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Barrera-Chimal J, Bonnard B, Jaisser F. Roles of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Cardiovascular and Cardiorenal Diseases. Annu Rev Physiol 2022; 84:585-610. [PMID: 35143332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-013950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in the heart and vessels leads to pathological effects, such as excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, oxidative stress, and sustained inflammation. In these organs, the MR is expressed in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells. We review the accumulating experimental and clinical evidence that pharmacological MR antagonism has a positive impact on a battery of cardiac and vascular pathological states, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmic diseases, atherosclerosis, vascular stiffness, and cardiac and vascular injury linked to metabolic comorbidities and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, we present perspectives on optimization of the use of MR antagonists in patients more likely to respond to such therapy and review the evidence suggesting that novel nonsteroidal MR antagonists offer an improved safety profile while retaining their cardiovascular protective effects. Finally, we highlight future therapeutic applications of MR antagonists in cardiovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Bonnard
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France;
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; .,INSERM Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN INI-CRCT), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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2
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Hao J, Liu L, Liu Z, Chen G, Xiong Y, Wang X, Ma X, Xu Q. Aldosterone Induces the Proliferation of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells In Vivo but Not In Vitro. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9943848. [PMID: 34386059 PMCID: PMC8337160 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9943848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the proliferation effect of aldosterone on renal tubular epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Thirty-two male C57BL/6J mice (20-22 g) were divided randomly into four groups: sham, unilateral nephrectomy (UN), unilateral nephrectomy plus aldosterone infusion (UA), and UA plus eplerenone (UAE). The kidneys were removed 6 weeks after treatment. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK2) and mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cell lines were stimulated by aldosterone (0, 10-9, 10-8, 10-7, and 10-6 mol/L) in vitro. Cells were collected after 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h, and proliferation of each group detected by western blotting, flow cytometry, live imaging, and the MTT assay. In addition, mDCT cells were costimulated with a medium containing a final concentration of 161 mmol/L Na+ and different concentrations of aldosterone, and the number of cells and cellular DNA content was measured by the MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Aldosterone could induce a significant increase in the number of PCNA-positive cells in mouse kidneys accompanied by increased deposition of collagen fibers. Eplerenone could inhibit aldosterone-induced cell proliferation and collagen deposition. HK2 cells and mDCT cells administered different concentrations, and different times of aldosterone stimulation failed to cause cell proliferation, and costimulation of aldosterone and salt did not cause proliferation changes in mDCT cells. CONCLUSIONS Aldosterone perfusion can induce proliferation of mouse kidney cells in vivo, and eplerenone can inhibit this change, but aldosterone stimulates HK2 cells and mDCT in vitro without causing their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingjin Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Gege Chen
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunzhao Xiong
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingyou Xu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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Du Y, Xiao H, Wan J, Wang X, Li T, Zheng S, Feng J, Ye Q, Li J, Li G, Fan Z. Atorvastatin attenuates TGF‑β1‑induced fibrogenesis by inhibiting Smad3 and MAPK signaling in human ventricular fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:633-640. [PMID: 32468059 PMCID: PMC7307817 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive proliferation and myofibroblasts transformation of cardiac fibroblasts play a critical role in the process of cardiac fibrosis. Atorvastatin (ATV), a 3‑hydroxy‑3‑methyl‑glutaryl‑coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is commonly used to treat hypercholesterolemia. It has previously been shown that ATV has potential anti‑fibrotic effects. However, the underlying mechanisms of ATV against cardiac fibrosis remain to be fully elucidated, and to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports focusing on the effects of ATV on transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1)‑induced human ventricular fibroblasts (hVFs) activation. In the present study, hVFs were stimulated with TGF‑β1 with or without pretreatment with ATV. Subsequently, hVF proliferation, cytotoxicity, myofibroblast differentiation and pro‑fibrotic gene expression were assessed. Canonical and non‑canonical signaling downstream of TGF‑β1, such as Smad3 and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, were investigated by evaluating the phosphorylation levels of Smad3, extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2, p38 MAPK and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase. The results indicated that ATV significantly prevented TGF‑β1‑induced cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and production of extracellular matrix proteins, such as matrix metalloproteinase‑2, collagen I and collagen III, in hVFs. Furthermore, ATV effectively inhibited TGF‑β1‑induced activation of Smad3 and MAPK signaling in hVFs. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that ATV prevented TGF‑β1‑induced fibrogenesis in hVFs, at least in part by inhibiting the Smad3 and MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, these results imply that ATV may be a promising agent to treat myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Du
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongcai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Gao JP, Wei KZ, Cui XH, Feng JH, Yao PA. Effects of Atractylodes macrocephala rhizoma on isoproterenol-induced myocardial hypertrophy in mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_617_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ruhs S, Nolze A, Hübschmann R, Grossmann C. 30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: Nongenomic effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:T107-T124. [PMID: 28348113 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) belongs to the steroid hormone receptor family and classically functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. It is involved in water-electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure regulation but independent from these effects also furthers inflammation, fibrosis, hypertrophy and remodeling in cardiovascular tissues. Next to genomic effects, aldosterone elicits very rapid actions within minutes that do not require transcription or translation and that occur not only in classical MR epithelial target organs like kidney and colon but also in nonepithelial tissues like heart, vasculature and adipose tissue. Most of these effects can be mediated by classical MR and its crosstalk with different signaling cascades. Near the plasma membrane, the MR seems to be associated with caveolin and striatin as well as with receptor tyrosine kinases like EGFR, PDGFR and IGF1R and G protein-coupled receptors like AT1 and GPER1, which then mediate nongenomic aldosterone effects. GPER1 has also been named a putative novel MR. There is a close interaction and functional synergism between the genomic and the nongenomic signaling so that nongenomic signaling can lead to long-term effects and support genomic actions. Therefore, understanding nongenomic aldosterone/MR effects is of potential relevance for modulating genomic aldosterone effects and may provide additional targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ruhs
- Julius Bernstein Institute of PhysiologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Nolze
- Julius Bernstein Institute of PhysiologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralf Hübschmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of PhysiologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of PhysiologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Chen YQ, Zhao LY, Zhang WZ, Li T. Simvastatin reverses cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via the upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog expression. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:797-803. [PMID: 26622396 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of simvastatin on the protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway and the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The effects of simvastatin were analyzed by administering the drug orally to male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, while the control animals received an equal volume of saline. The systolic pressure (mmHg) of the rat tail artery was measured prior to the initiation of the experiment, and once a week until the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and the hearts were removed. The left ventricular and interventricular septum were weighed, after which the left ventricular mass/body mass ratio was calculated. In addition, cardiomyocytes isolated from Sprague Dawley rats were cultured with 15% fetal bovine serum to induce hypertrophy, following which the cells were treated with different doses of simvastatin. The in vitro effects were assessed by measuring the surface area of the cardiomyocytes, while the rate of protein synthesis was measured using a 3H-leucine incorporation assay and western blot analyses. Simvastatin was demonstrated to inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the in vivo and in vitro experiments. Notably, simvastatin increased PTEN expression and inhibited PKB expression in the SHR model, as well as in the cardiomyocytes in culture. In addition, the use of PTEN antisense oligodeoxynucleotides was revealed to inhibit the effects of simvastatin on cardiomyocytes. Therefore, these results indicated that simvastatin was able to reverse cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro, possibly by increasing the expression of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Lian-You Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ze Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
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Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Statins in heart failure--With preserved and reduced ejection fraction. An update. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:79-91. [PMID: 24022031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins beyond their lipid lowering properties and mevalonate inhibition exert also their actions through a multiplicity of mechanisms. In heart failure (HF) the inhibition of isoprenoid intermediates and small GTPases, which control cellular function such as cell shape, secretion and proliferation, is of clinical significance. Statins share also the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway and inactivate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation suppressing inflammatory cascade. By down-regulating Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways, statins increase the stability of eNOS mRNA and induce activation of eNOS through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway restoring endothelial function. Statins change also myocardial action potential plateau by modulation of Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channel activity and inhibit sympathetic nerve activity suppressing arrhythmogenesis. Less documented evidence proposes also that statins have anti-hypertrophic effects - through p21ras/mitogen activated protein kinase pathway - which modulate synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and procollagen 1 expression affecting interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Clinical studies have partly confirmed the experimental findings and despite current guidelines new evidence supports the notion that statins can be beneficial in some cases of HF. In subjects with diastolic HF, moderately impaired systolic function, low b-type natriuretic peptide levels, exacerbated inflammatory response and mild interstitial fibrosis evidence supports that statins can favorably affect the outcome. Under the lights of this evidence in this review article we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of statins' actions and we link current experimental and clinical data to further understand the possible impact of statins' treatment on HF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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