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Nahar L, Chaiwut P, Sangthong S, Theansungnoen T, Sarker SD. Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020-2023. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:927-989. [PMID: 38837522 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), photodiode array (PDA), or mass spectrometric (MS) detector. OBJECTIVE To critically appraise the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023. METHODOLOGY An extensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and published materials including relevant books. In various combinations, using cannabinoid in all combinations, cannabis, hemp, hashish, C. sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, and quantitative, qualitative, and quality control were used as the keywords for the literature search. RESULTS Several HPLC- and UPLC (or UHPLC)-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids were reported. While simple HPLC-UV or HPLC-PDA-based methods were common, the use of HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)-PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS, and UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS/MS was also reported. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre-analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSION During the last 4 years, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Phanuphong Chaiwut
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Sarita Sangthong
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Tinnakorn Theansungnoen
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Brstilo L, Reyes Valenzuela G, Caraballo R, Pérez Montilla C, García Bournissen F, Cáceres Guido P, Schaiquevich P. Real-World Evidence of Factors Affecting Cannabidiol Exposure in Children with Drug-Resistant Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2120. [PMID: 37631333 PMCID: PMC10459683 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of factors that affect cannabidiol (CBD) systemic exposure may aid in optimizing treatment efficacy and safety in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to correlate CBD plasma concentrations at a steady state to demographic, clinical, and pharmacological characteristics as well as seizure frequency after the administration of a purified CBD oil solution in a real-world setting of children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). Patients receiving oral CBD pharmaceutical products at maintenance were enrolled. Venous blood samples were drawn before the CBD morning dose, 12 h apart from the last evening dose (C0 or CBD trough concentration). A linear mixed-effect analysis was implemented to assess the correlation between C0 and clinical, laboratory, pharmacological, and lifestyle factors. Fifteen females and seven males with a median age of 12.8 years (ranging between 4.7 and 17.2) were included. The median CBD dose was 8.8 mg/kg/day (ranging between 2.6 and 22.5), and the CBD C0 median (range) was 48.2 ng/mL (3.5-366.3). The multivariate model showed a 109.6% increase in CBD C0 in patients with concomitant levothyroxine (β = 0.74 ± 0.1649, p < 0.001), 56.8% with food (β = 0.45 ± 0.1550, p < 0.01), and 116.0% after intake of a ketogenic diet (β = 0.77 ± 0.3141, p < 0.05). All patients included were responders without evidence of an association between C0 and response status. In children with DEEs, systemic concentrations of CBD may be significantly increased when co-administered with levothyroxine, food, or a ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Brstilo
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina;
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Reyes Valenzuela
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina; (G.R.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Caraballo
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina; (G.R.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Carlos Pérez Montilla
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Research on Pediatric Diseases, Parasitology and Chagas Service, Buenos Aires Children’s Hospital Ricardo Gutierrez, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina;
| | - Facundo García Bournissen
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Paulo Cáceres Guido
- Pharmacokinetics and Research in Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina;
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina;
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Franco V, Palmisani M, Marchiselli R, Crema F, Fattore C, De Giorgis V, Varesio C, Rota P, Dibari VF, Perucca E. On-Line Solid Phase Extraction High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Coupled With Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Therapeutic Monitoring of Cannabidiol and 7-Hydroxy-cannabidiol in Human Serum and Saliva. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:915004. [PMID: 35814197 PMCID: PMC9258944 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.915004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol is a novel antiseizure medication approved in Europe and the US for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex. We describe in this article a new and simple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of cannabidiol and its active metabolite 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol in microvolumes of serum and saliva (50 μl), to be used as a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacokinetic studies. After on-line solid phase extraction cannabidiol, 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol and the internal standard cannabidiol-d3 are separated on a monolithic C18 column under gradient conditions. Calibration curves are linear within the validated concentration range (10–1,000 ng/ml for cannabidiol and 5–500 ng/ml for 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol). The method is accurate (intraday and interday accuracy within 94–112% for cannabidiol, 91–109% for 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol), precise (intraday and interday precision <11.6% for cannabidiol and <11.7% for 7- hydroxy-cannabidiol) and sensitive, with a LOQ of 2.5 ng/ml for cannabidiol and 5 ng/ml for 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol. The stability of the analytes was confirmed under different storage conditions. Extraction recoveries were in the range of 81–129% for cannabidiol and 100–113% for 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol. The applicability of the method to TDM was demonstrated by analysis of human serum and saliva samples obtained from patients with epilepsy treated with cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Valentina Franco,
| | | | - Roberto Marchiselli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Costanza Varesio
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rota
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Cáceres Guido P, Riva N, Caraballo R, Reyes G, Huaman M, Gutierrez R, Agostini S, Fabiana Delaven S, Pérez Montilla CA, García Bournissen F, Schaiquevich P. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in children with refractory epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia 2020; 62:e7-e12. [PMID: 33280111 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing interest in the clinical use of cannabidiol (CBD) as adjuvant therapy for pediatric refractory epileptic encephalopathy emphasizes the need for drug treatment optimization. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of CBD in pediatric patients with refractory epileptic encephalopathy receiving an oil-based oral solution. To evaluate CBD concentrations, six serial blood samples per patient were collected after the morning dose of CBD, at least 21 days after the beginning of treatment. Twelve patients who received a median (range) dose of 12.2 (5.3-19.4) mg/kg/d (twice daily) were included in the analysis. Median (range) CBD time to maximum plasma concentration, maximum plasma concentration, and area under the concentration versus time curve up to 6 hours after dosing were 3.2 hours (1.9-6.2), 49.6 ng/mL (14.4-302.0), and 226.3 ng ⋅ h/mL (70.5-861.3), respectively. CBD systemic exposure parameters were in the lower range of previous reports in pediatric patients receiving doses in a similar range. Most of our patients (83%) showed little CBD plasma level fluctuation during a dosing interval, comparable to that encountered after oral administration of an extended release drug delivery system. CDB administration was generally safe and well tolerated, and a novel levothyroxine-CBD interaction was recorded. Similar to other studies, large interindividual variability in CBD exposure was observed, encouraging the use of CBD therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cáceres Guido
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Unit, Pharmacy Area, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Riva
- Precision Medicine, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Caraballo
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Neurology, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Reyes
- Department of Neurology, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Huaman
- Department of Neurology, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robinson Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Agostini
- Polyvalent Day Hospital, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos A Pérez Montilla
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Research on Pediatric Diseases, Parasitology and Chagas Service, Buenos Aires Children's Hospital "Ricardo Gutierrez, ", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo García Bournissen
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Division of Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Precision Medicine, Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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