1
|
Huynh HH, Forrest K, Becker JO, Emrick MA, Miller GD, Moncrieffe D, Cowan DA, Thomas A, Thevis M, MacCoss MJ, Hoffstrom B, Byers PH, Eichner D, Hoofnagle AN. A Targeted Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Peptides from the Carboxyl-terminal Region of Type III Procollagen, Biomarkers of Collagen Turnover. Clin Chem 2022; 68:1281-1291. [PMID: 35906802 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of analytical approaches to help reduce the risk of growth hormone (GH) doping is important to fair competition and the health of athletes. However, the reliable detection of GH use remains challenging. The identification of novel biomarkers of GH administration could lead to a better understanding of the physiological response to GH, more sensitive detection of the illicit use of GH in sport, and better management of patients treated for GH disorders. METHODS We developed a targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to simultaneously quantify the carboxyl-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (P-III-CP) and type III collagen degradation products in human serum. Following proteolysis, we instituted a simple acid precipitation step to reduce digested sample complexity before peptide immunoenrichment, which improved the recovery of one target peptide from serum. We evaluated the concentration of each biomarker at different age ranges and after GH administration in healthy participants. RESULTS The assay was linear over an estimated concentration range of 0.3 to1.0 nM and 0.1 to 0.4 nM for each surrogate peptide of P-III-CP and collagen fragments, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation were ≤15%. Biomarker concentrations appeared to vary with age and to reflect age-specific collagen turnover. Moreover, their concentrations changed after GH administration. CONCLUSIONS Our method quantifies the proteins belonging to the family of P-III-CP and type III collagen degradation products in human serum, which could be used to detect GH administration in athletes and better understand diseases involving GH therapy or altered type III collagen turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Hien Huynh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katrina Forrest
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica O Becker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle A Emrick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Danielle Moncrieffe
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research (ZePraeDo), Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research (ZePraeDo), Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ben Hoffstrom
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter H Byers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Detection and differentiation of 22kDa and 20kDa Growth Hormone proteoforms in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Falkenby LG, Such-Sanmartín G, Larsen MR, Vorm O, Bache N, Jensen ON. Integrated Solid-Phase Extraction–Capillary Liquid Chromatography (speLC) Interfaced to ESI–MS/MS for Fast Characterization and Quantification of Protein and Proteomes. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:6169-75. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5008575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gaarde Falkenby
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Thermo Scientific, Edisonvej
4, DK-5000 Odense
C, Denmark
| | - Gerard Such-Sanmartín
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin R. Larsen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole Vorm
- Thermo Scientific, Edisonvej
4, DK-5000 Odense
C, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Bache
- Thermo Scientific, Edisonvej
4, DK-5000 Odense
C, Denmark
| | - Ole N. Jensen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bosch J, Luchini A, Pichini S, Tamburro D, Fredolini C, Liotta L, Petricoin E, Pacifici R, Facchiano F, Segura J, Garaci E, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Analysis of urinary human growth hormone (hGH) using hydrogel nanoparticles and isoform differential immunoassays after short recombinant hGH treatment: preliminary results. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:194-7. [PMID: 23954438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successful application clinical-grade human growth hormone (hGH) immunoassays to the discovery of illegal doping cases has been rare. Indeed, the preferred biological matrix in doping control is urine, where the estimated baseline concentration of hGH falls well below the linear range and sensitivity threshold of all commercially available immunoassays, including hGH isoform differential immunoassays which can discriminate pituitary endogenous hGH from recombinant hGH. We employed hydrogel nanoparticles as a pre-processing step that concentrate urinary hGH into the linear range of isoform differential immunoassays. We explored the characteristics of immunoassays in urine spiked with both phGH or rhGH, after pre-treatment with the nanoparticles. Subsequently, pre-treatment was applied to urine obtained from 3 healthy volunteers administered during three days with daily subcutaneous injections of 0.026 mg/kg/day rhGH, Genotonorm(®). Linearity between both rhGH and phGH concentrations in urine measured by a chemoluminescent assay (Immulite) and in the particle eluate was evident for differential immunoassays (R square higher than 0.999). In case of treated individuals the recombinant/pituitary concentration ratios remained above the established World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criterion for hGH misuse up to 24h after the last administration dose, using both assays for volunteer 1 and 2 while in case of volunteer 3 results were inconclusive. The use of nanoparticles appears to open the possibility of assessing rhGH misuse in urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Bosch
- Bioanalysis Group IMIM-Parc Salut Mar and Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Juan-Franco E, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M, Lechuga LM. Implementation of a SPR immunosensor for the simultaneous detection of the 22K and 20K hGH isoforms in human serum samples. Talanta 2013; 114:268-75. [PMID: 23953470 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have implemented a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) immunosensor based on a sandwich assay for the simultaneous detection of the two main hGH isoforms, of 22 kDa (22K) and 20 kDa (20K). An oriented-antibody sensor surface specific for both hormone isoforms was assembled by using the biotin-streptavidin system. The immunosensor functionality was checked for the direct detection of the 22K hGH isoform in buffer, which gave high specificity and reproducibility (intra and inter-assay mean coefficients of variation of 8.23% and 9% respectively). The selective determination of the 22K and 20K hGH isoforms in human serum samples in a single assay was possible by using two specific anti-hGH monoclonal antibodies. The detection limit for both hormone isoforms was 0.9 ng mL(-1) and the mean coefficient of variation was below 7.2%. The excellent reproducibility and sensitivity obtained indicate the high performance of this immunosensor for implementing an anti-doping test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Juan-Franco
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Research Center on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bosch J, Ueki M, Such-Sanmartín G, Segura J, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Tracking growth hormone abuse in sport: A comparison of distinct isoform-based assays. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 733:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
Jing J, Yang S, Zhou X, He C, Zhang L, Xu Y, Xie M, Yan Y, Su H, Wu M. Detection of doping with rhGH: Excretion study with WADA-approved kits. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:784-90. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
8
|
Oliveira R, Collares T, Smith K, Collares T, Seixas F. The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy? Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K.R. Smith
- University of Abertay Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
The importance of reference materials in doping-control analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Effect of physical fitness and endurance exercise on indirect biomarkers of growth hormone and insulin misuse: Immunoassay-based measurement in urine samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1003-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group at The Municipal Institute for Medical Research IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Spain. Bioanalysis 2010; 1:1403-9. [PMID: 21083089 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical laboratories involved in health-related research are becoming a fundamental part of the advancement of science in this field. Of particular interest to clinical, legal, toxicological, forensic and environmental matters is the analysis of drugs and medications present in biological fluids of consumers or exposed subjects. The established sensitive and reliable work of sports drug-testing laboratories represents an interesting example of a multidisciplinarity approach toward widespread bioanalytical problems. The experiences reported in this article will be of general interest, especially for analysts studying the determination of substances in biological material.
Collapse
|
12
|
Türp JC, Lünsch H, Radlanski RJ. Interdental spacing and orthodontic treatment in competitive athletes: clues to doping with growth hormones? J Orofac Orthop 2010; 71:373-82. [PMID: 20963546 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-010-0104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this report is to examine clues of a suspected link between the artificial ingestion of human growth hormone (rh- GH) and resulting interdental spaces in adult athletes. We conducted an electronic search in the German-language versions of the search engines Google and Google Scholar as well as in the database PubMed. While no explicit articles could be identified in PubMed, the search in Google and Google Scholar produced 1370 and 6 hits, respectively. Original quotes from 20 sources show that in the media the wearing of orthodontic multibracket appliances among athletes is largely attributed to changes in tooth position as a consequence of the illegal ingestion of rhGH. On the other hand, there are few references to the possibility that orthodontic treatments with fixed appliances might be carried out for reasons unrelated to doping. CONCLUSION A definitive assessment of this issue is not possible at present. In view of its major importance of the subject, the relationships depicted here should be investigated in greater depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christoph Türp
- Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry and Temporomandibular Disorders, Dental School, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nikolopoulos DD, Spiliopoulou C, Theocharis SE. Doping and musculoskeletal system: short-term and long-lasting effects of doping agents. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 25:535-63. [PMID: 21039821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Doping is a problem that has plagued the world of competition and sports for ages. Even before the dawn of Olympic history in ancient Greece, competitors have looked for artificial means to improve athletic performance. Since ancient times, athletes have attempted to gain an unfair competitive advantage through the use of doping substances. A Prohibited List of doping substances and methods banned in sports is published yearly by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Among the substances included are steroidal and peptide hormones and their modulators, stimulants, glucocorticosteroids, β₂-agonists, diuretics and masking agents, narcotics, and cannabinoids. Blood doping, tampering, infusions, and gene doping are examples of prohibited methods indicated on the List. Apart from the unethical aspect of doping, as it abrogates fair-play's principle, it is extremely important to consider the hazards it presents to the health and well-being of athletes. The referred negative effects for the athlete's health have to do, on the one hand, by the high doses of the performance-enhancing agents and on the other hand, by the relentless, superhuman strict training that the elite or amateur athletes put their muscles, bones, and joints. The purpose of this article is to highlight the early and the long-lasting consequences of the doping abuse on bone and muscle metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios D Nikolopoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Banfi G, Lombardi G, Colombini A, Lippi G. A world apart. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1003-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
15
|
Abstract
Catching athletes abusing human growth hormone (GH) by official antidoping tests is challenging because of specific properties of the hormone. Furthermore, the chemical structure of recombinant GH (rGH) is identical to that of the main GH isoform secreted by the pituitary, making it difficult to discriminate between endogenous and injected GH molecules by biochemical tests. The approaches developed to solve the problem include the "marker approach," which measures changes in concentration of GH-dependent proteins that are inappropriately elevated after rGH injection, and the "isoform approach," which detects changes in the spectrum of circulating GH isoforms after administration of rGH. A more widespread use of these tests in out-of-competition controls will enhance the likelihood to detect GH doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Laboratories, Medizinische Klinik-Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Detection of doping with recombinant human growth hormone is one of the challenges for antidoping analysis. This review focuses on the most important relevant publications that provide insight into the laboratory measurement of human growth hormone (hGH), antibodies and standards, the isoform approach and the biomarker approach. The isoform approach monitors the changes of hGH molecular isoform composition in serum and was applied at the Olympic Games in Athens in 2004, Turin in 2006 and Beijing in 2008. The markers approach detects a formula score, which reflects the changes in concentration of IGF-1 and P-III-P. All these methodologies measure the concentrations of growth hormone and its isoforms for isoform approach, or the concentrations of IGF-1 and P-III-P. All factors that affect these measurements should be taken into account for the development of methods to detect doping with recombinant hGH.
Collapse
|