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Chen Y, Veenman L, Liao M, Huang W, Yu J, Zeng J. Enhanced angiogenesis in the thalamus induced by a novel TSPO ligand ameliorates cognitive deficits after focal cortical infarction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:477-490. [PMID: 37988123 PMCID: PMC10981401 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231214671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal loss in the ipsilateral thalamus after focal cortical infarction participates in post-stroke cognitive deficits, and enhanced angiogenesis in the thalamus is expected to reduce neuronal damage. We hypothesize that novel translocator protein (TSPO) ligand, 2-Cl-MGV-1, can promote angiogenesis, attenuate neuronal loss in the thalamus, and ameliorate post-stroke cognitive deficits. Cortical infarction was induced by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. 2-Cl-MGV-1 or dimethyl sulfoxide was administered 24 h after dMCAO and then for 6 or 13 days. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze. Neuronal loss, TSPO expression, angiogenesis, and intrinsic pathway were determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting 7 and 14 days after dMCAO. Cortical infarction caused post-stroke cognitive deficits and secondary neuronal loss with gliosis in the ipsilateral thalamus within 14 days of dMCAO. Increased angiogenesis and elevated expression of vascular TSPO were detected in the ipsilateral thalamus, and treatment with 2-Cl-MGV-1 enhanced angiogenesis by stimulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. The effects of 2-Cl-MGV-1 on angiogenesis coincided with reduced neuronal loss in the thalamus and contributed to improvements in post-stroke cognitive deficits. Our findings suggest that 2-Cl-MGV-1 stimulates angiogenesis, ameliorates neuronal loss in the thalamus, and improves post-stroke cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leo Veenman
- Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mengshi Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixian Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
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Menevse AN, Ammer LM, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Kupczyk M, Lorenz J, Weidner L, Hussein A, Sax J, Mühlbauer J, Heuschneider N, Rohrmus C, Mai LS, Jachnik B, Stamova S, Volpin V, Durst FC, Sorrentino A, Xydia M, Milenkovic VM, Bader S, Braun FK, Wetzel C, Albert NL, Tonn JC, Bartenstein P, Proescholdt M, Schmidt NO, Linker RA, Riemenschneider MJ, Beckhove P, Hau P. TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:75. [PMID: 37158962 PMCID: PMC10165826 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) IDH-wildtype is the most malignant primary brain tumor. It is particularly resistant to current immunotherapies. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is upregulated in GB and correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis, but also with increased immune infiltration. Here, we studied the role of TSPO in the regulation of immune resistance of human GB cells. The role of TSPO in tumor immune resistance was experimentally determined in primary brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) and cell lines through genetic manipulation of TSPO expression and subsequent cocultures with antigen specific cytotoxic T cells and autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells. Death inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways affected by TSPO were investigated. TSPO-regulated genes mediating apoptosis resistance in BTICs were identified through gene expression analysis and subsequent functional analyses. TSPO transcription in primary GB cells correlated with CD8+ T cell infiltration, cytotoxic activity of T cell infiltrate, expression of TNFR and IFNGR and with the activity of their downstream signalling pathways, as well as with the expression of TRAIL receptors. Coculture of BTICs with tumor reactive cytotoxic T cells or with T cell-derived factors induced TSPO up-regulation through T cell derived TNFα and IFNγ. Silencing of TSPO sensitized BTICs against T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. TSPO selectively protected BTICs against TRAIL-induced apoptosis by regulating apoptosis pathways. TSPO also regulated the expression of multiple genes associated with resistance against apoptosis. We conclude that TSPO expression in GB is induced through T cell-derived cytokines TNFα and IFNγ and that TSPO expression protects GB cells against cytotoxic T cell attack through TRAIL. Our data thereby provide an indication that therapeutic targeting of TSPO may be a suitable approach to sensitize GB to immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity by circumventing tumor intrinsic TRAIL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse N Menevse
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura-Marie Ammer
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcell Kupczyk
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Lorenz
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abir Hussein
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Sax
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Mühlbauer
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Heuschneider
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Celine Rohrmus
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura S Mai
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Jachnik
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Slava Stamova
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Volpin
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska C Durst
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Sorrentino
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Xydia
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Molecular Neurosciences, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Molecular Neurosciences, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank K Braun
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Molecular Neurosciences, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Joerg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils O Schmidt
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- LIT - Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (former RCI), c/o Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Hau
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurology -NeuroOncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Neurogenic Potential of the 18-kDa Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) in Pluripotent P19 Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102784. [PMID: 34685764 PMCID: PMC8534396 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a key mitochondrial target by which different TSPO ligands exert neuroprotective effects. We assayed the neurogenic potential of TSPO to induce the neuronal differentiation of pluripotent P19 stem cells in vitro. We studied changes in cell morphology, cell proliferation, cell death, the cell cycle, mitochondrial functionality, and the levels of pluripotency and neurogenesis of P19 stem cells treated with the TSPO ligand, PK 11195, in comparison to differentiation induced by retinoid acid (RA) and undifferentiated P19 stem cells. We observed that PK 11195 was able to activate the differentiation of P19 stem cells by promoting the development of embryoid bodies. PK 11195 also induced changes in the cell cycle, decreased cell proliferation, and activated cell death. Mitochondrial metabolism was also enhanced by PK 11195, thus increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+, and ATP as well as the mitochondrial membrane potential. Markers of pluripotency and neurogenesis were also altered during the cell differentiation process, as PK 11195 induced the differentiation of P19 stem cells with a high predisposition toward a neuronal linage, compared to cell differentiation induced by RA. Thus, we suggest a relevant neurogenic potential of TSPO along with broad therapeutic implications.
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Troike KM, Acanda de la Rocha AM, Alban TJ, Grabowski MM, Otvos B, Cioffi G, Waite KA, Barnholtz Sloan JS, Lathia JD, Guilarte TR, Azzam DJ. The Translocator Protein ( TSPO) Genetic Polymorphism A147T Is Associated with Worse Survival in Male Glioblastoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184525. [PMID: 34572751 PMCID: PMC8471762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) gene is highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, which remains one of the most difficult tumors to treat. TSPO is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and binds cholesterol through its C-terminal domain. One frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6971, which changes the alanine 147 into threonine (Ala147Thr), has been found in the C-terminal domain of the TSPO region and dramatically alters the affinity with which TSPO binds drug ligands. However, the potential association between the TSPO genetic variants and GBM clinical outcomes is not known. Here, we evaluated the effects of the Ala147Thr SNP localized in this TSPO region on biological, sex-specific, overall, and progression-free GBM survival. Our findings suggest an association between the TSPO rs6971 variant and adverse outcomes in male GBM patients but not in females. These findings also suggest that the TSPO rs6971 SNP could be used as a prognostic marker of survival in GBM patients. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, with few available therapies and a five-year survival rate of 7.2%. Hence, strategies for improving GBM prognosis are urgently needed. The translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) plays crucial roles in essential mitochondria-based physiological processes and is a validated biomarker of neuroinflammation, which is implicated in GBM progression. The TSPO gene has a germline single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6971, which is the most common SNP in the Caucasian population. High TSPO gene expression is associated with reduced survival in GBM patients; however, the relation between the most frequent TSPO genetic variant and GBM pathogenesis is not known. The present study retrospectively analyzed the correlation of the TSPO polymorphic variant rs6971 with overall and progression-free survival in GBM patients using three independent cohorts. TSPO rs6971 polymorphism was significantly associated with shorter overall survival and progression-free survival in male GBM patients but not in females in one large cohort of 441 patients. We observed similar trends in two other independent cohorts. These observations suggest that the TSPO rs6971 polymorphism could be a significant predictor of poor prognosis in GBM, with a potential for use as a prognosis biomarker in GBM patients. These results reveal for the first time a biological sex-specific relation between rs6971 TSPO polymorphism and GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Troike
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (K.M.T.); (T.J.A.); (M.M.G.); (B.O.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Arlet M. Acanda de la Rocha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Tyler J. Alban
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (K.M.T.); (T.J.A.); (M.M.G.); (B.O.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Matthew M. Grabowski
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (K.M.T.); (T.J.A.); (M.M.G.); (B.O.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Balint Otvos
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (K.M.T.); (T.J.A.); (M.M.G.); (B.O.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gino Cioffi
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.W.); (J.S.B.S.)
| | - Kristin A. Waite
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.W.); (J.S.B.S.)
| | - Jill S. Barnholtz Sloan
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.W.); (J.S.B.S.)
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (K.M.T.); (T.J.A.); (M.M.G.); (B.O.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tomás R. Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
- Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: (T.R.G.); (D.J.A.)
| | - Diana J. Azzam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.R.G.); (D.J.A.)
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Tournier B, Ceyzériat K, Bouteldja FN, Millet P. Amyloid and Tau Induce Cell Death Independently of TSPO Polymerization and Density Changes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18719-18727. [PMID: 34337211 PMCID: PMC8319921 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis-dependent cell death of astrocytes has been described in Alzheimer's disease and is linked to the presence of two markers of the pathology: the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and the hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Astrocytes also show reactive states characterized by the overexpression of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). However, TSPO is also known, in other areas of research, to participate in cell proliferation and death. Regulation of its function by autopolymerization has been described, but its involvement in apoptosis remains unknown. The aim was to determine the effects of Aβ, Tau, and TSPO antagonists on proliferation/cell death and TSPO polymerization in the C6 astrocytic cell line. The dose-effect on cell death in response to Aβ and Tau was observed but without alterations of TSPO density and polymerization. In contrast, nanomolar doses of antagonists stimulated cell proliferation, although micromolar doses induced cell death with a reduction in TSPO density and an increase in the ratio between the 36 and the 72 kDa TSPO polymers. Therefore, an alteration in the density and polymerization of TSPO appears to be related to cell death induced by TSPO antagonisms. In contrast, Aβ- and Tau-induced death seems to be independent of TSPO alterations. In conclusion, even if its role in cell death and proliferation is demonstrated, TSPO seems to, in the context of Alzheimer's disease, rather represent a marker of the activity of astrocytes than of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
B. Tournier
- Department
of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Department
of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Department
of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Department
of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Division
of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Farha N. Bouteldja
- Department
of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Department
of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- Department
of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Department
of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
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Ammer LM, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Ruf V, Wetzel CH, Riemenschneider MJ, Albert NL, Beckhove P, Hau P. The Role of Translocator Protein TSPO in Hallmarks of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102973. [PMID: 33066460 PMCID: PMC7602186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The translocator protein (TSPO) has been under extensive investigation as a specific marker in positron emission tomography (PET) to visualize brain lesions following injury or disease. In recent years, TSPO is increasingly appreciated as a potential novel therapeutic target in cancer. In Glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant primary brain tumor, TSPO expression levels are strongly elevated and scientific evidence accumulates, hinting at a pivotal role of TSPO in tumorigenesis and glioma progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on TSPO with respect to its role both in diagnostics and especially with regard to the critical hallmarks of cancer postulated by Hanahan and Weinberg. Overall, our review contributes to a better understanding of the functional significance of TSPO in Glioblastoma and draws attention to TSPO as a potential modulator of treatment response and thus an important factor that may influence the clinical outcome of GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most fatal primary brain cancer in adults. Despite extensive treatment, tumors inevitably recur, leading to an average survival time shorter than 1.5 years. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is abundantly expressed throughout the body including the central nervous system. The expression of TSPO increases in states of inflammation and brain injury due to microglia activation. Not least due to its location in the outer mitochondrial membrane, TSPO has been implicated with a broad spectrum of functions. These include the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, migration, as well as mitochondrial functions such as mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress regulation. TSPO is frequently overexpressed in GBM. Its expression level has been positively correlated to WHO grade, glioma cell proliferation, and poor prognosis of patients. Several lines of evidence indicate that TSPO plays a functional part in glioma hallmark features such as resistance to apoptosis, invasiveness, and proliferation. This review provides a critical overview of how TSPO could regulate several aspects of tumorigenesis in GBM, particularly in the context of the hallmarks of cancer proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Marie Ammer
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
| | - Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Christian H. Wetzel
- Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | | | - Nathalie L. Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and Department Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter Hau
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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18-kDa translocator protein association complexes in the brain: From structure to function. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114015. [PMID: 32387458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is highly conserved in organisms of different species and ubiquitously expressed throughout tissues, including the nervous system. In the healthy adult brain, TSPO expression levels are low and promptly modulated under different pathological conditions, such as cancer, inflammatory states, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Not surprisingly, several endogenous and synthetic molecules capable of binding TSPO have been proposed as drugs or diagnostic tools for brain diseases. The most studied biochemical function of TSPO is cholesterol translocation into mitochondria, which in turn affects the synthesis of steroids in the periphery and neurosteroids in the brain. In the last 30 years, roles for TSPO have also been suggested in other cellular processes, such as heme synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, calcium signalling and reactive oxygen species production. Herein, we provide an overview of TSPO associations with different proteins, focusing particular attention on their related functions. Furthermore, recent TSPO-targeted therapeutic interventions are explored and discussed as prospect for innovative treatments in mental and brain diseases.
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8
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Nagler R, Zeineh N, Azrad M, Yassin N, Weizman A, Gavish M. 18-kDa Translocator Protein Ligands Protect H9C2 Cardiomyocytes from Cigarette Smoke-induced Cell Death: In Vitro Study. In Vivo 2020; 34:549-556. [PMID: 32111753 PMCID: PMC7157870 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke (CS) can induce cellular damage via alterations in 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO)-related functions, leading to cardiovascular diseases. The current study focused on the possible protective effect of TSPO ligands against CS-induced damage to cardiac cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS H9C2 Cardiomyocyte cell line of rat origin was pre-treated with TSPO ligands. Cell death, TSPO binding, and TSPO protein expression levels were assessed following 30-min CS exposure with/without TSPO ligands. RESULTS CS exposure of H9C2 cells significantly incensed cell death (by 26%, p<0.001). Pre-treatment with TSPO ligands at two concentrations prevented cell death. Neither CS nor ligands affected TSPO protein expression in H9C2 cells. CS led to increased cell death and reduced TSPO binding. CONCLUSION Reduced TSPO binding may have a role in CS-induced cell death, and TSPO ligand MGV-1 can prevent suppression of TSPO binding and corresponding cell death. These results may be relevant to treatment of cardiovascular diseases associated with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nagler
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nidal Zeineh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Azrad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nasra Yassin
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Research Unit at Geha Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry at Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Gavish
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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9
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Bader S, Wolf L, Milenkovic VM, Gruber M, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R, Wetzel CH. Differential effects of TSPO ligands on mitochondrial function in mouse microglia cells. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:65-76. [PMID: 30954920 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), initially characterized as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein, implicated in cholesterol transport thereby affecting steroid hormone biosynthesis, as well as in general mitochondrial function related to bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and Ca2+ homeostasis. TSPO is highly expressed in steroidogenic tissues such as adrenal glands, but shows low expression in the central nervous system. During various disease states such as inflammation, neurodegeneration or cancer, the expression of mitochondrial TSPO in affected tissues is upregulated. The expression of TSPO can be traced for diagnostic purpose by high affinity radio-ligands. Moreover, the function of TSPO is modulated by synthetic as well as endogenous ligands with agonistic or antagonistic properties. Thus, TSPO ligands serve functions as both important biomarkers and putative therapeutic agents. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the effects of TSPO ligands on mouse BV-2 microglia cells, which express significant levels of TSPO, and analyzed the effect of XBD173, PK11195, and Ro5-4864, as well as the inflammatory reagent Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on neurosteroid synthesis and on basic mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca2+ homeostasis. Specific TSPO-dependent effects were separated from off-target effects by comparing lentiviral TSPO knockdown with shRNA scramble-controls and wild-type BV-2 cells. Our data demonstrate ligand-specific effects on different cellular functions in a TSPO-dependent or independent manner, providing evidence for both specific TSPO-mediated, as well as off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany.
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10
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Pittala S, Mizrachi D. VDAC1 and the TSPO: Expression, Interactions, and Associated Functions in Health and Disease States. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133348. [PMID: 31288390 PMCID: PMC6651789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), located at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), serves multiple functions and contributes to numerous processes, including cholesterol import, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammation. TSPO forms a complex with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a protein that mediates the flux of ions, including Ca2+, nucleotides, and metabolites across the OMM, controls metabolism and apoptosis and interacts with many proteins. This review focuses on the two OMM proteins TSPO and VDAC1, addressing their structural interaction and associated functions. TSPO appears to be involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species, proposed to represent the link between TSPO activation and VDAC, thus playing a role in apoptotic cell death. In addition, expression of the two proteins in healthy brains and diseased states is considered, as is the relationship between TSPO and VDAC1 expression. Both proteins are over-expressed in in brains from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Finally, TSPO expression levels were proposed as a biomarker of some neuropathological settings, while TSPO-interacting ligands have been considered as a potential basis for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Srinivas Pittala
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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11
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Expression and purification of the mammalian translocator protein for structural studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198832. [PMID: 29897975 PMCID: PMC5999236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an 18 kDa polytopic membrane protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane, abundantly present in the steroid-synthesising cells. TSPO has been linked to a number of disorders, and it is recognised as a promising drug target with a range of potential medical applications. Structural and biochemical characterisation of a mammalian TSPO requires expression and purification of the protein of high quality in sufficiently large quantities. Here we describe detailed procedures for heterologous expression and purification of mammalian TSPO in HEK293 cells. We demonstrate that the established procedures can be used for untagged TSPO as well as for C-terminally fused TSPO constructs. Our protocol can be routinely used to generate high-quality TSPO preparations for biochemical and structural studies.
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12
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Adrenal Oncocytic Neoplasm with Paradoxical Loss of Important Mitochondrial Steroidogenic Protein: The 18 kDA Translocator Protein. Case Rep Endocrinol 2017; 2017:6734695. [PMID: 29318061 PMCID: PMC5727653 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6734695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones that play a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, metabolism, immune system suppression, and the body's physiologic response to stress. Adrenal neoplasms can be asymptomatic or can overproduce certain hormones that lead to different clinical manifestations. Oncocytic adrenal neoplasms are infrequent tumors that arise from cells in the adrenal cortex and display a characteristic increase in the number of cytoplasmic mitochondria. Since the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis includes the transport of cholesterol across the mitochondrial membranes, in part carried out by the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), we assessed the expression of TSPO in a case of adrenal oncocytic neoplasm using residual adrenal gland of the patient as internal control. We observed a significant loss of TSPO immunofluorescence expression in the adrenal oncocytic tumor cells when compared to adjacent normal adrenal tissue. We further confirmed this finding by employing Western blot analysis to semiquantify TSPO expression in tumor and normal adrenal cells. Our findings could suggest a potential role of TSPO in the tumorigenesis of this case of adrenocortical oncocytic neoplasm.
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13
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Regulation of Mitochondrial, Cellular, and Organismal Functions by TSPO. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:103-136. [PMID: 29413517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 1999, the enigma of the 18kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), also known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, was the seeming disparity of the many functions attributed to TSPO, ranging from the potential of TSPO acting as a housekeeping gene at molecular biological levels to adaptations to stress, and even involvement in higher emotional and cognitive functioning, such as anxiety and depression. In the years since then, knowledge regarding the many functions modulated by TSPO has expanded, and understanding has deepened. In addition, new functions could be firmly associated with TSPO, such as regulation of programmed cell death and modulation of gene expression. Interestingly, control by the mitochondrial TSPO over both of these life and death functions appears to include Ca++ homeostasis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ATP production. Other mitochondrial functions under TSPO control are considered to be steroidogenesis and tetrapyrrole metabolism. As TSPO effects on gene expression and on programmed cell death can be related to the wide range of functions that can be associated with TSPO, several of these five elements of Ca++, ROS, ATP, steroids, and tetrapyrroles may indeed form the basis of TSPO's capability to operate as a multifunctional housekeeping gene to maintain homeostasis of the cell and of the whole multicellular organism.
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14
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Classical and Novel TSPO Ligands for the Mitochondrial TSPO Can Modulate Nuclear Gene Expression: Implications for Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040786. [PMID: 28387723 PMCID: PMC5412370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that knockdown of the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as well as TSPO ligands modulate various functions, including functions related to cancer. To study the ability of TSPO to regulate gene expression regarding such functions, we applied microarray analysis of gene expression to U118MG glioblastoma cells. Within 15 min, the classical TSPO ligand PK 11195 induced changes in expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors. These changes also included gene products that are part of the canonical pathway serving to modulate general gene expression. These changes are in accord with real-time, reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. At the time points of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, as well as 3 and 24 h of PK 11195 exposure, the functions associated with the changes in gene expression in these glioblastoma cells covered well known TSPO functions. These functions included cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. This was corroborated microscopically for cell migration, cell accumulation, adhesion, and neuronal differentiation. Changes in gene expression at 24 h of PK 11195 exposure were related to downregulation of tumorigenesis and upregulation of programmed cell death. In the vehicle treated as well as PK 11195 exposed cell cultures, our triple labeling showed intense TSPO labeling in the mitochondria but no TSPO signal in the cell nuclei. Thus, mitochondrial TSPO appears to be part of the mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling pathway for modulation of nuclear gene expression. The novel TSPO ligand 2-Cl-MGV-1 appeared to be very specific regarding modulation of gene expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors.
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15
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Roncaroli F, Su Z, Herholz K, Gerhard A, Turkheimer FE. TSPO expression in brain tumours: is TSPO a target for brain tumour imaging? Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4:145-156. [PMID: 27077069 PMCID: PMC4820497 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) alone or in combination with MRI is increasingly assuming a central role in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain tumours with the aim of addressing tumour heterogeneity, assisting in patient stratification, and contributing to predicting treatment response. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is expressed in high-grade gliomas, while its expression is comparatively low in normal brain. In addition, the evidence of elevated TSPO in neoplastic cells has led to studies investigating TSPO as a transporter of anticancer drugs for brain delivery and a selective target for tumour tissue. The TSPO therefore represents an ideal candidate for molecular imaging studies. Knowledge of the biology of TSPO in normal brain cells, in-depth understanding of TSPO functions and biodistribution in neoplastic cells, accurate methods for quantification of uptake of TSPO tracers and pharmacokinetic data regarding TSPO-targeted drugs are required before introducing TSPO PET and TSPO-targeted treatment in clinical practice. In this review, we will discuss the impact of preclinical PET studies and the application of TSPO imaging in human brain tumours, the advantages and disadvantages of TSPO imaging compared to other imaging modalities and other PET tracers, and pathology studies on the extent and distribution of TSPO in gliomas. The suitability of TSPO as molecular target for treatment of brain tumours will also be the appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roncaroli
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Zhangjie Su
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Karl Herholz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
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16
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Vainshtein A, Veenman L, Shterenberg A, Singh S, Masarwa A, Dutta B, Island B, Tsoglin E, Levin E, Leschiner S, Maniv I, Pe’er L, Otradnov I, Zubedat S, Aga-Mizrachi S, Weizman A, Avital A, Marek I, Gavish M. Quinazoline-based tricyclic compounds that regulate programmed cell death, induce neuronal differentiation, and are curative in animal models for excitotoxicity and hereditary brain disease. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15027. [PMID: 27551459 PMCID: PMC4979516 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding on a quinazoline scaffold, we developed tricyclic compounds with biological activity. These compounds bind to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and protect U118MG (glioblastoma cell line of glial origin) cells from glutamate-induced cell death. Fascinating, they can induce neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells (cell line of pheochromocytoma origin with neuronal characteristics) known to display neuronal characteristics, including outgrowth of neurites, tubulin expression, and NeuN (antigen known as 'neuronal nuclei', also known as Rbfox3) expression. As part of the neurodifferentiation process, they can amplify cell death induced by glutamate. Interestingly, the compound 2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate (MGV-1) can induce expansive neurite sprouting on its own and also in synergy with nerve growth factor and with glutamate. Glycine is not required, indicating that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are not involved in this activity. These diverse effects on cells of glial origin and on cells with neuronal characteristics induced in culture by this one compound, MGV-1, as reported in this article, mimic the diverse events that take place during embryonic development of the brain (maintenance of glial integrity, differentiation of progenitor cells to mature neurons, and weeding out of non-differentiating progenitor cells). Such mechanisms are also important for protective, curative, and restorative processes that occur during and after brain injury and brain disease. Indeed, we found in a rat model of systemic kainic acid injection that MGV-1 can prevent seizures, counteract the process of ongoing brain damage, including edema, and restore behavior defects to normal patterns. Furthermore, in the R6-2 (transgenic mouse model for Huntington disease; Strain name: B6CBA-Tg(HDexon1)62Gpb/3J) transgenic mouse model for Huntington disease, derivatives of MGV-1 can increase lifespan by >20% and reduce incidence of abnormal movements. Also in vitro, these derivatives were more effective than MGV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vainshtein
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - L Veenman
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Shterenberg
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Singh
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Masarwa
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Dutta
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Island
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - E Tsoglin
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - E Levin
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Leschiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Maniv
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - L Pe’er
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Otradnov
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Zubedat
- Department of Physiology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, The Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Emek Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Aga-Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, The Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Emek Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Weizman
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Geha Mental Health Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Avital
- Department of Physiology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, The Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Emek Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Marek
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Gavish
- Department of Neuroscience, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
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17
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Recent advance in molecular angiogenesis in glioblastoma: the challenge and hope for anti-angiogenic therapy. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:229-36. [PMID: 26437643 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most highly malignant brain tumor in the human central nerve system. In this paper, we review new and significant molecular findings on angiogenesis and possible resistance mechanisms. Expression of a number of genes and regulators has been shown to be upregulated in GBM microvessel cells, such as interleukin-8, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Tax-interacting protein-1, hypoxia induced factor-1 and anterior gradient protein 2. The regulator factors that may strongly promote angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cell metastasis, changing the microenvironment, enhancing the ability of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy, and that inhibit angiogenesis are reviewed. Based on the current knowledge, several potential targets and strategies are proposed for better therapeutic outcomes, such as its mRNA interference of DII4-Notch signaling pathway and depletion of b1 integrin expression. We also discuss possible mechanisms underlying the resistance to anti-angiogenesis and future directions and challenges in developing new targeted therapy for GBM.
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18
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Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an 18-kDa five-transmembrane protein, which is primarily found in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Levels of this protein are up-regulated in the most aggressive and common glioma, glioblastoma multiforme (GM). Levels of TSPO also correlate with GM clinical outcome, suggesting that TSPO may be a novel GM diagnostic imaging agent. Therapeutically, targeting the TSPO may provide a mechanism to abrogate the apoptotic-resistant, invasive and aggressive nature of GM and may also provide a way of targeting other anti-cancer treatments to GM sites. This review highlights recent progress in research on TSPO-based diagnostic imaging and therapeutics for GM.
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19
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The 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein in gliomas: from the bench to bedside. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:579-85. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is known to be highly expressed in several types of cancer, including gliomas, whereas expression in normal brain is low. TSPO functions in glioma are still incompletely understood. The TSPO can be quantified pre-operatively with molecular imaging making it an ideal candidate for personalized treatment of patient with glioma. Studies have proposed to exploit the TSPO as a transporter of chemotherapics to selectively target tumour cells in the brain. Our studies proved that positron emission tomography (PET)-imaging can contribute to predict progression of patients with glioma and that molecular imaging with TSPO-specific ligands is suitable to stratify patients in view of TSPO-targeted treatment. Finally, we proved that TSPO in gliomas is predominantly expressed by tumour cells.
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20
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Castellano S, Taliani S, Viviano M, Milite C, Da Pozzo E, Costa B, Barresi E, Bruno A, Cosconati S, Marinelli L, Greco G, Novellino E, Sbardella G, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Structure–Activity Relationship Refinement and Further Assessment of 4-Phenylquinazoline-2-carboxamide Translocator Protein Ligands as Antiproliferative Agents in Human Glioblastoma Tumors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2413-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Universitá di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Greco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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21
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Harnod T, Lin CL, Sung FC, Kao CH. An association between benzodiazepine use and occurrence of benign brain tumors. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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