühl S. Simvastatin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and increased atrogin-1 expression in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and mice in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:203-15. [PMID: 25300705 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is effective and well tolerated, with adverse reactions mainly affecting skeletal muscle. Important mechanisms for skeletal muscle toxicity include mitochondrial impairment and increased expression of atrogin-1. The aim was to study the mechanisms of toxicity of simvastatin on H9c2 cells (a rodent cardiomyocyte cell line) and on the heart of male C57BL/6 mice. After, exposure to 10 μmol/L simvastatin for 24 h, H9c2 cells showed impaired oxygen consumption, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and a decreased activity of several enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The cellular ATP level was also decreased, which was associated with phosphorylation of AMPK, dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of FoxO3a as well as increased mRNA expression of atrogin-1. Markers of apoptosis were increased in simvastatin-treated H9c2 cells. Treatment of mice with 5 mg/kg/day simvastatin for 21 days was associated with a 5 % drop in heart weight as well as impaired activity of several enzyme complexes of the ETC and increased mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and of markers of apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Cardiomyocytes exposed to simvastatin in vitro or in vivo sustain mitochondrial damage, which causes AMPK activation, dephosphorylation and nuclear transformation of FoxO3a as well as increased expression of atrogin-1. Mitochondrial damage and increased atrogin-1 expression are associated with apoptosis and increased protein breakdown, which may cause myocardial atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bonifacio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Mullen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ileana Scurtu Mityko
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luiz C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.
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Narapusetti A, Bethanabhatla SS, Sockalingam A, Repaka N, Saritha V. Simultaneous determination of rosuvastatin and amlodipine in human plasma using tandem mass spectrometry: Application to disposition kinetics. J Adv Res 2014; 6:931-40. [PMID: 26644931 PMCID: PMC4642150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay method for the simultaneous determination of rosuvastatin and amlodipine in human plasma using deuterated analogs as internal standards has been developed and validated. The analytes were extracted from 100 μL aliquots of human plasma via liquid–liquid extraction using a mixture of ethyl acetate and n-hexane (80:20, v/v) as an extraction solvent. The optimized mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid in 5 mM ammonium acetate, methanol, and acetonitrile (20:20:60, v/v/v) and delivered at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. The calibration curve obtained was linear (R2 ⩾ 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.52–51.77 ng/mL for rosuvastatin and 0.10–10.07 ng/mL for amlodipine. A sample turnover rate of less than 2.5 min makes it an attractive procedure in high-throughput bioanalysis of rosuvastatin and amlodipine. The present method was found to be applicable to clinical studies and the results were authenticated by incurred sample reanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Narapusetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada 533 003, India ; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Pharmacology, Geethanjali College of Pharmacy, Cheeryal, Hyderabad 501 301, India
| | | | - Anbazhagan Sockalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Surya School of Pharmacy, NH-45, GST Road, Vikravandi, Villpuram 605 652, India
| | - Nagakishore Repaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Pharmacology, Geethanjali College of Pharmacy, Cheeryal, Hyderabad 501 301, India
| | - Veldandi Saritha
- Department of Pharmacy, Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar 509 001, India
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Lee AS, Wang GJ, Chan HC, Chen FY, Chang CM, Yang CY, Lee YT, Chang KC, Chen CH. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis indirectly through endothelial cell-released chemokines. Apoptosis 2013; 17:1009-18. [PMID: 22562555 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has a critical role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. L5, the most negatively charged subfraction of human plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), induces several atherogenic responses in endothelial cells (ECs), including apoptosis. We hypothesized that L5 also contributes to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and studied whether it does so indirectly by inducing the secretion of factors from ECs. We examined apoptosis of rat cardiomyocytes treated with culture-conditioned medium (CCM) of rat ECs that were exposed to L5 or L1 (the least negatively charged LDL subfraction). Apoptosis at early and late time points was twofold greater in cardiomyocytes treated with L5 CCM than in those treated with L1 CCM. The indirect effect of L5 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis was significantly reduced by pretreating ECs with inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or CXC receptor 2 (CXCR2). Studies with cytokine protein arrays revealed that L5 CCM, but not L1 CCM, contained high levels of ELR(+) CXC chemokines, including lipopolysaccharide-induced chemokine (LIX) and interleukin (IL)-8. The L5-induced release of these chemokines from ECs was abolished by inhibiting the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Addition of recombinant LIX or IL-8 to CCM-free cardiomyocyte cultures increased apoptosis and enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β by increasing the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus; these effects were attenuated by inhibiting PI3K and CXCR2. In conclusion, L5 may indirectly induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis by enhancing secretion of ELR(+) CXC chemokines from ECs, which in turn activate CXCR2/PI3K/NF-κB signaling to increase the release of TNF-α and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Lee
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Gao S, Geng YJ. LOX-1: A male hormone-regulated scavenger receptor for atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 59:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Atorvastatin Inhibits the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway and Expression of CCL3 to Alleviate Atherosclerotic Lesions in Atherosclerotic ApoE Knockout Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 62:205-11. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182967fc0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Xu S, Ogura S, Chen J, Little PJ, Moss J, Liu P. LOX-1 in atherosclerosis: biological functions and pharmacological modifiers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2859-72. [PMID: 23124189 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1, also known as OLR-1), is a class E scavenger receptor that mediates the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells. LOX-1 is involved in endothelial dysfunction, monocyte adhesion, the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, foam cell formation, platelet activation, as well as plaque instability; all of these events are critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These LOX-1-dependent biological processes contribute to plaque instability and the ultimate clinical sequelae of plaque rupture and life-threatening tissue ischemia. Administration of anti-LOX-1 antibodies inhibits atherosclerosis by decreasing these cellular events. Over the past decade, multiple drugs including naturally occurring antioxidants, statins, antiinflammatory agents, antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic drugs have been demonstrated to inhibit vascular LOX-1 expression and activity. Therefore, LOX-1 represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human atherosclerotic diseases. This review aims to integrate the current understanding of LOX-1 signaling, regulation of LOX-1 by vasculoprotective drugs, and the importance of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Stancu CS, Toma L, Sima AV. Dual role of lipoproteins in endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:433-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis Implications in Antioxidant Therapy. Am J Med Sci 2011; 342:135-42. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e318224a147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Toma L, Stancu CS, Sanda GM, Sima AV. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of amlodipine action to improve endothelial cell dysfunction induced by irreversibly glycated LDL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qin YW, Ye P, He JQ, Sheng L, Wang LY, Du J. Simvastatin inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a "Western-style diet" by increasing PPAR α and γ expression and reducing TC, MMP-9, and Cat S levels. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1350-8. [PMID: 20835264 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The examine the cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/- mice) fed a "Western-style diet" and the effect of simvastatin intervention. METHODS Male ApoE-/- mice (n=36) were fed a "Western-style diet" from the age of 8 weeks. After 16 weeks, they were randomly given either simvastatin (25 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) or normal saline (control group) by gavage for 8, 16, or 24 weeks. The left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and diameter of the myocardial cells were determined with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain, and the level of fibrosis of the myocardial matrix was assessed with Masson stain. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Cathepsin S (Cat S), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the myocardium of ApoE-/- mice. RESULTS ApoE-/- mice fed a "Western-style diet" showed an significant age-dependent increase in total cholesterol (TC), LV wall thickness, myocardial cell diameter and LV collagen content (P<0.05). The simvastatin treatment group showed significantly reduced LV wall thickness, myocardial cell diameters and LV collagen content at 40 weeks when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with simvastatin also significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-9 and Cat S as well as increased the mRNA and protein expressions of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma at 32 and 40 weeks compared with the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION ApoE-/- mice fed a "Western-style diet" had cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which worsened with age. Simvastatin treatment inhibits the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and this effect may be mediated through increased levels of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma and reduced levels of TC, MMP-9, and Cat S.
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