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Bath PM, Woodhouse LJ, Appleton JP, Beridze M, Christensen H, Dineen RA, Flaherty K, Duley L, England TJ, Havard D, Heptinstall S, James M, Kasonde C, Krishnan K, Markus HS, Montgomery AA, Pocock S, Randall M, Ranta A, Robinson TG, Scutt P, Venables GS, Sprigg N. Triple versus guideline antiplatelet therapy to prevent recurrence after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: the TARDIS RCT. Health Technol Assess 2019; 22:1-76. [PMID: 30179153 DOI: 10.3310/hta22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two antiplatelet agents are better than one for preventing recurrent stroke after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Therefore, intensive treatment with three agents might be better still, providing it does not cause undue bleeding. OBJECTIVE To compare the safety and efficacy of intensive therapy with guideline antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke and TIA. DESIGN International prospective randomised open-label blinded end-point parallel-group superiority clinical trial. SETTING Acute hospitals at 106 sites in four countries. PARTICIPANTS Patients > 50 years of age with acute non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or TIA within 48 hours of ictus (stroke). INTERVENTIONS Participants were allocated at random by computer to 1 month of intensive (combined aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole) or guideline (combined aspirin and dipyridamole, or clopidogrel alone) antiplatelet agents, and followed for 90 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the incidence and severity of any recurrent stroke (ischaemic, haemorrhagic; assessed using the modified Rankin Scale) or TIA within 90 days by blinded telephone follow-up. Analysis using ordinal logistic regression was by intention to treat. Other outcomes included bleeding and its severity, death, myocardial infarction (MI), disability, mood, cognition and quality of life. RESULTS The trial was stopped early on the recommendation of the Data Monitoring Committee after recruitment of 3096 participants (intensive, n = 1556; guideline, n = 1540) from 106 hospitals in four countries between April 2009 and March 2016. The incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA did not differ between intensive and guideline therapy in 3070 (99.2%) participants with data [93 vs. 105 stroke/TIA events; adjusted common odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 1.20; p = 0.47]. Major (encompassing fatal) bleeding was increased with intensive as compared with guideline therapy [39 vs. 17 participants; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.23, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.96; p = 0.006]. There were no differences between the treatment groups in all-cause mortality, or the composite of death, stroke, MI and major bleeding (aHR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.35; p = 0.88). LIMITATIONS Patients and investigators were not blinded to treatment. The comparator group comprised two guideline strategies because of changes in national guidelines during the trial. The trial was stopped early, thereby reducing its statistical power. CONCLUSIONS The use of three antiplatelet agents is associated with increased bleeding without any significant reduction in recurrence of stroke or TIA. FUTURE WORK The safety and efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin and clopidogrel) versus aspirin remains to be defined. Further research is required on identifying individual patient response to antiplatelets, and the relationship between response and the subsequent risks of vascular recurrent events and bleeding complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47823388. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 48. See the NIHR Journal Library website for further project information. The Triple Antiplatelets for Reducing Dependency after Ischaemic Stroke (TARDIS) vanguard phase was funded by the British Heart Foundation (grant PG/08/083/25779, from 1 April 2009 to 30 September 2012) and indirect funding was provided by the Stroke Association through its funding of the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. There was no commercial support for the trial and antiplatelet drugs were sourced locally at each site. The trial was sponsored by the University of Nottingham.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Woodhouse
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jason P Appleton
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maia Beridze
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of War Veterans, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Hanne Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert A Dineen
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katie Flaherty
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lelia Duley
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Timothy J England
- Vascular Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Diane Havard
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stan Heptinstall
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marilyn James
- Health Economics, Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Kailash Krishnan
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan A Montgomery
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Pocock
- Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marc Randall
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Annamarei Ranta
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Hospital and University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Polly Scutt
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Graham S Venables
- Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Stroke, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Ntalas IV, Kalantzi KI, Tsoumani ME, Bourdakis A, Charmpas C, Christogiannis Z, Dimoulis N, Draganigos A, Efthimiadis I, Giannakoulas G, Giatrakos I, Giogiakas V, Goumas G, Hatziathanasiou G, Kazakos E, Kipouridis N, Konstantinou S, Milionis H, Nikolopoulos D, Peltekis L, Prokopakis N, Sinteles I, Stroumbis C, Terzoudi K, Thoma M, Tsilias K, Vakalis I, Vardakis K, Vasilakopoulos V, Vemmos K, Voukelatou M, Xaraktsis I, Panagiotakos DB, Goudevenos JA, Tselepis AD. Salts of Clopidogrel: Investigation to Ensure Clinical Equivalence: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:516-525. [PMID: 27081185 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416644343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of the generic clopidogrel besylate (CB) with the innovator clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CHS) salt in patients eligible to receive clopidogrel. METHODS A prospective 2-arm, multicenter, open-label, phase 4 clinical trial. Consecutive patients (n = 1864) were screened and 1800 were enrolled in the trial and randomized to CHS or CB. Primary efficacy end point was the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from vascular causes, and primary safety end point was rate of bleeding events as defined by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria. RESULTS At 12-month follow-up, no differences were observed between CB (n = 759) and CHS (n = 798) in primary efficacy and safety end points (age, sex, history of percutaneous coronary intervention adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-1.21 and OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.51-1.29, respectively) between CHS and CB. Analyses of efficacy and safety in subgroups that were defined according to the qualifying diagnosis revealed that there was no difference between CHS and CB. CONCLUSION The efficacy and safety of CB administered for 12 months for the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events are similar to that of CHS. (Salts of Clopidogrel: Investigation to ENsure Clinical Equivalence, SCIENCE trial; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02126982).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis V Ntalas
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Maria E Tsoumani
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Christos Charmpas
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Dimoulis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Giorgos Giannakoulas
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Giatrakos
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Evangelos Kazakos
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Haralampos Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Leonidas Peltekis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Sinteles
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christos Stroumbis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Kyriafina Terzoudi
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Thoma
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Karmelos Tsilias
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vakalis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Konstantinos Vemmos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Voukelatou
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Xaraktsis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - John A Goudevenos
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Kim YI, Kim JH, Lee TY, Lee KW. Efficacy and Safety of Glaucoma Patients' Switch from a 2% Dorzolamide/0.5% Timolol Fixed-Combination Brand-Name Drug to Its Generic Counterpart. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:335-9. [PMID: 26133057 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and safety of the brand-name and generic 2% dorzolamide/0.5% timolol fixed-combination (DTFC) drugs in glaucoma patients. METHODS This was a prospective single-center study, in which patients using only the brand-name DTFC (Cosopt(®); Merck and Co, Inc.) drug and those using Cosopt with prostaglandin analogs (PGs) were enrolled. In the patients using Cosopt (Group A) and Cosopt with PGs (Group B), Cosopt was switched to its generic counterpart (Batidor(®); Bausch & Lomb, Inc.). The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before the switch and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the switch in both groups. The questionnaire on the discomfort symptoms and on the discomfort score for the use of eye drops was answered by the patients in both groups before the switch and 12 weeks after the switch. RESULTS A total of 112 patients were enrolled in the study, 62 in Group A and 50 in Group B. The IOPs before the switch and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the switch showed no statistical difference in both groups (P>0.05). There were higher incidences of bitter taste and blurring with Cosopt, and there was a higher incidence of headache with Batidor in both groups, but no significant differences (P>0.05) were noted. There was, likewise, no significant difference in the discomfort score between 2 drugs in both groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS After the switch, the IOP-lowering effect of the generic drug Batidor was similar to that of the brand-name drug Cosopt in the monotherapy and combination therapy with PGs. No significant differences were found in terms of the discomfort symptoms and discomfort score between the 2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Il Kim
- Cheil Eye Hospital and Cheil Eye Research Institute , Daegu, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Cheil Eye Hospital and Cheil Eye Research Institute , Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Lee
- Cheil Eye Hospital and Cheil Eye Research Institute , Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoo Won Lee
- Cheil Eye Hospital and Cheil Eye Research Institute , Daegu, Korea
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Zaid AN, Al Ramahi R, Bustami R, Mousa A, Khasawneh S. Comparative fasting bioavailability of two clopidogrel formulations in healthy Mediterranean volunteers: an in vitro-in vivo correlation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:2359-65. [PMID: 25987833 PMCID: PMC4422294 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s78658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two drug products, generic clopidogrel bisulfate 75 mg film-coated tablets versus the reference Plavix® clopidogrel bisulfate 75 mg film-coated tablets. Methods Bioequivalence of tablets was tested by comparisons against the reference brand product in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki, the current Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the International Conference on Harmonization. Results The relationship between concentration and peak area ratio was found to be linear within the range 24.500–1,836.600 pg/mL for clopidogrel. The correlation coefficient (r) was always greater than 0.99 during the course of the validation. Statistical comparison of the main pharmacokinetic parameters showed no significant difference between test and reference. The point estimates (ratios of geometric mean) were 104.122%, 104.184%, and 109.091% for areas under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) AUC0-last, AUC0-∞, and peak plasma concentration Cmax, respectively. These pharmacokinetic parameter values of clopidogrel and its main metabolite lie within the bioequivalence limit (80%–125%) specified by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Conclusion The tested drug product was bioequivalent to the reference drug under fasting conditions and had the same safety profile, which is important to achieve equivalent therapeutic effect with the reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Naser Zaid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and health sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rowa' Al Ramahi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and health sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Ayman Mousa
- R&D Department, Middle East Pharmaceutical Industries Co Ltd, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Syvolap VV, Franskavichene LV, Golukhova EZ, Serebruany VL. Switching from generic to brand clopidogrel in male patients after ST-elevated myocardial infarction. Cardiology 2014; 129:103-5. [PMID: 25227134 DOI: 10.1159/000365140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect residual platelet aggregation following the switch from generic (GC) to brand clopidogrel (BC) in male patients after ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS The study was designed as an open-label, prospective cohort trial. Thirty-three male STEMI patients were enrolled. All patients received dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (100 mg/daily) and one of six GC at a daily dose of 75 mg. After 2 weeks, all patients were switched to BC. Adrenaline- and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation was assessed twice: on day 14 (before the switch) and on day 21 (after 1 week of BC therapy). RESULTS Adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation did not differ among clopidogrel formulations. In contrast, residual 5 µM ADP-induced platelet aggregation after BC differs from GC by 14% (28.0 ± 2.5 vs. 23.9 ± 2.1%; p = 0.03). When 20 µM ADP was used as agonist, the difference was smaller (36.2 ± 2.9 vs. 34.6 ± 2.8%) but still significant (p = 0.04) favoring BC. CONCLUSIONS After 2 weeks of therapy, switching from GC to BC was associated with a mild but significant reduction in ADP-induced platelet aggregation in male post-STEMI patients. The observed differences between GC and BC should be confirmed in a larger randomized study, but may represent a risk in underdeveloped countries, where GC therapy is mandatory for post-MI inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy V Syvolap
- HeartDrug™ Research Laboratories, Johns Hopkins University, Towson, Md., USA
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7
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Update: Acute coronary syndromes (V). Personalized antiplatelet therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:480-7. [PMID: 24863597 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that high on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate during clopidogrel therapy is an independent risk factor for ischemic event occurrences in a postpercutaneous coronary intervention patients. However, the precise role of platelet function testing remains debated. Platelet function testing to ensure optimal platelet inhibition has been recommended by some authorities to improve outcomes in patients treated with clopidogrel. Recent prospective, randomized trials of personalized antiplatelet therapy have failed to demonstrate a benefit of platelet function testing in improving outcomes. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms responsible for clopidogrel nonreponsiveness, recent trials of platelet function testing, and other new developments in the field of personalized antiplatelet therapy.
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Komosa A, Siller-Matula JM, Kowal J, Lesiak M, Siniawski A, Mączyński M, Michalak M, Mularek-Kubzdela T, Grajek S. Comparison of the antiplatelet effect of two clopidogrel bisulfate formulations: Plavix and generic-Egitromb. Platelets 2014; 26:43-7. [PMID: 24499166 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.877581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to expansion of the pharmaceutical market it seems necessary to prove the efficacy of the generic drugs. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two clopidogrel formulations: brand-name-Plavix and generic drug - Egitromb. This is a prospective, randomized study comparing two groups of patients treated with two clopidogrel: brand-name Plavix and generic drug- Egitromb. The 53 consecutive patients with stable coronary artery disease qualifying for coronary angiography and PCI were enrolled in this trial. They were randomized into two groups. In the group A (n = 28) patients received Egitromb 300 mg at admission followed by 8 days of 75 mg Egitromb daily. In the group B (n = 25) patients received Plavix 300 mg on the admission followed by 8 days of 75 mg Plavix maintenance therapy. Blood samples for multiple electrode aggregometry testing were drawn at baseline, 5 hours and 8 days after taking the loading dose. Median values of platelet aggregation inhibition did not differ between the Plavix and Egitromb groups when assessed at baseline: 239AU/min (IQR:329) vs. 209 (IQR:406; p = 0.894), 5 hours after loading: 183 AU/min (IQR:107) vs. 165 (IQR:171; p = 0.831) or at day 8: 174 AU/min (IQR:133) vs. 211 (IQR:133; p = 0.332. The study showed no difference in the therapeutic effect of two clopidogrel formulations (Egitromb and Plavix).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Komosa
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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